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Psyc 2600 > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

trait descriptive adjectives

A

words that describe traits, attributes of a person that are reasonably characteristic of a person and enduring over time.

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2
Q

psychologists who view traits as internal dispositions do not equate traits with the external behaviour in question…

A

He wants a hamburger, but he is on a diet, so he refrains from expressing his desire in behavioural terms.
You can have the trait without showing it.
psychologists who view traits as internal dispositions believe that traits can lie dormant in the sense that the capacities remain present despite behaviour.

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3
Q

descriptive summary

A

Jealousy, according to DS this trait describes his behaviour, the trait is used to summarize behaviour, but not assumptions are made about what causes the behaviour.

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4
Q

Act frequency approach

A

descriptive summary formation, it starts with the notion that traits are categories of acts. For example a dominant person is someone who performs a large number of dominant acts relative to others.

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5
Q

3 aspects of act frequency program

A

Act nomination: which acts go with which trait categories,

Prototypicality judgement: which acts are most central to each trait category.

Recording of act performance: securing information about the actual performance of individuals in their daily lives.

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6
Q

Act frequency approach problem

A

not specify how much context should be included in the description of a trait relevant act.

does not account for failures to act, or unobservable instances.

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7
Q

behavioural acts

A

constitute the building blocks of interpersonal perception and the basis for inferences about personality traits.

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8
Q

benefits act frequency

A
  1. identifying behavioural regularities

2. helpful in exploring the meaning of some traits that have proven difficult to study such as impulsivity.

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9
Q

3 approaches to identify important traits

A

lexical, statistical, theoretical….

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10
Q

lexical approach

A

Importance of language: ppl invent words to describe differences. critical for communicating information about important people. ex, manipulative, arrogant,

*2 aspects, synonym frequency (for example lots of synonyms for dominance), and cross- cultural universality (ex, the more important a trait, the more languages will have a term for it).

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11
Q

statistical appraoch

A

Having a large group of people rate themselves, find groups or clusters.

  • Important aspect is factor analysis, finds groups that go together,
  • You get out of it what you put into it.
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12
Q

Theoretical approach

A

a theory that highlights which variables are important. The theory determines which dimensions of individual differences are important.

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13
Q

Eysenck’s hierarchical model of personality

A

Rooted in biology, extraversion/ introversion, neuroticism/ emotional stability and psychoticism.

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14
Q

interpersonal traits

A

interactions among people, to factors that define this are love and status.

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15
Q

circumplex

A

circle, Wiggins and Leary, love and status define the two major axes of the wiggins circumplex.

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16
Q

3 advantages to Wiggins circumplex.

A
  1. explicit definition of interpersonal behavior.
  2. Specifies the relationships between each trait and every other trait within the model. (Adjency: how close traits are; Biopolarity: traits at opposite sides; orthogonality: traits that are perpendicular to each other on the model are unrelated. )
  3. alerts investigators to gaps in investigations of interpersonal behavior. (ex, dominance studies have neglected unassuming and calculating as traits.)
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17
Q

disadvantage Wiggins model

A

The interpersonal map is limited to 2 dimensions,

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18
Q

Five factor model

A

surgency or extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness-intellect.

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19
Q

five factor replicability

A

the first 4 are replicaple, but the fifth is not. intellect in some cultures, conventionality, and openness in others,

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20
Q

Personality development

A

can be defined as the continuities, consistencies, and stabilities in people over time and the ways in which people change over time.

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21
Q

rank order stability

A

is the maintenance of individual position within a group.

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22
Q

Personality coherence

A

changes in manifestations of a trait. This means that the manifestations may be completely different from age 8 to 20. Thus it involves both continuity and elements of change.

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23
Q

Personality change

A

the changes are typically internal to the person not merely changes in the external surroundings such as walking into another room. Second, the changes are relatively enduring over time.

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24
Q

3 levels of analysis

A

population, group, individual

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25
Q

temperament

A

as the individual differences that emerge very early in life, are likely to have a heritable basis, and are often involved with emotionality or arousability.

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26
Q

Rothbart 6 factors of temperament

A
  1. activity level
  2. smiling and laughter
  3. fear
  4. distress to limitations
  5. soothability
  6. duration of orienting.
    Her results showed that kids who scored high at one time interval, scored high at another also.
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27
Q

actometer

A

recording device, wrist, activiates by motoric movement

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28
Q

stable traits

A

neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness all show moderate to high levels of stability.

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29
Q

personality change at a group level

A

self-esteem, men tend to increase, while females decrease,

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30
Q

cohort effect

A

the social times in which one lives. one change is woman’s status and roles, it was discovered that woman’s trait scores on assertiveness rose and fell dramatically depending on the cohort in which woman was raised.

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31
Q

personality coherence

A

the predictable changes in the manifestation or outcome of personality factors over time, even if the underlying characteristics remain stable.

