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midterm Flashcards

1
Q

trait descriptive adjectives

A

words that describe traits, attributes of a person that are reasonably characteristic of a person and enduring over time.

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2
Q

psychologists who view traits as internal dispositions do not equate traits with the external behaviour in question…

A

He wants a hamburger, but he is on a diet, so he refrains from expressing his desire in behavioural terms.
You can have the trait without showing it.
psychologists who view traits as internal dispositions believe that traits can lie dormant in the sense that the capacities remain present despite behaviour.

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3
Q

descriptive summary

A

Jealousy, according to DS this trait describes his behaviour, the trait is used to summarize behaviour, but not assumptions are made about what causes the behaviour.

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4
Q

Act frequency approach

A

descriptive summary formation, it starts with the notion that traits are categories of acts. For example a dominant person is someone who performs a large number of dominant acts relative to others.

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5
Q

3 aspects of act frequency program

A

Act nomination: which acts go with which trait categories,

Prototypicality judgement: which acts are most central to each trait category.

Recording of act performance: securing information about the actual performance of individuals in their daily lives.

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6
Q

Act frequency approach problem

A

not specify how much context should be included in the description of a trait relevant act.

does not account for failures to act, or unobservable instances.

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7
Q

behavioural acts

A

constitute the building blocks of interpersonal perception and the basis for inferences about personality traits.

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8
Q

benefits act frequency

A
  1. identifying behavioural regularities

2. helpful in exploring the meaning of some traits that have proven difficult to study such as impulsivity.

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9
Q

3 approaches to identify important traits

A

lexical, statistical, theoretical….

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10
Q

lexical approach

A

Importance of language: ppl invent words to describe differences. critical for communicating information about important people. ex, manipulative, arrogant,

*2 aspects, synonym frequency (for example lots of synonyms for dominance), and cross- cultural universality (ex, the more important a trait, the more languages will have a term for it).

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11
Q

statistical appraoch

A

Having a large group of people rate themselves, find groups or clusters.

  • Important aspect is factor analysis, finds groups that go together,
  • You get out of it what you put into it.
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12
Q

Theoretical approach

A

a theory that highlights which variables are important. The theory determines which dimensions of individual differences are important.

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13
Q

Eysenck’s hierarchical model of personality

A

Rooted in biology, extraversion/ introversion, neuroticism/ emotional stability and psychoticism.

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14
Q

interpersonal traits

A

interactions among people, to factors that define this are love and status.

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15
Q

circumplex

A

circle, Wiggins and Leary, love and status define the two major axes of the wiggins circumplex.

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16
Q

3 advantages to Wiggins circumplex.

A
  1. explicit definition of interpersonal behavior.
  2. Specifies the relationships between each trait and every other trait within the model. (Adjency: how close traits are; Biopolarity: traits at opposite sides; orthogonality: traits that are perpendicular to each other on the model are unrelated. )
  3. alerts investigators to gaps in investigations of interpersonal behavior. (ex, dominance studies have neglected unassuming and calculating as traits.)
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17
Q

disadvantage Wiggins model

A

The interpersonal map is limited to 2 dimensions,

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18
Q

Five factor model

A

surgency or extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness-intellect.

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19
Q

five factor replicability

A

the first 4 are replicaple, but the fifth is not. intellect in some cultures, conventionality, and openness in others,

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20
Q

Personality development

A

can be defined as the continuities, consistencies, and stabilities in people over time and the ways in which people change over time.

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21
Q

rank order stability

A

is the maintenance of individual position within a group.

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22
Q

Personality coherence

A

changes in manifestations of a trait. This means that the manifestations may be completely different from age 8 to 20. Thus it involves both continuity and elements of change.

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23
Q

Personality change

A

the changes are typically internal to the person not merely changes in the external surroundings such as walking into another room. Second, the changes are relatively enduring over time.

