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Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Alexander Mosaic

A

Mosaic dating to ~100 BCE. From the House of Faun. Thought to be plunder or copy of a lost painting. Depicts Battle of Issus. Darius the focus. Shows Alexander conquering and Darius fleeing

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2
Q

Alexander Sarcophagus

A

Dates to 312 BCE. Shows Battle of Issos. Tomb of a king, but not Alexander

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3
Q

Apis Bull

A

Custom at Memphis. Bull the embodiment of Ptah. When it died, gained name Osiris-Apis and was embalmed and buried at Saqqara. Alexander respected this custom whereas his predecessors did not

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4
Q

Cartonnage

A

Papyrus that has been coated with stucco to make funerary masks or mummy portraits. Frequently used government documents. Part of papyrological sources for this period

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5
Q

Divine kingship

A

In Egyptian religion, king not immortal, but his position granted him a special relation with the gods. So, the oracle declaring Alexander the son of a god not that unusual for the Egyptians. But very unusual for Greeks

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6
Q

Epigraphical evidence

A

Preserved inscriptions on a stela, which is a stone, slab, pillar, or column with carvings or inscriptions. Examples include the stelae with honors for Antiochus I and Cassander and the Sandwich marble

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7
Q

Hellenistic

A

Literally Greekish or Greekifying. Covers 323 to 30 BCE, from death of Alexander to death of Cleopatra. Marked by changes in institutions and governments. Advancements in science and inventions, especially in math and astronomy

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8
Q

Historiography

A

Writing of history and written history. Hellenistic historiography substantially expanded it to include new themes, styles, and genres because of need to example new events, lands, and peoples. Nurtured by patronage of Hellenistic monarchs, Roman aristocrats, and growth of libraries and other centers of scholarship. Included folktales and legends. Universal histories emerge

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9
Q

Numismatic evidence

A

Coins. During Hellenistic period, practice of putting heads of real people. as opposed to gods, begins

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10
Q

Oracle of Zeus-Ammon

A

At Siwa Oasis. After Battle of Issus, declares Alexander the son of Amun. He then considers himself divine afterwards and depicts himself as such

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11
Q

Oxyrhynchus

A

Excavated by Bernard Grenfell and Arthur Hunt. Town dump that remained intact to the 19th century CE and presented ideal condition for preservation of papyri. Source of 70% of all papyri. Includes shopping lists, prices, government documents, etc. Most are Roman or Byzantine

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12
Q

Papyrus

A

Ancient form of paper

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13
Q

Proskynesis

A

Persian custom of prostrating oneself before the king, implying submission and worship. Alexander tried to have his entourage adopt it, but was not successful. Not clear how much he himself had adopted it

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14
Q

Rosetta Stone

A

Stele inscribed with hieroglyphs, Demotic, and Greek. Dates to ~196 BCE.

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15
Q

Stela

A

A stone, slab, pillar, or column with carvings or inscriptions

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16
Q

Syncretism

A

Combining of gods into a single entity or conflating different gods with each other. Very common in Egyptian theology. Zeus and Amun were conflated, as were Isis and Demeter. Amun conflated with Ra

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17
Q

The Great King

A

Title for king of Persia. Alexander becomes it when he defeats Darius III, then the ruling king of Persia, at the Battle of Issus in 333 BCE

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18
Q

Parian Marble

A

Stele set up at Paris consisting of two fragments. One covers history from 1581/0 to 355/4 BCE. The other covers from 336/5 to 299/8. Mostly political and religious history. Claims to have been derived from written records. Made in 264/3. Source for Alexander

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19
Q

Battle of Chaironea

A

338 BCE battle fought between Philip of Macedon and Greek poleis led by Athens. Major victory for Philip. Alexander’s cavalry very important to his win. Led to Alexander being seen as Philip’s successor

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20
Q

Battle of Granicus

A

334 BCE battle fought between Alexander and Persian Empire. Defeat of many Persian satraps. Leads to Alexander acquiring much of Asia Minor