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32
Q

Taxonomy

A

Organizes the individual traits….

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33
Q

Traits and behaviour

A

The scientific usefulness of viewing traits as causes of behavior lies in ruling out other causes

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34
Q

Factor loading

A

Indexes of how much of the variation in an item is explained by the factor

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35
Q

PEN

A

Esyenck extraversion neuroticism pschoticism

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36
Q

Eysencks personality taxonomy has many distinct features

A

It is hierarchical starting w broad traits whixh subsume narrow traits whixh in turn subsume specific actions.

37
Q

dolce vita

A

the personality traits converge and stabilize after age 50. Changes that occur to personality as a result of time. Priorities change….
traits become more set in stone.
the 5 traits show mean level stability over time.

38
Q

personality coherence

A

the marshmello test, self-restraint…. two manifestations of the trait at two different times.

39
Q

Personality definition

A

Personality is the set of psychological traits and mechanisms within the individual that are organized and relatively enduring and that influence his or her interactions with, and adaptations to the intrapsychic, physical, and social environments.

40
Q

Utility of traits:

A

Describe ourselves and others
Explain behaviors
Predict future behaviors

41
Q

Traits and States

A

Traits are relatively enduring over time

States are transient experiences

42
Q

Behavior

A

is goal directed, functional, purposeful

Even behaviors that don’t appear functional may be functional

43
Q

three levels of personality

A 
.... like all others
Human Nature level of analysis
.... like some others
Group (and hence individual) Differences level of analysis
.... like no other
Individual Uniqueness level of analysis
44
Q

theory

A

Theory…
Organizes research findings to tell a coherent story
Can be used to make predictions
Provides a guide for researchers (directing future research)

45
Q

Belief

A

Beliefs are not necessarily based on facts – this does not mean that they are untrue, but we cannot assume the truth of a belief until it is supported with research

46
Q

dispositional domain

A

Deals with ways in which individuals differ from one another
Interest in the number and nature of fundamental dispositions
Goals:
identify and measure the most important ways in which individuals differ from one another
origin of individual differences and how these develop and change over time

47
Q

biological domain

A

Core assumption: humans are collections of biological systems, and these systems provide building blocks for behaviors, thoughts, and emotions
Behavioral genetics of personality
Twin studies, selective breeding

48
Q

cognitive experiential domain

A

Focuses on cognition and subjective experience, such as conscious thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and desires about oneself and others

49
Q

social and cultural domain

A

Assumption that personality affects, and is affected by, cultural and social contexts
We will cover topics like:
Personality traits in dating, mating, and separating Sex differences in personality
Social influence tactics

50
Q

Adjustment domain

A

Personality plays key role in how we cope, adapt, and adjust to events in daily life
Personality linked with important health outcomes and problems in coping and adjustment
We will discuss topics like:
STRESS
Type A Personality
Personality Disorders

51
Q

personality data

A

Self-Report Data (S-Data)
Observer-Report Data (O-Data)
Test-Data (T-Data)
Life-Outcome Data (L-Data)

52
Q

self-report advantages and disadvantages

A

Advantages:
Access to thoughts, feelings, intention
Simple and easy
Definitional truth

Disadvantages:
May not respond honestly (e.g., social desirability bias)
Lack accurate self-knowledge
Potential overuse

53
Q

observer data

A

Naturalistic observation
Pro: realistic context
Con: not able to control events witnessed

Artificial observation
Pro: controlling conditions and eliciting relevant behavior
Con: lacks realism

54
Q

observational research example?

A

Gottman and Levenson
Predictors of relationship failures and successes
The 4 Horsemen of the Apocalypse

55
Q

advantage and disadvantage observer data

A

Advantages:
Multiple sources of information (inter-rater reliability)
Provide access to information not attainable through other sources
Disadvantages:
Lack access to private experiences
Bias
Error

56
Q

test data

A

Information provided by standardized tests or testing situations
Idea is to see if different people behave differently in identical situations
Situation designed to elicit behaviors that serve as indicators of personality

57
Q

physiological test data advantage and disadvantage

A

Advantage:
Appearance of objectivity (can’t fake it)

Disadvantage:
Artificial setting and conditions
Accuracy of recording dependent on participant perceiving situation as experimenter intended

58
Q

Projective Techniques: test data

A

Person presented with ambiguous stimuli and asked to describe what she/he sees

Assumption that person “projects” personality onto ambiguous stimuli

Examples: Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and Rorschach Test

59
Q

Rorschach Test

A

Most famous projective technique for assessing personality
Person asked to add structure to ambiguous ink blots
Responses indicative of personality type

60
Q

projective tests, advantages

A

Advantage:
May provide useful means for gathering information about wishes, desires, fantasies that a person is not aware of and could not report

