Midterm Flashcards

Question

Vygotzkys zone of proximal development

Answer 1

Range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more skilled children The lower limit is the level of skill reached by the child working independently The upper limit is the level of additional responsibility can accept with assistance of an able instructor

Answer 2

Linked closely to zP Means changing the level of support, over the course of a teaching session a more skilled person adjusts their level of support and guidance to fit the child’s current performance

Answer 3

Bf skinner Through operant conditioning the consequences of a behavior produce changes in the probability of the behavior occurrence A behavior followed by a rewarding stimulus is more likely to reoccur, punish stimulus less likely Rewards and punishments shape development Behavior is key

Answer 4

Focuses on 5 environmental systems that impact development: ``` Microsystems Mesosystem Exosystem Macrosystem Chronisystem ```

Answer 5

The setting in which the individual lives Family, peers, school, and neighborhood The most direct interactions with social agents happen here Help construct settings

Answer 6

Relations between Microsystems or connection between contexts Ex: relation of family experiences to school experiences, bad experience with parents will make it hard for children to have good relationships with teachers

Answer 7

Links between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role and the individuals immediate context Ex: a child’s experience at home affected by mothers experience at work, she gets a promotion that has more travel and the child is alone more

Answer 8

Involves the culture in which individuals live Culture refers to behavioral patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group of people that are passed on from generation to generation

Answer 9

The patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course as well as sociohistorical circumstances Ex: divorce

Answer 10

Ethology: stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods. The presence or a sense of certain experiences has a long lasting incfluence Imprinting: the rapid, innate learning that involves attachment to the first moving object seen, the critical period is where imprinting must happen or it will not happen at all

Answer 11

Attachment to a caregiver over the first year of life has important consequences throughout the life span If attachment is positive and secure they person will develop positively , others is negatively

Answer 12

Underpinned by Piaget’s assertment that younger children have heteronomous morality and over 10 have autonomous morality 3 levels of moral thinking, each with 2 stages Preconventional Level Conventional Level Postconventional Level

Answer 13

Lowest level of moral reasoning Stage 1: Heteronomous morality, moral thinking is tied to punishment often. Ex: children obey because adults tell them to obey Stage 2: Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange is the second stage , at this stage children pursue their interests but allow others to do the same. What is right involves an equal exchange, be nice so others are nice to you in return

Answer 14

3. The second level of K’s theory of moral development, at this stage individuals value trust, caring, and loyalty to others on the basis of moral judgement. Children and adolescents often develope the moral standards of parents at this stage and want to be thought of as the ‘good boy or good girl’ by family 4. Social systems morality, the fourth stage, at this stage moral judgements are made on the basis of the understanding of law, social order, justice, and duty. ex: see that laws need to be followed for society operate correctly

Answer 15

The third and highest level, morality is more internal 5. Social Contract or utility and individual rights, at this stage individuals reason that values, rights, and principals undergird or transcend the law. A person evaluates actual laws and social systems I not eras of the degree to which they preserve and protect fundamental human rights and values 6. Universal ethical principals, at this stage the person has developed a moral standard based on universal human rights. When faced with a conflict between law and conscience, the person will follow conscience though the decision may involve personal risk

Answer 16

- views people in terms of their connectedness with others and interpersonal communication - thought that there was some gender bias with Kohlberg as he is a male and worked with males

Answer 17

Authoritarian Authoriatative Neglectful Indulgent

Answer 18

Restrictive, punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and respect their work and effort MY WAY OR ELSE Firm and controlling with little room for exchange Children are often unhappy, fearful, and anxious Weak communicators

Answer 19

Encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on their actions BEST TYPE Extensive verbal give and take Positive developmental outcomes

Answer 20

Parents uninvolved in child’s life Think that parents lives are more important than they are Social incompetent kids Poor self control and don’t handle independence well, low self esteem

Answer 21

Parents highly involved with their children but place few demands and controls on them LET KIDS DO WHAT THEY WANT Kids don’t learn to control their behavior and always think they can get what they want Kids don’t learn to respect others, tend to be egocentric, non compliant, not good socially

Answer 22

Involves large muscle movements including moving one’s arms and walking Posture control ``` Lift head, Chest up use arms for support Roll over Support some weight with legs Sit without support Stand without support Pull self to stand Use furniture to wlk with support Stand alone easily Walk alone easily ```