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21
Q

Battle of Issus

A

333 BCE battle between Alexander and Persian Empire led by Darius III. Major defeat for Persian Empire as Darius III fled the battle, leaving his family in Alexander’s hands. Leads to great reduction of Persian power

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22
Q

Battle of Gaugamela

A

331 BCE battle between Alexander and Persian Empire. Leads to fall of Persian Empire and Alexander gaining Babylon, much of Persia, and Mesopotamia

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23
Q

Battle of Hydaspes

A

326 battle between Alexander and King Porus of Paurava. Leads to opening up of India and Greek control of northern India

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24
Q

Aristotle

A

384-322. Born in Stagira as the son of Amyntas II’s court physician. Moved to Athens at 17 to study at Plato’s Academy. Became Alexander’s tutor in 342 BCE

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25
Pella
Historical capital of Macedon during Alexander's reign
26
Kyrene
Greek colony in Libya. Known for practicing syncretism and the school of philosophy named after the polis. Taken over by Ptolemy I, who reforms its constitutions and puts himself in charge. Magas its viceroy under Ptolemy II
27
Memphis
Traditional capital of Egypt. Apis Bull custom performed there
28
Demosthenes
384-322 orator. Opposed Philip of Macedon in multiple speeches. First Philippic in 351 accuses him of ruling by fear and being a threat to Athens. Warns that Athens' inaction will allow more like him to come later. First Olynthiac in 349 demands Athens help its ally, Olynthus, fight Philip. Second through fourth Philippics in 344, 341, and 341 again
29
Gymnasium
Originally a place of exercise to prepare young men as soldiers. Became intellectual centers in 4th century with philosophers. Found in Ai Khanoum, for example
30
Koine
"Common" Greek. Dialect of Hellenistic period. Very close to Attic Greek. Language of New Testament
31
Philoi
Literally means friends. Advisors to kings of Macedon. Sometimes served as a council. Replaced Alexander's hetairoi (companions). Part of being a successful king
32
Synoikismos
Combining several smaller communities to form a single, larger one. Sometimes purely political and did not affect the communities. Other times, involved migration of citizens to new city.
33
Ai Khanoum
Also known as Alexandria on the Oxus. In present-day Afghanistan. Had elements of Greek culture, like gymnasium, theater, and acropolis. Clearchus' inscription there and records Delphic maxims in high-quality lettering. Disk of Cybele there (~328-135) and shows her. Statue of Heracles from temple center and dates to ~328-135
34
Philip II
King of Macedon from 359-336. Last son of Amyntas III and Eurydice. Instituted use of phalanx. Expanded territory of Macedon to include Thrace. Defeats Thebes in Third Sacred War. Promised Amphipolis to Athens, but never turned it over. Defeats mainland Greek forces in 338 battle of Chaironea and founds League of Corinth. Father of Alexander III. Assassinated in 336 by Pausanias, his bodyguard
35
Satrap
Governor of provinces in Persian Empire. Somewhat independent, but also influenced by ruling hegemonies
36
Olympias
Wife of Philip II and mother of Alexander III. Attempted to regain control over Macedon, but is killed in 316
37
Satrap stela
Stela bearing royal decree of Ptolemy II proclaiming himself king of Egypt
38
Battle of Ipsus
301 battle between Antigonos I and Demetrius the Besieger against Kassander, Lysimachus, and Seleukos. Defeat for Antigonos, ending his hopes of reunifying the kingdom
39
Senatus consultum
Decree of Roman Senate. Officially, just advice but often treated as law
40
Putsch
Coup
41
Magas
