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CMN 102 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 errors & biases in human inquiry?

A

1) inaccuracy
2) overgeneralization
3) selective observation
4) Ex post facto hypothesis
5) ego
6) premature closure of inquiry
7) mystification

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2
Q

How do you guard against -

1) inaccuracy
2) overgeneralization
3) selective observation
4) Ex post facto hypothesis
5) ego
6) premature closure of inquiry
7) mystification

A

1) developing systematic procedures
2) through repetition
3) random sampling observation
4) formal decision-making rules that’s tested statistically
5) listen
6) assume never done
7) mystification in social sci. Always an error

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3
Q

Theory:

A

-conceptual representation/explanations of phenomenon

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4
Q

(T/F) Are all theories abstracts and are symbolic representation of phenomenon?

A

True

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5
Q

Variable:

A

Feature of class of objects which can vary

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6
Q

Attributes:

A

Qualities which compose variable

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7
Q

Speed - 180 mph in 60 sec

Which is the variable, what are attributes?

A

Variable - speed

Attributes - 180, 60 sec

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8
Q

What does it mean when 2 variables have a correlation?

A

That there’s a relationship

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9
Q

What does construct in regards to a variable mean?

A

Variable that can’t be observed, has to be measured

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10
Q

Axioms (in regards to theory):

A

Take for granted to be true

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11
Q

Propositions (in regards to theory):

A

Theoretical/abstract statements of theory

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12
Q

How do we - operationalize a theory that is construct?

A

-since can’t be physically seen we need to measure it

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13
Q
  • Ex: of construct variable -
A

Intelligence

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of a good theory (3)?

A

1) generality
2) accuracy
3) parsimony (simplicity)

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15
Q

Theory - Observation

(—— to ——)

Deductive to traditional is -

Inductive to no traditional is -

A

Theory to observation

Observation to theory

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16
Q

Proposition (r.e. Variables) -

A
  • cause and effect from one variable to the other
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17
Q

What is observation -

A

That data itself

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18
Q

Empirical research methods -

A

What we find, generalize data, if try how can we connect to theory

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19
Q

What are the ethics of social research (3) -

A

1) participant should be voluntary
2) no harm to participant
3) informed consent

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20
Q

Anonymity (in social research):

A
  • Answers can’t be traced back to respondent, readers can’t identify response w/ respondent at all
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21
Q

Confidentiality (in social research):

A

-can identify person w/ response but promises they won’t do it publicly

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22
Q

Which groups can’t be “voluntary”?

A

Children, prisoners, elderly

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23
Q

What is deception and debriefing?

A

Deceive - “lying”, have to tell white lie to some extent

Debrief - provide statement/explain research

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24
Q

What is the IRB and what is it’s purpose?

A

IRB = Institutional Review Board

  • Makes sure about participants safety
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25
Q

Can IRB make mistakes? If so, why?

A

Yes, because made up of panel who are human

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26
Q

Is there bias in politics of social research? Why?

A
  • Yes, no codes in politics to abide to
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27
Q

How can causal occur?

A

1) Correlation
2) Time sequence
3) Make sure no 3rd variable effects

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28
Q

Deterministic explanation and Ex:

A

-Assumed that conditions hold particular outcome

Ex: A,B,C —> D (100%)
Ex: Grapefruit, drop, on earth —> fall

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29
Q

Do scholars think that causality is against notion of “free will”?

A

Yes, scholars like to think we have a choice

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30
Q

Weak determinism and Ex:

A
  • probabilistic causal model

Ex: A,B,C maybe D (p > 0%, 100%)

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31
Q

Nomothetic (r.e. “N” as #):

A

-explain thing in terms of reasonable # of variables

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32
Q

Idiographic explanation:

A

-focus on forces of phenomenon

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33
Q

Social movement using nomothetic and ideographic -

A

Nomothetic - what are social economic variables

Ideographic - in-depth analysis of social movement

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34
Q

Temporal rule order:

A

Cause MUST precede (lead to) effect

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35
Q

Correlation:

A

Two variables must be empirically related

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36
Q

According to a theory -

If “c” = “y” ?

A

No, never fully explain variable but can be useful

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37
Q

Summary: Wallace’s Model of Science -

A

Theory —> Hypothesis —>

^ Observation
|
Empirical generalization

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38
Q

Inductive theory construction -

A

a) grounded theory: theory from data

b) inductive theory and field research

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39
Q

(T/F) Is this an axiom?

“Similarities between persons reduce uncertainty, while dissimilarities produce increases uncertainty”

A

True

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40
Q

(T/F) is this an Ex: of proposition?

“Amount of communication and intimacy level of communication are positively related?”

If so, why?

A

True, it states the relation

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41
Q

What are “units of analysis”?

A

-what or who is being studied?

42
Q

What are “units of observation”?

A
  • Unit for which data will be collected
43
Q

What is the difference between “unit of analysis” and “unit of observation”?

A

-Analysis - who or what being studied
Ex: looking at networks - because that’s what we’re studying

-Observation - unit for which data will be collected
Ex: amount of time of news coverage

44
Q

In -

“A couple who is getting a questionnaire on marriage”

What is thru it of analysis and what is observation?

A

Analysis - couple

Observation - score

45
Q

What is the ecology fallacy and Ex:

A

-not every individual fits analysis of individual

Ex: study - SF liberal than LA, meet someone from SF and ASSUME they’re liberal

46
Q

Risqué:

A

-pushing boundaries of that point in time

47
Q

Cross- sectional research -

A

Looking at one section/point in time

48
Q

Longitudinal research -

A

-researching over time

49
Q

Cohort study -

A
  • investigations of specific subpopulations (groups, cohorts) over time
50
Q

(T/F) Cohort -

“Researching kids, age 5 ever 20 years, not the same kids though”

Why?

