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Political Inquiry > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Normative measurments

A
  • names not numbers

- have values assigned to them that represent different categories but cannot be ranked in any order

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2
Q

ordinal measurments

A
  • in additionto values that signify different categories ordinal measuremnts have values that can be ranked
  • but distance is unknown or not meaninful between categories
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3
Q

interval measuremtns

A
  • distances between categories have real meaning
  • we can rank and we can say by how much
  • e.g events in a year or degrees celcius
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4
Q

Is political science a science?

A
  • yes because you can use empirical data to explain variables
  • political phenomonea can be treated that same as a sciecne using research methods, hypotheseis
  • scientific method is used
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5
Q

what are non scientific ways of knowing

A
  • hunch feeling
  • intution
  • faith
  • personal experience
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6
Q

what are some elements of a good research question

A
  • specific
  • clear direction of research
  • examines a relationship between varaibles
  • deals with empirical political phenomena
  • ‘why’ questions are usuallly good ones
  • ‘so what’ test
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7
Q

how do we bring different variable together to specify an explanation

A
  • definiing the variables and establishing the relationship between them whether they it is a postiive relationship or a negative one
  • independent variable
  • dependent variable
  • antecentdent variable
  • intervening variable
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8
Q

what is the goal of a hypothesis

A

-seeks to make an educated prediticton of a empirical political phenomon

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9
Q

what are characterisitcs of a good hypothesis

A
  • seeks to make an educated prediticton of a empirical political phenomon
  • expalisn general rather than particular
  • can be inductive from particular case
  • or deductive from another hypothesis or existing literature
  • specific in which it states the direction of the hypothesis
  • clear units of analysis (usually 1)
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10
Q

what are characteristics of a good theory

A
  • large explanatory power
  • satisfying our curiosities
  • applicable
  • uses a little variables as possible
  • falsible
  • clearly framed with defined concepts
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11
Q

what is a strong test of theory

A
  • case studies
  • statistical analysis
  • experiments
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12
Q

what issues need to be considered when defining concepts?

A
  • clear
  • accurate
  • precice
  • informative
  • not abstract or open to interpreation
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13
Q

what are units of analysis?

A

-most hypothesis use only one unit of analysis such as individuals, countires, groups, organizations or states

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14
Q

frequency distrubution

A

-table that shows number of obersvation for each value or category

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15
Q

what are descriptitive statisitsics

A
  • gives concise summaries of variables

- describes large amounts of data with one number

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16
Q

central tendencie measurments

A
  • what is average or typical about the statistics

- mean,median, mode

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17
Q

ways of variabliltiy and dispersion

A

-range (intercortile range that is resistant to outlyers

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18
Q

what is normal distribution

A
  • perfectly symettrical
  • mean, median, mode have some numbers
  • half the data lies on one side of the median and half on the other
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19
Q

what does a squared, skewed right, and skewed right shaped distribution mean?

A
  • right: mean higher than median
  • left: mean lower than median
  • squared: each value has same number of observations
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20
Q

what must we consider when making statistical inferences?

A
  • even if the sampel was recorder using proper technique and processs there can still be statisitacl probabliilty that the sample is different then the population
  • forming judgments of a population and the realibility of the relationships
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21
Q

null hypothesis

A
  • a hypothesis that the research tries to disprove which is contract to a hypothesis
  • a statment that
  • that there is nothing interesting going on
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22
Q

what are the steps to statisitcal hypothesis testing

A
  • null hypothesis

- alternative hypothesis

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23
Q

alternative hypothesis

A
  • that somthing is interesting going on

- can be direectional (one sided)

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24
Q

types of corelation/relationships

A
  • postive/negative monotonic
  • positive/negative linear
  • strong/weak positive relationships
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25
Q

what is statistical inference

A

-taking a sample and making inferences on the base of sample measurements

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26
Q

population

A

-well defined set of objects such as states organization,s countires

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27
Q

parameter

A

-desribes a secific feature of a population

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28
Q

sampel statistic

A

-numerical summary of a sample that corresponds to a population parameter of interest

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29
Q

why do we do hypothesis testing

A

-we do this to be sure that a sample is result of an undlyign phenomoen and not sampling error

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30
Q

face validity

A

-matter of judgement and the measure of concept appears like it was intenended

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31
Q

content validity

A
  • full meaning of a concept and making sure the concept and its entiry is iincluded in the measuremnt
  • e.g deomcracy is more that just about free elections
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32
Q

construct validity

A

-a measure compared to another that is though to be related

33
Q

ratio measurment

A
  • same as interval except zero actually means zero (absense of a variable)
  • e.g 10 is twice as much as 5
  • interval and ratio give us the most information about the data
34
Q

What is a causal relatinoshiop and its 3 checks

A
  • one phenomenon causes another in complete regularity
    1. covariation
    2. time order
    3. elimination of altenrative explainations
35
Q

spurious relationship

A

-a relationship when two variable co-vary because of the involvement of a third

36
Q

probability sample

A

-each element has a known probability of being included in the sample

37
Q

nonprobbility sample

A
  • each element has a unknown probability of being selected int he sample
38
Q

simple random sample (probability)

A

-guarentted equal chance of selection (probability)

39
Q

systematic selection (probability)

A
  • generated by a list by a predetermines interval
  • start point should be chosen at random
  • list should be randomized instead of ranked by a pattern
40
Q

stratified (probability)

A
  • drawn from a population that has been divided into subpopulations
  • elements are then selected in accordance to representation in the entire population
41
Q

disproportionate strateified (probability)

A
  • elemetns are drawn disportionaly from the sub populations
  • used to overrepresent a group
  • cannot generalize about a population
42
Q

cluster (probability)