Half-brother of Ptolemy II. Was viceroy of Kyrene before ensuring ensuring its independence and ruling from 276-250
42
Alexander the Great
Ruler of Macedon from 336-23. Took over upon his father's assassination at age 20. Sources include Diodorus SIculus, Pompeius Trogus, QUintus Curtius Rufus, Plutarch, and Arrian. Defeats Persians at Battlef of Issos in 333. Respectful of local cultures that he had conquered. Conquered India. Dies in Babylon
43
Babylon
Where Alexander dies in 323. He had planned it to be his capital
44
Antipater
397-319. Philip's trusted lieutenant who represented him twice in Athens in 346 and 338. Governed Macedon during Alexander's Danubian and Asian campaigns. From 334 on, acted as his European viceroy. Dealt with Thracian revolt in 331/0. Replaced in 324 by Craterus, but Alexander died in 323
45
Battle of Koroupedion
281 battle giving Seleukos control over almost all of Alexander's territories. He dies shortly after. Lysimachus dies in this battle
46
Lysimachos
Ruler of Thrace. Acquired western Asia Minor after battle of Ipsos. Married Arsinoe II of Egypt to form alliance with Ptolemy. Dies in battle of Koroupedion
47
Pyrrhus
Early opponent of Rome, whom he fought and won battles against, but at great cost to himself
48
Kassander
Son of Antipater. King of Macedon from 305-297. Had Roxanne and Alexander IV assassinated.
49
Alexander IV
Son of Alexander III and Roxanne. 323-309. Initially sent to Amphipolis by Kassander to be kept out of the way. But as he grew, became more of a threat and Kassander has him assassinated
50
Philip Arrhidaios
King of Macedon from 323-317. Son of Philip and half-brother of Alexander III. Husband of Eurydice. Murdered by Olympias and her allies
51
Antioch
Founded by Seleukos. Syrian capital
52
Tomb of Philip II
At AIgai. Bones match injuries he suffered
53
Aigai
First capital of Macedon. Where Philip was assassinated
54
Winged Victory of Samothrace
Second century BCE sculpture of Nike. Likely stood on the prow of a ship.
55
Antigonos I the One-Eyed
Satrap under Alexander III. Declared himself king in 306 BCE and established Antigonid dynasty in Western Asia Minor. Dies at the Battle of Ipsos in 301
56
Demetrios the Besieger
Rules western Asia Minor. King of Macedon 294-288. "Frees" Athens in 307. Became joint king with his father, Antigonos I, in 306 after defeating Ptolemy in battle of Salamis off Cypress. Besieges Rhodes 305-4 BCE. Invades Athens a second time in 295 and declares himself a god. Loses Athens in 287. Dies in Asia Minor in 282
57
Seleukos I
Satrapy of Babylon under Alexander. Initially supports Perdiccas as regent of Alexander's empire, but has him assassinated in 321/0. From 312 on, expands his empire. Founds Antioch. Defeats Antigonos at Battle of Ipsos in 301 and Lysimachos at Battle of Kouropedion in 281. Assassinated by Ptolemy Keraunos in 281.
58
Canopus Decree
Inscription in hieroglyphs, Demotic, and Greek revering Ptolemy III and Berenike.
59
Achaean League
Alliance covering most of Peloponnesos. Sparta tries to take it over, leading it to turn to Antigonos Doson, under whose rule Security Pact is formed in 224 BCE
60
Achaemenid Empire
AKA Persian Empire. Controlled most of Middle East, Egypt, Asia Minor, and eastern Greece. Mostly conquered by Alexander in 330 BCE. Seleukid dynasty would come to take over most of it, except for Egypt, Greece, and parts of Asia Minor
61
Aitolian League
Alliance in central Greece. Considered by other Greeks to be roguish. First Greek ally of Rome, with whom it sided in First and Second Macedonian Wars. Later sided with Antiochos III of Seleukid Empire against Rome in Roman-Syrian War. When he was defeated, could no longer oppose Rome and was made a subject ally
62
Damnatio memoriae
Literally, condemnation of memory. Statues are destroyed, names are erased, etc of a condemned person. Athens did it to the Antigonids in 196 after the Romans show up