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24
Q

3 levels of analysis

A

population, group, individual

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25
temperament
as the individual differences that emerge very early in life, are likely to have a heritable basis, and are often involved with emotionality or arousability.
26
Rothbart 6 factors of temperament
1. activity level 2. smiling and laughter 3. fear 4. distress to limitations 5. soothability 6. duration of orienting. Her results showed that kids who scored high at one time interval, scored high at another also.
27
actometer
recording device, wrist, activiates by motoric movement
28
stable traits
neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness all show moderate to high levels of stability.
29
personality change at a group level
self-esteem, men tend to increase, while females decrease,
30
cohort effect
the social times in which one lives. one change is woman's status and roles, it was discovered that woman's trait scores on assertiveness rose and fell dramatically depending on the cohort in which woman was raised.
31
personality coherence
the predictable changes in the manifestation or outcome of personality factors over time, even if the underlying characteristics remain stable.
32
Taxonomy
Organizes the individual traits....
33
Traits and behaviour
The scientific usefulness of viewing traits as causes of behavior lies in ruling out other causes
34
Factor loading
Indexes of how much of the variation in an item is explained by the factor
35
PEN
Esyenck extraversion neuroticism pschoticism
36
Eysencks personality taxonomy has many distinct features
It is hierarchical starting w broad traits whixh subsume narrow traits whixh in turn subsume specific actions.
37
dolce vita
the personality traits converge and stabilize after age 50. Changes that occur to personality as a result of time. Priorities change.... traits become more set in stone. the 5 traits show mean level stability over time.
38
personality coherence
the marshmello test, self-restraint.... two manifestations of the trait at two different times.
39
Personality definition
Personality is the set of psychological traits and mechanisms within the individual that are organized and relatively enduring and that influence his or her interactions with, and adaptations to the intrapsychic, physical, and social environments.
40
Utility of traits:
Describe ourselves and others Explain behaviors Predict future behaviors
41
Traits and States
Traits are relatively enduring over time | States are transient experiences
42
Behavior
is goal directed, functional, purposeful | Even behaviors that don’t appear functional may be functional
43
three levels of personality
``` .... like all others Human Nature level of analysis .... like some others Group (and hence individual) Differences level of analysis .... like no other Individual Uniqueness level of analysis ```
44
theory
Theory… Organizes research findings to tell a coherent story Can be used to make predictions Provides a guide for researchers (directing future research)
45
Belief
Beliefs are not necessarily based on facts – this does not mean that they are untrue, but we cannot assume the truth of a belief until it is supported with research
46
dispositional domain
Deals with ways in which individuals differ from one another Interest in the number and nature of fundamental dispositions Goals: identify and measure the most important ways in which individuals differ from one another origin of individual differences and how these develop and change over time
47
biological domain
Core assumption: humans are collections of biological systems, and these systems provide building blocks for behaviors, thoughts, and emotions Behavioral genetics of personality Twin studies, selective breeding
48
cognitive experiential domain
Focuses on cognition and subjective experience, such as conscious thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and desires about oneself and others
49
social and cultural domain
Assumption that personality affects, and is affected by, cultural and social contexts We will cover topics like: Personality traits in dating, mating, and separating Sex differences in personality Social influence tactics
50
Adjustment domain
Personality plays key role in how we cope, adapt, and adjust to events in daily life Personality linked with important health outcomes and problems in coping and adjustment We will discuss topics like: STRESS Type A Personality Personality Disorders
51
personality data
Self-Report Data (S-Data) Observer-Report Data (O-Data) Test-Data (T-Data) Life-Outcome Data (L-Data)
52
self-report advantages and disadvantages
Advantages: Access to thoughts, feelings, intention Simple and easy Definitional truth Disadvantages: May not respond honestly (e.g., social desirability bias) Lack accurate self-knowledge Potential overuse
53
observer data
Naturalistic observation Pro: realistic context Con: not able to control events witnessed Artificial observation Pro: controlling conditions and eliciting relevant behavior Con: lacks realism
54
observational research example?
Gottman and Levenson Predictors of relationship failures and successes The 4 Horsemen of the Apocalypse
55
advantage and disadvantage observer data
Advantages: Multiple sources of information (inter-rater reliability) Provide access to information not attainable through other sources Disadvantages: Lack access to private experiences Bias Error
56
test data
Information provided by standardized tests or testing situations Idea is to see if different people behave differently in identical situations Situation designed to elicit behaviors that serve as indicators of personality
57
physiological test data advantage and disadvantage
Advantage: Appearance of objectivity (can’t fake it) Disadvantage: Artificial setting and conditions Accuracy of recording dependent on participant perceiving situation as experimenter intended
58
Projective Techniques: test data
Person presented with ambiguous stimuli and asked to describe what she/he sees Assumption that person “projects” personality onto ambiguous stimuli Examples: Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and Rorschach Test