Answer 23

Posture control is key to gross motor skill development Ex: track moving objects, must be able to control movement of head to stabilize your gaze Dynamic process that is linked with sensory info in skin, joints, and muscles Inner ear regulates balance and equilibrium Newborns cannot control posture but develop over time, within a few weeks they can lift their head Can sit supported by 2 months and independently by 6 or 7 Can stand by 10-12 months

Answer 24

Locomotion and postural control are closely linked, especially walking upright To walk upright need to learn to coordinate leg movements Need to be able to stablelize and balance Strength, balance and practice are key Up through 16 months big development

Answer 25

Finely tuned movements such as grasping a toy, using a spoon Infants have very little control over fine motor skills, but have the components needed During the first 2 years infants refine how they reach and grasp Move from large clumsy movements to moving wrists, rotating hands, and coordinating their hands and fingers

Answer 26

Fine motor skill where infant grips with full hand

Answer 27

End of first year fine motor skill Grasp small objects with their thumb and forefinger Gripping small objects is possible

Answer 28

Necessary for the infant to coordinate grasping, varies with age Which system they use depends on age 4 month olds use touch 8 month olds use vision

Answer 29

Where fibers connect the brains left and right hemispheres, thickens during adolescence and improves ability to process info

Answer 30

A lower subcortical system in the brain that is the seat of emotions and experience the rewards Completely developed in early adolescence

Answer 31

The “judgement” region reigns in intense emotions but doesn’t finish developing undiluted at least emerging adulthood

Answer 32

At birth newborn brains are 25% By second birthday 75% DO NOT MATURE UNIFORMALLY

Answer 33

Portion farthest from the spinal cord, includes cerebral cortex

Answer 34

Hemisphere

Answer 35

Voluntary movement Thinking Personality Intentionality

Answer 36

Focus on vision

Answer 37

Have an active role in hearing, language processing, and memory

Answer 38

Registering spatial location, attention, and motor control

Answer 39

Specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other

Answer 40

A nerve cell that handles information processing

Answer 41

Layer of fat cells that encase many axons | Sheath insulates axons and help electrical signals travel faster down the axon

Answer 42

Proves energy to neurons in communication Begins prenatally and continues after birth Connectivity increases and creates new neural pathways New dendridic pathways lead to spreading of neural pathways Pace differs based on age, visually occurs rapidly after birth and is complete in first 6 month, auditory is not complete until 4 or 5 years

Answer 43

Chemicals which are sent to synapses that are small gaps between neurons fibers

Answer 44

Connections that are used survive and strengthen Pruning occurs when they are unused, neural pathways are replaced or disappear

Answer 45

Biological processes and environmental conditions (rich or poor), influence brain development. The brain has plasticity and is context dependent Development of the brain and cognitive development are linked

Answer 46

Easy child Difficult child Slow to warm up child

Answer 47

Generally in a good mood Quickly establishes regular routines Adapts easily to new experiences

Answer 48

Reacts negatively Cries a lot Engages in irregular daily routine Slow to accept change

Answer 49

Low activity level Somewhat negative Low intensity of mood

Answer 50

Shy, subdued timid child Socially, extroverted, bold child

Answer 51

Extraversion/surgency Negative affectivity Effortful control

Answer 52

Emotional numbness, despair, disbelief, sadness and loneliness accompanying the loss of someone we love

Answer 53

Feelings of despair that good unresolved over an extended period of time Complicated grief

Answer 54

A persons grief over a deceased person that is a socially ambiguous loss that cannot be openly mourned or supported

Answer 55

1. Loss oriented stressors, focusing on the deceased individual and can include grief worth 2. Restoration oriented stressors, secondary stresses that are indirectly affected like changing identity from wife to widow

Answer 56

Neurological definition of death, all brain activity has ceased but the body can be kept alive

Answer 57

People: death is inevitable Places or contexts: hospitals funeral homes, etc Times: Memorial Day, day of the dead, times where we honor those who have died Objects: many objects in a culture are associated with death, caskets, black clothing Symbols: skull and crossbones, religious ceremonies

Answer 58

Reducing pain and shuddering and helping individuals die with dignity

Answer 59

Program committed to making the end of life as free from pain anxiety and depression as possible

Answer 60

No concept of death

Answer 61

Little concept of death

Answer 62

A more realistic orientation towards death

Answer 63

More abstract, philosophical view of death than children Rather than feeling invincible, many fear early death