A

Yes, because born in the same time frame

51
Q

Trend studies and Ex:

A
  • Anything that unfolds over time

- Artifacts, collected at one point in time then compare at different point in time

52
Q

Panel study -

A

Look at SAME group of people

53
Q

In a cohort study are they the same individuals?

In a panel study are they the same individuals?

A

No

Yes

54
Q

Why do we use multi-method research?

A

-Because each method has its strengths and weaknesses

55
Q

Define: Fieldwork research and (2) tools and priority -

A
  • going out into the world

1) observation
2) interviewing

Priority- naturalism

56
Q

Define: Unobtrusive research and tool and priority

A

-analyst

Tool- archival materials

Priority - non-reactivity (researcher causes no reaction)

57
Q

Define: experimental research and tool and priority -

A
  • Manipulating variables

Tool: experiment manipulating/control

Priority - causal explication

58
Q

4 potential goals of inquiry -

A

1) naturalism
2) nonreactivity
3) generalizability
4) causal explication

59
Q

What does “combining methods” mean?

A

-combining 2 methods at the same time

60
Q

Conceptualization:

A

-cognitive process of giving meaning to things; concepts are building blocks

61
Q

Conception and Ex:

A

-images we have in our head

Ex: prof. describing child - we visualize

62
Q

Concept and Ex:

A

Term we use to represent image

Ex: based off a pic

63
Q

Ex: of —

1) Directly observable
2) Indirect observation
3) constructs (theoretical creations)

A

1) mark on Scantron
2) saw that “e” erased - possibility
3) Does not exist

64
Q

Real definition and Ex:

A

-true meaning of something

Ex: blood and its components

65
Q

Nominal definition and Ex:

A

-“working term”, what it works for us

Ex: “academic motivation”

66
Q

Operational definition and Ex:

A
  • specific statement how measured

Ex: checklist of objects

67
Q

In Conceptualization —

What is Ex: of “dimension”?

A

Ex: loneliness- different dimensions, social and emotional

68
Q

I’m conceptualization —

What is Ex: of “indicators”?

A

-presence/absence of something

69
Q

Nominal and Ex:

A

that doesn’t rank in any particular way; random

Ex: # on soccer players

70
Q

Ordinal and Ex:

A

Ranking by property

Ex: highest to lowest

71
Q

Interval and Ex:

A

Distance between matters

Ex: Fahrenheit

72
Q

Is research —

“Very good” “good” “bad” “very bad”

Ex: of interval? Why?

A

No, because don’t know space w/in - abstract

73
Q

Ratio and Ex:

A

-Adding that there’s a “true zero point”

Ex: speed

74
Q

Reliability:

A

-“repeatedly”

75
Q

What should “Test-retest method” be?

A

Consistent

76
Q

What should “Parallel alternative forms reliability” be?

A

-2 measures should be equivalent (not identical)

77
Q

Validity:

A

-how valid is the measure that were measuring

78
Q

Describe the characteristics of sampling -

A
  • generalize

- causation and correlation

79
Q

Why sample?

A

-to access small group but make generalization about larger population

80
Q

(Theoretical) population -

A

Made up group that you’re going to access

81
Q

Statistic:

A

Summary/mean (average) of population

82
Q

Parameter:

A

Estimate of variable IN the population

83
Q

Sampling error:

A

-from sample stating that there’s some error, can’t fully know

84
Q

Sampling theory:

A

How close we can be

85
Q

Non-probability sampling -

A

-sample not chosen at random

86
Q

Thurstone scale -

A
  • format for generating groups of indicators of a variable, w/ at least empirical structure among them
87
Q

Likert scale (remember “like”) Ex:

A
  • “strongly agree” “agree” “disagree” “strongly disagree” and scoring each response type
88
Q

Semantic differential and Ex:

A
  • respondents choose between 2 opposite positions

Ex: very kinda neither kinda very

Enjoyable. Unenjoyable

89
Q

Guttman scaling -

A

-measure used to summarize several discrete observations and represent some more general variable

90
Q

Quota sampling -

A

-units are selected in basis of prespecified characteristics, will same same distribution

91
Q

Disparate purposeful sampling and Ex:

A

Examine extreme cases

Ex: best case/worst case

92
Q

Typical case(s) sampling -

A

Cases selected for study based on judgment of representatives

93
Q

Critical case sampling -

A
  • “so goes the nation”
94
Q

Snowball sampling -

A

Population identified - think of HIV

95
Q

What is the main difference between probability and non probability?

A

Random

96
Q

Systematic sampling (think of “system”) and Ex -

A

-selection random but NOT independent

Ex: every 5th person

97
Q

Stratified sampling and Ex:

A

-random of strata (subgroups)

Ex: freshman, sophomores, juniors , seniors

98
Q

Cluster sampling and Ex:

A
  • “naturally occurring cluster of groups”

Ex: our classroom vs the one across

99
Q

Ex : r = .08

What does “r” mean? & what are findings?

A

“r” = correlation coefficient

Both variables have a high cause and effect correlation

100
Q

Match -

1) fieldwork
2) unobtrusive measurement
3) survey research
4) experimental research

A) nonreactivity
B) causal explication
C) generalization
D) naturalism

A

1) Naturalism
2) nonreactivity
3) generalizability
4) causal explication

CMN 102 (1 decks)

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