63
Dionysiac artists
Association of Greek actors and artists
64
Great Altar at Pergamon
Major artistic accomplishment built under Eumenes II. Very sophisticated frieze, with main frieze showing Gigantomachy.
65
Luxor Temple
Construction begins in Thebes in 332 BCE under Alexander. Sanctuary there shows him being introduced to Amun-Re by Montu-Re and Atun. Depiction of him offering incense to Amun-Min. Inscription declares him son of Amun-Re
66
Ruler Cult
Rendering, as to a god or hero, of honors to individuals widely revered because of their achievements, position, or power. Really started with Alexander. Most common context was polis depending on a king in which his benefaction was acknowledged with establishment of cult with temple, priest, sacrifices, and games. King share temple with gods and thus partook in honors made to them. Sometimes also took on gods' characteristics. Attalid kings had to be dead first, which was unusual
67
Symploke
Literally weaving together. Refers to interconnectedness of world events, especially in Polybius' works. He called them a universal history and looked at history of different regions, like Greece and Italy. Shows rise of Roman Empire this way and sometimes makes connections that aren't really there. One example is marriage alliances
68
Pergamon
Ruled by Attalid dynasty that controlled the city from death of Lysimachus to 133 BCE. Experienced major regrowth under them, including rebuilding of the city and its flourishing as intellectual center
69
Athens
Once a major power in Hellenistic world. Had become reduced after Peloponnesian War. Philip promised them Amphipolis, but never returns it, infuriating them. Location of the Lyceum. Demosthenes spoke there against Philip. Antipater represents Philip there twice in 346 and 338. "Freed" by Demetrios I in 307. Invaded again in 295 by Demetrios, who sets up a new government and declares himself a god. He loses it in 287. Fights with Sparta and its allies against Ptolemy and Antigonos in Chremonidean War in 267-262. Institutes damnatio memoriae against Antigonids after Romans declare it free. Displaced by Alexandria and Rome
70
Sparta
Fights with Athens and its allies in Chremonidean War of 267-262. Areus the king at in 309-265 and breaks traditions. Tries to take over Achaean League, leading to League turning to Macedon for support against it. Also ruled by Agis IV in 244-1, who tries to undo Areus' changes
71
Alexandria
On mouth of Nile in Ptolemaic kingdom. Had Serapeion, Museion, and Library. Museion founded by Ptolemy I and finished by Ptolemy II. Housed established scholars and run by president and priest. Held discussions on scholarly topics. Callmichus' Pinakes catalogues it. The city displaced Athens
72
Chremonides
Issued decree of Chremonides in 267, which creates alliance between Sparta, Athens, their allies, and Ptolemy II against Antigonos of Macedon. Leads to Chremonidean War
73
Agis IV
King of Sparta in 244-241 who tries to undo Areus' changes.
74
Areus
King of Sparta in 309-265. Breaks tradition by minting coins and living in luxury like other Hellenistic kings. Dies trying to get Corinth from Macedonians, which represented control of goods moving to Peloponnesos. Symbol of fighting for freedom
75
Kleomenes III
King of Sparta in 235-222. Defeated by Security Pact in 222, leading to his loss of support in Sparta
76
Antigonas II Gontas
Son of Demetrios I. Rules Macedon 276-239 and establishes stable Antigonid Dynasty. Repels challenge by Pyrrhos in 274 and defeats Celtic rebels. Defeats coalition in Chremonidean War
77
Antigonas III Doson
Rules Macedon 229-21. Establishes Security Pact with Achaean League in 224. Defeats Kleomenes III of Sparta in 222 with it. Dies in 222/1.
78
Philip V