Disadvantage:
Difficult to score, uncertain validity and reliability

61
Q

life outcome data

A

Information that can be gleaned from events, activities, and outcomes in a person’s life that is available for public scrutiny
e.g., speeding tickets, medical files, tax returns

Can serve as important source of “real life” information about personality
Personality psychologists may use S- and O-Data to predict L-Data

62
Q

reliability

A 
Reliability refers to the consistency or stability of a measure
Types of reliability
Test-retest reliability 
Inter-rater reliability 
Internal consistency reliability
63
Q

validity

A 
Types of validity:
Face validity  
Predictive or criterion validity 
Convergent validity
Discriminant validity
Construct validity (measures the theoretical construct)
64
Q

Experimental methods

A 
Used to determine causality 
whether one variable causes another 
Two key requirements:
Manipulation of one or more variables
Ensuring that participants in each experimental condition are equivalent to each other at start of study
Randomly assign participants to groups
65
Q

case studies

A

In-depth examination of the life of one person
Interview of person and informants, naturalistic observation, archival research, etc.
Gordon Allport
Advantages:
Personality in great detail
Insights into personality to formulate a general theory to test on a larger sample
In-depth knowledge about an outstanding figure

66
Q

greater generalizability

A

Greater generalizability not always better; what is important is to identify empirically contexts in which a measure is and is not applicable

67
Q

two competing ideas of traits

A

Traits as Internal Causal Properties
vs.
Traits as Purely Descriptive Summaries

68
Q

traits as internal causal properties

A

Traits are presumed to be internal
individuals carry desires, needs, and wants from one situation to next
Desires and needs are presumed to be causal in that they explain behavior of individuals who possess them
Traits can lie dormant even when behaviors are not expressed
View traits as causes of behavior = ruling out other causes

69
Q

traits as descriptive summaries

A

Traits are describing trends of expressed behavior without assumption of cause
Allows for role of other causes (e.g., social situations)

70
Q

limitation of lexical approach

A

So many traits are defined as important in this method and no scientific method for narrowing down

71
Q

using a combination of the approaches

A

Problem of identifying key domains of individual differences

Problem of describing order or structure that exists among individual differences identified

72
Q

Hierarchical Structure of Eysenck’s System

A

Super traits (P, E, N) at the top
Narrower traits at the second level
Subsumed by each narrower trait is the third level—habitual acts
At the lowest level of the four-tiered hierarchy are specific acts
Hierarchy has the advantage of locating each specific, personality-relevant acts within increasingly precise nested system

73
Q

five factor model

A

Big Five taxonomy has achieved a greater degree of consensus than any other trait taxonomy in the history of personality trait psychology

74
Q

five factor OCEAN

A

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

75
Q

population level of analysis

A

Changes or constancies that apply more or less to everyone

Freud’s theory of psychosexual development

76
Q

group level analysis

A

Changes or constancies that affect groups differently

E.G., Gender differences, cultural differences

77
Q

individual level of analysis

A

Changes or constancies that affect individuals differently

78
Q

personality stability

A

Openness, extraversion, neuroticism decline with age until 50
Agreeableness and conscientiousness gradually increase with age

79
Q

Cohort effects:

A

changes over time that are attributable to living in different time periods rather than to “true” change

80
Q

Test-retest reliability:

A

if you took a personality scale at the beginning of the term and again the same one at the end of the term, using a correlation, you should find that nothing has changed. If a test has a test-retest reliability of 0.8 or higher, it means that it is fairly reliable. This is for self-report data.

81
Q

Inter-rater reliability:

A

two people observing the same situation, should agree on what they are seeing. This is for observational data.

82
Q

Internal consistency reliability:

A

It is important because the researcher is creating the scale and distributing the scale. The inner cohesion of a scale. Correlation coefficient of 0.8 or higher.

83
Q

Face Validity:

A

The extent to which a scale gives you an idea of what it is supposed to measure.

84
Q

Predictive or criterion validity:

A

Ex Happiness, if your scale of measurement is representing happiness, then from the results you should be able to predict one’s level of happiness. How well does my scale, predict the construct?

85
Q

Convergent validity:

A

does your measure correlate with other measures of the same construct? For ex. Extraversion correlates with BAS (behavioural activation system; approach motivation).

86
Q

BIS (behavioural inhibition system)

A

would by the opposite of BAS, so they are inversely correlated.

87
Q

Discriminant validity:

A

It doesn’t correlated with what it shouldn’t correlate with. For example extraversion shouldn’t correlate with BIS.

88
Q

Construct validity:

A

Measures the theoretical construct. It includes the other types of validity. The definition is doing a good job at fulfilling the definition.

89
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

is between -1, and +1 that’s it. Correlation does not mean causation. All it means is that we have identified two variables that move together. We don’t know which one causes the other.

Psyc 2600 (4 decks)

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