59
Rorschach Test
Most famous projective technique for assessing personality Person asked to add structure to ambiguous ink blots Responses indicative of personality type
60
projective tests, advantages
Advantage: May provide useful means for gathering information about wishes, desires, fantasies that a person is not aware of and could not report Disadvantage: Difficult to score, uncertain validity and reliability
61
life outcome data
Information that can be gleaned from events, activities, and outcomes in a person’s life that is available for public scrutiny e.g., speeding tickets, medical files, tax returns Can serve as important source of “real life” information about personality Personality psychologists may use S- and O-Data to predict L-Data
62
reliability
``` Reliability refers to the consistency or stability of a measure Types of reliability Test-retest reliability Inter-rater reliability Internal consistency reliability ```
63
validity
``` Types of validity: Face validity Predictive or criterion validity Convergent validity Discriminant validity Construct validity (measures the theoretical construct) ```
64
Experimental methods
``` Used to determine causality whether one variable causes another Two key requirements: Manipulation of one or more variables Ensuring that participants in each experimental condition are equivalent to each other at start of study Randomly assign participants to groups ```
65
case studies
In-depth examination of the life of one person Interview of person and informants, naturalistic observation, archival research, etc. Gordon Allport Advantages: Personality in great detail Insights into personality to formulate a general theory to test on a larger sample In-depth knowledge about an outstanding figure
66
greater generalizability
Greater generalizability not always better; what is important is to identify empirically contexts in which a measure is and is not applicable
67
two competing ideas of traits
Traits as Internal Causal Properties vs. Traits as Purely Descriptive Summaries
68
traits as internal causal properties
Traits are presumed to be internal individuals carry desires, needs, and wants from one situation to next Desires and needs are presumed to be causal in that they explain behavior of individuals who possess them Traits can lie dormant even when behaviors are not expressed View traits as causes of behavior = ruling out other causes
69
traits as descriptive summaries
Traits are describing trends of expressed behavior without assumption of cause Allows for role of other causes (e.g., social situations)
70
limitation of lexical approach
So many traits are defined as important in this method and no scientific method for narrowing down
71
using a combination of the approaches
Problem of identifying key domains of individual differences Problem of describing order or structure that exists among individual differences identified
72
Hierarchical Structure of Eysenck’s System
Super traits (P, E, N) at the top Narrower traits at the second level Subsumed by each narrower trait is the third level—habitual acts At the lowest level of the four-tiered hierarchy are specific acts Hierarchy has the advantage of locating each specific, personality-relevant acts within increasingly precise nested system
73
five factor model
Big Five taxonomy has achieved a greater degree of consensus than any other trait taxonomy in the history of personality trait psychology
74
five factor OCEAN
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
75
population level of analysis
Changes or constancies that apply more or less to everyone | Freud’s theory of psychosexual development
76
group level analysis
Changes or constancies that affect groups differently | E.G., Gender differences, cultural differences
77
individual level of analysis
Changes or constancies that affect individuals differently
78
personality stability
Openness, extraversion, neuroticism decline with age until 50 Agreeableness and conscientiousness gradually increase with age
79
Cohort effects:
changes over time that are attributable to living in different time periods rather than to “true” change
80
Test-retest reliability:
if you took a personality scale at the beginning of the term and again the same one at the end of the term, using a correlation, you should find that nothing has changed. If a test has a test-retest reliability of 0.8 or higher, it means that it is fairly reliable. This is for self-report data.
81
Inter-rater reliability:
two people observing the same situation, should agree on what they are seeing. This is for observational data.
82
Internal consistency reliability:
It is important because the researcher is creating the scale and distributing the scale. The inner cohesion of a scale. Correlation coefficient of 0.8 or higher.
83
Face Validity:
The extent to which a scale gives you an idea of what it is supposed to measure.
84
Predictive or criterion validity:
Ex Happiness, if your scale of measurement is representing happiness, then from the results you should be able to predict one’s level of happiness. How well does my scale, predict the construct?
85
Convergent validity:
does your measure correlate with other measures of the same construct? For ex. Extraversion correlates with BAS (behavioural activation system; approach motivation).
86
BIS (behavioural inhibition system)
would by the opposite of BAS, so they are inversely correlated.
87
Discriminant validity:
It doesn’t correlated with what it shouldn’t correlate with. For example extraversion shouldn’t correlate with BIS.
88
Construct validity:
Measures the theoretical construct. It includes the other types of validity. The definition is doing a good job at fulfilling the definition.
89
Correlation coefficient
is between -1, and +1 that’s it. Correlation does not mean causation. All it means is that we have identified two variables that move together. We don’t know which one causes the other.

Psyc 2600 (4 decks)

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