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Cultural Anthropology > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Anthropology

A

study of humankind in all time and places with a focus on interconnections and interdependence of all aspects of the human experience in the past and in the present

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2
Q

cultural anthropology

A

the study of patterns in human behavior, thought, and emotions focusing on humans as culture producing and culture reproducing creatures

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3
Q

4 fields of anthropology

A

linguistic
archaeology
physical/biological
cultural

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4
Q

holistic perspective

A

a fundamental principle of anthropology, various parts of human culture and biology must be viewed in the broadest possible context in order to understand their interconnections and interdependence. Allows anthropologists to prevent their own views from distorting their research

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5
Q

culture

A

a society’s shared and socially transmitted ideas, values, and perceptions which are used to make sense of experience and which generate behavior and are reflected in that behavior. Socially learned and anthropology’s distinguishing feature.

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6
Q

subculture

A

a distinctive set of ideas, values, and behavior patterns by which a group within a larger society operates while still sharing common standards within that larger society.

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7
Q

ethnography

A

a detailed description of a particular culture based on fieldwork

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8
Q

ethnology

A

the study and analysis of different cultures from a comparative or historical point of view utilizing ethnographic accounts and developing anthropological theories that help explain why certain important differences or similarities occur among groups

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9
Q

fieldwork

A

on location research

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10
Q

enculturation

A

shared (culture is passed on from ancestors)
the process by which a society’s culture is passed on from one generation to the next and individuals become members of their society. A person learns socially appropriate ways of satisfying the basic biological needs: food, sleep, shelter, companionship, self-defense, sexual gratification

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11
Q

*acculturation

A

inhereited (culture is shared)

cultural adaptation of an individual or group to a foreign culture i.e immigrants in the US for example

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12
Q

society

A

an organized group or groups of interdependent people who generally share a common territory, language, and culture who can act together for collective survival and well-being

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13
Q

social structure

A

the rule governed relationships with all their rights and obligations that hold members of the society together

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14
Q

ethnicity

A

the expression for the set of cultural ideas held by an ethnic group

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15
Q

ethnic group

A

people who collectively and publicly identify themselves based on shared cultural features

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16
Q

*gender

A

social construct

…

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17
Q

pluralistic society

A

a society in which two or more ethnic groups or nationalities are politically organized into one territorial state but maintain their cultural differences

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18
Q

*homogenic (homogenous) society

A

a society with predominantly one ethnic group

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19
Q

*sign

A

action or signal used to convey information of a particular aspect i.e. word, concept etc

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20
Q

symbol

A

a sound, gesture, mark, or other sign that is arbitrarily linked to something else and represents it in a meaningful way

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21
Q

*observation

A

…

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22
Q

participant observation

A

in ethnography the technique of learning a people’s culture through social participation and personal observation within the community being studied as well as interviews and discussion with individual members of the group over an extended period of time

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23
Q

*interview (formal vs informal)

A

…

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24
Q

*digital ethnography

A

ethnographic research done in a digital field

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25
Q

*idealist vs materialist perspectives on culture

A

…

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26
Q

*adaptation

A

…

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27
Q

*evolution

A

…

28
Q

*bipedalism

A

concept of organism which moves with 2 legs (human)

29
Q

*hominoid

A

a primate of a group that includes humans, their fossil ancestors, and the anthropoid apes

30
Q

*race

A

group of people who have differences or similarities in their biological traits deemed by society as socially significant

31
Q

language

A

a system of communication using sounds, gestures, or marks that are put together according to certain rules resulting in meanings that are intelligible to all who share that language

32
Q

signal

A

instinctive sounds and gestures that have a natural or self evident meaning

33
Q

phonetics

A

the systematic identification and description of distinctive sounds in a language

34
Q

phoneme

A

the smallest units of sound that make a difference in meaning in a language (ex. Bit vs Pit) [can alter meaning but have no meaning in themselves]

35
Q

morphology

A

the study of the patterns or rules of word formation in a language including the guidelines for verb tense, pluralization, and compound words

36
Q

syntax

A

the pattern or rules by which words are arranged into phrases and sentences

37
Q

morpheme

A

the smallest units of sound that carry a meaning in a language [have meaning in themselves]

38
Q

grammar

A

the entire formal structure of a language including morphology and syntax

39
Q

language family

A

a group of languages descended from a single ancestral language

40
Q

linguistic divergence

A

the development of different languages from a single ancestral language

41
Q

*glottochronology

A

the use of statistical data to date the divergence of languages from their common sources.

42
Q

dialects

A

the varying forms of a language that reflect particular regions, occupations, or social classes and that are similar enough to be mutually intelligible

43
Q

gendered speech

A

distinct male and female speech patterns which vary across social and cultural settings

44
Q

sociolinguistics

A

the study of the relationship between language and society by examining how social categories influence the use and significance of distinctive styles of speech

45
Q

code switching

A

the practice of changing from one mode of speech to another as the situation demands whether from one language to another or from one dialect of a language to another

46
Q

linguistic relativity

A

the theoretical concept directly linking language and culture holding that the words and grammar of a language affect how its speakers perceive and think about the word

47
Q

*linguistic determinism

A

theory that language and structure limit and determine human knowledge and thought

48
Q

*kinesics

A

study of non-verbal communication via body movement

49
Q

*proxemics

A

the amount of space people consider necessary to put between themselves and others

50
Q

paralanguage

A

voice effects that accompany language and convey meaning: volume, pitch, tempo, phrasing

51
Q

tonal language

A

a language in which sound pitch of a spoken word is an essential part of pronunciation and meaning (70% of all languages, ⅓ of population)

52
Q

self-awareness

A

the ability to identify oneself as an individual and to reflect on oneself and evaluate oneself (~2 years of age in post industrial, attachment of positive value to oneself)

53
Q

importance of naming

A

provides social identity and orientation to environment. Names can express various factors including:ethnicity, gender, religion, political, etc. Different cultures name children at different ages and for different reasons.

54
Q

*social identity

A

a person’s sense of who they are based on their group membership ( i.e. which society they are in)

55
Q

personality

A

the distinctive way a person thinks, feels, and behaves

56
Q

*normative orientation

A

standards which determine which ranges of behavior are acceptable

57
Q

dependence training

A

child rearing practices that foster compliance in the performance of assigned tasks and dependence on the domestic group rather than reliance on oneself

58
Q

independence training

A

childrearing practices that foster independent self reliance and personal achievement

59
Q

modal personality

A

those character traits that occur with the highest frequency in a social group and therefore are most representative of its culture

60
Q

*national character

A

…

61
Q

core values

A

those values promoted by a particular culture

62
Q

intersexual person

A

persons born with the reproductive organs/genitalia and/or sex chromosomes that are not exclusively male or female

63
Q

transgender

A

people who cross over the binary male-female gender constructive

64
Q

*cross

A

cultural perspective on mental disorders/ culture-bound syndrome- mental disorders specific to a certain culture

65
Q

*ethnic psychosis

A

mental disorders specific to a particular ethnic group

66
Q

5 aspects of culture

A 
History
Politics
Economy
Geography
Social

Cultural Anthropology (1 decks)

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