A

-identifiying groups in populaiton to sample such as cities, provinceies, blocks

43
Q

convenience (non-probability)

A
  • gerneralizations of alarger populatino of uknown accuracyu

- drawn from convenience

44
Q

quota (non-probability)

A
  • first identify relevent categories of people
  • then decide how many to get in each category
  • usually in proportion to representation in the population
45
Q

purposive (non-probability)

A
  • for specialied samples that are especially informative

- cannot be used for statistical gernalization of a larger population

46
Q

snwoball (non-probability)

A
  • relies on elements in a target population to reach other elements
  • useful for hard to locate populations
47
Q

bivariate cross tabs-

A
  • analyzing the relationship of two variables that have in organized in table
  • can be used for any measurement but more appropriate for nominal or ordinal variables
  • by converting data into different measurement, losing accuracy
48
Q

Measures of Association

A
  • summarizes strenth of a relationship between 2 variables in a single number
  • when 1 or more variables is nominal (Lamba)
  • when both variables are ordinal: gamma
49
Q

chi square test

A

-goodness of fitness test, to see if the sample data matches a population

50
Q

difference of means test

A
  • test to see if there is a differnece of means between two categories of the independent variable
  • appropriate for inteval or ratio DV
  • appropratie for nominal or ordinal IV
51
Q

test of significene

A

-t test (compare to critical value)

52
Q

Analysis of Variacnce

A
  • ANOVA, analysis for testing difference of means across more than 2 categories of IVs
  • appropriate for interval or ratio DV
  • nominal or ordiannl IV
  • f test of signficance
53
Q

bivariate regression

A
  • tool to describe the realtionship between two interval or ratio variables
  • f or t test
54
Q

Pearsons coefficition

A

-R explains the strength and direction of the correlation between IV and DV

55
Q

R square

A
  • how much variation of the DV we can explain with the IV

- or how much we can explain using the IV as an indicatior rather than just the DV mean value

56
Q

regression coefficient

A

-the B value, tell us how much the DV will chance per 1 unit change in the IV

57
Q

Mulivariate Cross Tabs

A
  • technique for analayzing the relationship between the DV and multiple interval or ratio levle IV including control variable organized into a table
  • usually used for ordinal or nominal data
58
Q

multivariate regresssion

A
  • tool for describing the realtionship between dv and many IVs
  • appropriate for interval or ratio, dicotromy, or ordinal or nomibal recoded into dummy variable of 0, 1
59
Q

f test

A
  • tests the model as a whole

- tests the null that all coefficient in the regreesion coefficient equaiton equal zero

60
Q

t test

A
  • tests each individual IV

- tests the null that each partial coefficient in the population equals zero

61
Q

partial regression coefficient

A

-how much the DV changes with the IV changes by one unit provided all other IVs are held constant

62
Q

standardized regression coefficient

A

-some researchers use to to tell the relative influnce that the IV has on the DV compared to the other IVs

63
Q

variance inflation factor

A

-VIF: indicates a problem of mulicollinearity for IV when VIF > 5

64
Q

What kind of guidlines have been established to address research ethics?

A

-Tri Council Policy Statement: Regarding ethical conduct for for research involving humans

65
Q

What does the Tri-Council Policy Statement include?

A
  • respect for human dignity
  • respect for justice and inclusiveness
  • balancing harms and benefits (minimizing harm and maximizing benefits)
  • respect for free and informed consent
  • respect for vulnerable persons
  • respect of privacy and confidentially
66
Q

What was the Milgram experiment and what ethical questions did it raise?

A
  • Milgrams obedience to authority experiment: originally to test the how the hollocaust occured by testing human soical pressures to obey authority
  • tested people to see how much they would electricute another person
67
Q

What was the Tuskegee experiment and what ethical questions did it raise?

A

-In Tuskegee Alabama, uneducated African Americans were studied for to research advanced forms of syphillis
=studies continued and patients were not told about having syphillis nor given treatment for the disease
-even after penicilion was found out to be an important cure, they were not given it.

68
Q

What ethical questions arose from the Tuskegee experiment?

A
  • no respect for justice and inclusiveness: discriminated against a specific population
  • no respect for vulnerable persons (uneducated)
  • high levels of harm
  • no level of consent
69
Q

what ethical questions arose from the Milgram experiment?

A
  • high levels of mental harm
  • no informed consent
  • harms do not outweight he benefits (experiement had already been conducted before )
  • no respect for human dignity
70
Q

What does Neuman argue about ethic research

A
  • ethical research rests with the individual researcher
  • do no exploit subect for personal gain
  • do no coerce or minipulate subjects
  • use desception only if needed
71
Q

Percent vs Valid percent

A
  • percnetage of a sample that gave a particular response

- valid is a percentage of the frequencies on only those population with data included

72
Q

frequency

A

-number of respondants that gave a particular response

73
Q

empirical research

A

-resarch based on objective observation in order to achieve scientifc knowledge about a phenomena

74
Q

what is the scienfitifc method?

A
  • objective systematic observation verified through public inspection and methods and results
  • goal is to use varificable results to construct a causal relationship that explain a phenomena
75
Q

what consists of the scientific method ?

A
  • explanatory
  • prediction
  • empirical generalization
  • probalistic explaination
76
Q

What is the process of the scientific method?

A
  • research question
  • hypothesis formulation
  • emirical research
  • interpretation and decision
  • modify, expand, rebrand
77
Q

type 1 error

A
  • when null is true but still rejected

- level of significance could be too high

78
Q

type 2 error

A
  • when null is false but failed to be rejected

- false negative

Political Inquiry (1 decks)

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