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Exploring Chiropractic > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What are examples of manual procedures?

A

Manipulation/adjustment, mobilization, bone setting

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2
Q

Define manipulation/adjustment

A

Application of thrust procedures through a joint in specified planes

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3
Q

Define mobilization

A

Passive movement of the joint to varying degrees without thrust

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4
Q

List some types of mobilization

A

Manual distraction/traction, mobilization with movement

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5
Q

Define manual distraction/traction

A

Axial distraction force of an articulation can be mobilization or manipulation oriented

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6
Q

Define mobilization with movement

A

Active movement of a joint through normal range with mobilization pressure applied at the end of range

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7
Q

What is bone setting and who does it

A

Reducing fractures and dislocations, sometimes manipulative techniques done by lay persons with no formal training

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8
Q

Ancient history - first documented manipulation?

A

In the Cave of Lascaux (France) over 17,000 years ago

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9
Q

Ancient history - when did Asclepios and the Greeks mention manipulation?

A

700-600 BC

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10
Q

Who was the first to document the use of spinal manipulation and when?

A

The Greeks, 400 BC

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11
Q

When was Hippocrates working with gravity as a traction/distraction technique, relocating dislocated joints, using a traction table, etc?

A

460-385 BC

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12
Q

What did Hippocrates do?

A

Used gravity as a traction/distraction technique
Relocated dislocated joints through closed manipulation
Used a traction table to distract scoliosis spines
Used pressure to address gibbous deformities

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13
Q

When did surgeons abandon manipulation to the bonesetters?

A

1800s

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14
Q

Manipulation survived transitions from isolated tribes and nomadic hoards to ancient societies. Major difference in ancient societies vs. their predecessor tribes was:

A

Intent of manipulation. Ancient was about the mystical, or what the gods wanted. Modern is more person-centered, direct, mechanical reasons

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15
Q

Manipulation in medicine

A

Hippocrates, Galen, Avicenna, Vesalius, Hunder, Hay, Harrison, Riadore, barbers, Hood, Marsh & Fox

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16
Q

Hippocrates era

A

Easiest formal emergence of medicine’s use of manipulation

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17
Q

Succession was a technique performed by physicians

A

Antigravity suspension with violent shaking fo body

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18
Q

Who all practiced manipulation?

A

Until the 1500s: Galen, Avicenna, Vesalius

1700s: Hunter, Hay and Harrison (the H-boys)
1800s: Riadore’s hypothesis

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18
Q

What did Riadore hypothesize and when?

A

That the impaired neurological or vascular supply to an organ would impair its function and eventually its structure; 1800s

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18
Q

When was manipulation abandoned by medicine to the barbers, bone setters and lay healers?

A

1800s

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19
Q

Who published a book bon bone setting techniques in the late 1800s?

A

Wharton Hood

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20
Q

Who is the founder of osteopathy?

A

Andrew Taylor Still

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21
Q

What are some of Still’s well known ideas/techniques?

A

The Law of the Artery; manipulation that involved pumping type motions with long levers to help circulation and lymph movement, craniosacral therapy

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22
Q

Who was “the lightening bonesetter?”

A

Andrew Still

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23
Q

Who is the founder of chiropractic?

A

DD Palmer

24
Q

What was DD Palmers belief about subluxations?

A

That they were the cause of nerve interference that impinged flow of innate intelligence

25
Q

What is Palmer’s style of manipulation that made it unique to osteopathic?

A

HVLA

26
Q

Who was a staunch advocate of thorough pre-manipulation evaluation and differential diagnosis of a patient to identify organic disease?

A

Mennell, DO

27
Q

What did Mennell use?

A

Manipulation and massage (NMS and visceral manipulation)

28
Q

Who developed and taught “selective tissue tensioning?”

A

Cyriax

29
Q

Who was the New Zealand PT who developed a slow, oscillatory extension protocol and what was the name of the protocol?

A

McKenzie; “the Mackenzie Protocol”

Better question… did McKenzie misspell his/her own last name?

30
Q

Who was the PT who taught manipulation style that focused on motion through individual joint planes imparting forces consistent with the biomechanical intent of the joint

A

Kaltenborn

31
Q

Who was a PT who developed manipulation that was comprised of slow, oscillatory movements of joints in sequentially increasing arcs that created increasing levels of stress to the joint and surrounding tissues? And what was the name of it?