Ruled Macedon 221-179. Son of Demetrios II. Fought Social War with Achaean League against Aitolian League and Rome. Fought First Macedonian War against Rome, which ended in a stalemate. Fought Second Macedonian War against Rome and is defeated at 197 Battle of Kynoskephalai
79
Antiochos I Soter
Ruler of Seleukid Empire 281-61. Son of Seleukos I. Launches First Syrian War against Ptolemy II. Then fights Battle of the Elephants against Galatians and repels the Celts.
80
Antiochos III the Great
Ruler of Seleukid Empire 223-187. Brother of Seleukos III. Deals with Molon and other rebels from 222-220. By 219, has recovered almost all of former Seleukid Empire. Fights Fourth Syrian War with Ptolemy IV and is defeated at battle of Raphia. Fights Fifth Syrian War against Ptolemy V and is successful. Dies fighting Rome 187
81
Ptolemy I
First ruler of Ptolemaic kingdom, from 305-283. Had been satrap of Egypt at Alexander's death. Claimed descent from Heracles and Argos. Mother was Arsinoe. Loses Cyprus in battle of Salamis to Demetrios I.
82
Ptolemy II
Ruler of Ptolemaic kingdom 285-246. Half brother of Ptolemy Keraunos and Magas. Married to Arsinoe I, his sister. Fights First Syrian War against Antiochos I and wins. Fights Second Syrian War and lose. Father of Berenike Syre, who Antiochos II marries
83
Ptolemy III
Ruler of Ptolematic kingdom 246-222. Fights Third Syrian War against Seleukos II and achieved major victories
84
Ptolemy Keraunos
Ruler of Macedon 281-279. Oldest son of Ptolemy I and Eurydike. Was passed over for ruling Egypt. Murdered Seleukos I in 291. Bolgios kills in him 279 Celtic invasion
85
Arsinoe II
Wife of Lysimachos. Then married Ptolemy Keraunos, her half-brother. Had Arsinoe I, Ptolemy II's first wife, exiled.
86
Berenike II
Wife of Ptolemy III. Daughter of Magas and mother of Arsinoe III and Ptolemy IV
87
Attalos I
Founder of Attalid dynasty in Pergamon. Ruled 241-197. Defeats Galatians. Fights First Macedonian War with Aitolian League and Rome against Macedon, which ends in a peacet treaty. Fights Second Macedonian War with Rome and Aitolian League against Philip V and wins
88
Eumenes II
Son of Attalos I. Ruler of Pergamon 197-159. Closely allied to Romans. Expanded Library of Pergamon
89
Celtic Invasion
Invasion of Celts, a generic Greek term for western barbarians, in 281-279. Led by Brennos Akichorios. Fight Greeks in Thermpoylae and Delphi.
90
Chremonidean War
Lasts from 267-262. Named for Athenian Chremonides, who got Athens to declare war. Fought between Athens, Sparta, and their allies against Antigonos II Gonatas. Not passionately fought. Ends with Macedon controlling Greek poleis
91
Macedonian Wars
Series of wars fought by Rome against Macedon. 1MW: 214-205, between Rome, Aitolian League, and Attalos I against Philip V, ends with Peace of Phoinike. 2MW: 200-197, same belligerents, ends with significantly reduced Macedonian power 3MW: 171-168, same belligerents, but Macedon is led by Perseus. Ends with complete defeat of Macedon and end of Greek independence
92
Social War
219-217. Fought between Phillip V and Achaean League against Sparta and Aitolian League. Ends with Peace of Naupaktos, which solidified Macedonian control over its allies
93
Syrian Wars
1SW: Ptolemy II against Antiochos I. 274-271. Victory for Ptolemy II 2SW: Ptolemy II against Antiochos II Gonatas. 260-253. Ends with marriage of Antiochos II to Ptolemy II's daughter, Berenike Syre. 3SW: Ptolemy III against Seleukos II, son of Laodice. Leads to greatest extent of Ptolemaic kingdom
94
Security Pact
Formed in 224 between Achaean League and Antigonos Doson. Agreement to do what Macedonians say in exchange for protection. Defeated Kleomenes III of Sparta in 222
95
Peace of Apameia
188 treaty between Rome and Antiochos III. Very harsh terms for Antiochos III.

CLST 315 (2 decks)

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