Midterm

Question 1

What is the recommended amount of daily physical activity for children? adults?

Answer 1

children 5-11: 60 mins/day

adults 18-64: 150 mins/week

Question 2

What are barriers to adults being active?

Answer 2

lack of time, lack of motivation, lack of skillset

Question 3

What are barriers to children being active?

Answer 3

lack of time, lack of accessibility, social environment, personal reasons (ex. anxiety, skillset)

Question 4

What is physical literacy?

Answer 4

the motivation, confidence, physical competence, knowledge and understanding to value and take responsibility for engagement in physical activity for life

Question 5

Describe the ABCs of movement.

Answer 5

Agility - ability to change direction and stop/start quickly and accurately while maintaining balance

Balance - state in which the body remains reasonably steady and stable, centre of gravity over base of support

Coordination - skillful and balanced sequencing of the body and its segments to produce movement and generate force

Question 6

What are the 3 categories of movement skills? Give 2 examples of each.

Answer 6

1. travelling/locomotion - skipping, skating
2. object control/manipulative - kicking, catching
3. balance/non-manipulative - dodging, floating

Question 7

What are the 4 stages of learning?

Answer 7

initial, emerging, competent, proficient

Question 8

What are the 3 phases of movement?

Answer 8

preparation (producing force), execution (contact), recovery (follow-through)

Question 9

Why is it important to understand typical AND atypical development?

Answer 9

to maximize learning for all students

Question 10

What are the 6 principles of motor development?

Answer 10

1. movement patterns change in a sequential manner that builds on prior movement patterns and experiences
2. individual pathways through the acquisition of specific motor skills
3. children of similar ages tend to have similar patterns of movement (age-related not age-dependant)
4. patterns of movement go from less efficient and unstable to more efficient and under control
5. movement patterns are goal directed
6. many factors influence the performance of a motor skill

Question 11

Describe the motor development pyramid.

Answer 11

reflexive period: birth - 2 weeks, ex. sucking reflex

preadaptive period: 2 weeks - 1 year, ex. sitting up

fundamental motor patterns: 1-7 years, ex. running

context specific motor skills: 7-11 years, ex. applying throwing movement to baseball

skillfulness: 11+ years

Question 12

What is a reflex?

Answer 12

an involuntary, stereotyped response to a particular stimulus

don’t typically last past 1st birthday

Question 13

What is a stereotypie?

Answer 13

movements that are rhythmical, patterned, seemingly central controlled movements, and performed by choice. integration is never totally complete, most common in the legs and feets among first forms

Question 14

What are lifespan reflexes?

Answer 14

reflexes that persist past infancy (ex. knee-jerk)

Question 15

What are the purposes of primitive reflexes?

Answer 15

protection, nutrition, survival (ex. sucking)

Question 16

What are postural reflexes?

Answer 16

reflexes related to the development of later voluntary movement (ex. stepping)

Question 17

Why are reflexes critical?

Answer 17

practice for future voluntary movement, developing muscle tone

Question 18

What are pathological reflexes?

Answer 18

reflexes that are not integrated at developmentally appropriate times, involuntary shifts of muscle tone

Question 19

Explain Tonic Labyrinthine (prone and supine).

Answer 19

stimulus - any change in head position

response - increased flexor tone (prone/stomach) or increased extensor tone (supine/back)

Question 20

Explain Symmetrical Tonic Neck (extension).

Answer 20

stimulus - extend head and neck

response - extension of arms, flexion of legs

Question 21

Explain Symmetrical Tonic Neck (flexion).

Answer 21

stimulus - flexion of head and neck

response - flexion of arms, extension of legs

Question 22

Explain Asymmetrical Tonic Neck.

Answer 22

stimulus - turn head laterally

response - extension on chin side, flexing of limbs on head side

Question 23

What is growth?

Answer 23

observable step by step changes in quantity and measurable changes in the body (ex. height)

Question 24

What is maturation?

Answer 24

qualitative system changes, both structural and functional, in the body’s progress towards maturity (ex. hormones)

Question 25

What are the 2 theories of developmental direction?