A

Maitland, the “Maitland style” manipulation

32
Q

Define “technique”

A

A procedure performed in a given clinical situation

33
Q

Define “technique system”

A

A complete package approach:

  • unique definition of health problem
  • unique evaluation to identify location and severity
  • unique intervention designed to address unique problem
  • unique explanation as to how the evaluation identifies the problem and how the intervention cures it
34
Q

What is the “belief that scientific method is the only source of genuine factual knowledge and, in particular, that they alone can yield true knowledge about man and society?”

A

Scientism

35
Q

What is “a claim, belief or practice presented as scientific, but lacks adherence to a valid scientific method, supporting evidence or plausibility in some cases”

A

pseudoscience

36
Q

What are some signs of pseudoscience?

A
  • Usually lacks ability to be reliably tested
  • Often uses vague, contradictory, exaggerated claims
  • Relies on perception confirmation rather than objective evaluation
  • Lacks openness to critique and questioning
  • Demonstrates leaps of logic or faith between cause and effect (often contrary to known facts/theories)
37
Q

What is the “group think of one” (because we all agree its valid, it is) called?

A

Gold effect

38
Q

What is the overly optimistic view / seeing only things that validate the argument?

A

Valence effect

39
Q

What is the oversimplification for purpose of believability?

A

Causal Reductionism

40
Q

Levels of sophistication: name the lowest level to the highest level of evidence

A 
Studies
Syntheses
Synopses
Summaries
Systems
(ADD PHOTO)
41
Q

What is the most rigorously scientifically evaluated type of manipulation?

A

Diversified

42
Q

Who authored the first textbook in chiropractic? Name of book and date

A

Lang worthy, Smith & Paxon “Modernized Chiropractic” in 1906

43
Q

What is diversified about?

A

HVLA and bilateral hand contacts

44
Q

What technique uses an instrument that imparts a rapid, very low amplitude, low force impulse?

A

Activator

45
Q

Who developed Activator method?

A

Warren Lee and Arlan Fuhr

46
Q

What is the test that checks leg length?

A

Derefield Test

47
Q

What is different about the Activator technique versus the Activator system?

A

The system evaluation includes the Derefield Test

48
Q

Why do practitioners use the non-system activator method?

A
  • when patients are osteoporotic or skeletally infirm
  • are unwilling to experience usual techniques that are too vigorous
  • need specificity of the contact that an be better with instrument rests the hands
49
Q

In scientific investigation, a small RCT conducted recently placed ________ (method) equal to “usual medical care,” but less effective than ______ (another method).

A

Activator method; diversified manipulative techniques

50
Q

When a short leg is determined that remains short during extension and flexion it is called:

Any other pattern is called:

A 
Derefield negative (-D)
Derefield positive (+D)
51
Q

What method focuses on the primacy of the pelvis and lumbar spine as the “foundations” of spinal stability (and thus was opposed to BJ’s theory about upper cervical as the driver of spinal alignment)? And who was it developed by?

A

Gonstead; Clarence Gonstead

52
Q

What part of the spine was a prime component of chiropractic adjustment treatment according to Gonstead?

A

The disc

53
Q

Gonstead believed misalignments in the spine and pelvis can cause:

A

Disc displacement
Swelling and inflammation
Ultimately, nerve impingement

54
Q

What are diagnostic methods for Gonstead?

A
  • ortho-skeletal diagnostic methods
  • “optimum posture” model
  • uses Thermocouple Go-Scope / Nervoscope
  • radiographic measuration of spinal and pelvic posititions
55
Q

What are special equipment needed for Gonstead?

A

Knee chest table and Gonstead “cervical chair”

56
Q

What are special equipment needed for Activator method?

A

An instrument that imparts rapid, low amplitude, low force impulse

57
Q

What are special equipment needed for cox flexion/distraction technique?

A

A special table that stabilizes the patient’s torso and allows flexion of the lower extremities coupled with specific spinal contact

58
Q

What evaluation measures are used in Cox Flexion/Distraction technique?

A

Evidence-informed principles and validated, reliable methods including patient-centered measures, objective orthopedic/neurologic examination procedures and instrumentation (goniometers, stethoscopes, tuning forks, etc)

59
Q

Cox originally believed his technique was:

A

Returning ectopic nucleus pulposus back to the center of the disk… later research shows that the ectopic nucleus was not moving, it wad desiccating (drying up and shrinking)

60
Q

Clinical research of Cox Flexion/Distraction results:

A

Its effectiveness to be superior to medical care and in some cases superior to other chiropractic approaches

Exploring Chiropractic (1 decks)

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