Answer 25

cephalocaudal development - "from head to tail" ex. walking (start stiff, as development progresses down the body it becomes smoother) proximodistal development - "from points close to the body's centre to points furthest from body's centre" ex. reaching (develop ability to use shoulder, then elbow, then hand, then fingers)

Question 26

What are the 3 categories and examples of voluntary movements?

Answer 26

1. stability - head control, upright posture 2. locomotion - crawling 3. manipulation - grasping

Question 27

What are the 3 types of reaching?

Answer 27

pre-reaching: extension movement elicited by an object, not necessarily resulting in contact visually guided reaching: corrections made during reach based on vision of object and hand visually elicited reaching: more thrusting, ballistic movement, accurate, few connections needed

Question 28

Describe the 4 measures of ages.

Answer 28

chronological - number of years and days elapsed since birth relative - difference in chronological age among children born in the same year developmental - degree of of physical, mental, moral, cognitive, and emotional maturity skeletal - maturity of the skeleton, determined by degree of ossification of bone structure

Question 29

Describe Piaget's 4 stages of intellectual development.

Answer 29

sensorimotor (0-2): explores through direct sensory/motor contact, object permanence and separation anxiety preoperational (2-6): use words/images to represent objects, no logical reasoning, egocentric, ability to pretend concrete operational (6-12): think logically about concrete objects, add/subtract, understands conservation formal operational (12-adult): reason abstractly and think in hypothetical terms

Question 30

Describe Erikson's 8 stages/conflicts of emotional development.

Answer 30

Trust vs. Mistrust (1-2) - well cared for = trust adults Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt (2-4) - approval for safe exploration vs. smothering or neglect Initiative vs. Guilt (4-5) - doing things on their own vs. being made to feel guilty for making decisions Industry vs. Inferiority (5-12) - compare themselves to others Identity vs. Role Confusion (13-19) - discovering themselves vs. parent pressure Intimacy vs. Isolation (20-40) - relationship formation Generativity vs. Stagnation (40-65) - measure of failure/accomplishments Ego Integrity vs. Despair (64-death) - handling of own death

Question 31

Describe Kohlberg's 3 stages (6 sections) of social/moral development.

Answer 31

preconventional reasoning i) obedience/punishment (infancy) - avoiding punishment ii) self interest (preschool) - what's in it for me? conventional reasoning i) conformity and interpersonal accord (school age) - what will others think? ii) authority and social order (school age) - rule abiding postconventional reasoning i) social contract (teens) - right and wrong ii) universal principles (adulthood) - abstract ethical reasoning

Question 32

List the most common 3 learning styles.

Answer 32

visual, auditory, kinesthetic

Question 33

What are the 6 forms of capital in the Human Capital Model?

Answer 33

``` physical - increase health emotional - self-esteem individual - character social - strengthened social behaviour intellectual - cognitive functioning financial - reduced health care cost ```

Question 34

What are the 8 basic movement concepts (ways to describe a skill)?

Answer 34

location - self/general space pathways - straight, curved force - strong/light levels - low, medium, high time - fast/slow directions - in place, forward, clockwise relationships with people - leading, following relationships with objects or people - over/under, near/far

Question 35

What are skill themes?

Answer 35

fundamental movements that form the foundations for success in sports and physical activity

Question 36

What are the 4 characteristics of the skill theme approach?

Answer 36

1. each skill theme begins with fundamentals and is gradually combined to leads to success in full-sided games 2. uses developmental level as a guide for content selection 3. focus on skill theme in breif periods throughout the year 4. each lesson has objectives that reflect what teacher/standards want children to learn

Question 37

What's wrong with kickball? (and other similar games)

Answer 37

- centres kids out - doesn't take into account varying skill level - emphasizes winning over learning

Question 38

Describe the curriculum diamond.

Answer 38

1. building a foundation (preK-grade 5) - understanding of space, effort, relationship - fundamentals 2. exploring possibilities (grade 6-8) - exposing to wide variety of sports/physical activities to stimulate interest 3. developing expertise (grades 9-12) - proficiency in desired sports

Question 39

What are the 3 stages of the Long Term Athlete Development model?

Answer 39

FUNdamentals Learn to Train Train to Train