midterm Flashcards
Catholic reformation
1530’s
In response to Protestant reformation (Martin Luther)
Lead to council of Trent
Where addressed Protestant issues
But ended up reaffirming tenants;
Strict rules on clergy
Historical significance: Provided the foundation of the new roman catholic church
Bourbon Dynasty
When:1593-1848 Started by Henri IV Converts to Catholicism Historical signigifance: most powerful French dynasty Pause: napolean’s rule 15 years Defeat: Revolution in 1830 Who: Louis XIV, Louis XIV, Louis XVI
magna carta
When: 1215
Where: Runnymedi, England
Who: King John @ Gunpoint
What: Crown were abusing the lords through taxation -> John lost Normandy to France
Historical Signifigance: First document that puts limit on the power of the crown
-> England becoming constitutional monarchy
Union of Utrect
When: 1579 Unification of 7 nation providence 7/17 providence became Free other providences under rule of Spain lead by William the Silent Historical significance: Netherland no longer under control of Spanish
Revolt of Netherlands
When: 100 yrs war/ 1560’s- 1640s What: Phillip II inherits Netherlands 1. Rel -> replace Dutch bishop with Spanish 2. Pol -> viceroy Duke Alva 3. Econ-> “alcaba” -> sales tax 4. Council of blood Doesn’t bother to learn language Historical signifigance: Dutch win and win freedom from spain
Charles V Hapsburg (power)
When: 1519-1556
Where: holy roman empire, Spanish
Who: most powerful man in Europe, Newphew of Katherine of Arragon & Henry VIII
Nominal control of Netherlands that he gives Phillip II
Historical signifigance: important because had control over pope and had imperial troops
Mary Queen of Scotts
When: 1560’s late 1500s
Who: daughter of Mary of Guise and James V… Grandmother Margot Tudor (English) marries Francis II Valois (French)
What: After Francis II dies leaves for scottland & terrorize by John Knox & goes to England
Historical Signifigance: had claims to 3 different thrones England, France, Scottland
John Knox
When: 1550’s
Who: calvanist, leads calvanist in religious war in scottland; charismatic, regent after Mary of Guise dies and Charles V dies
-> first Blast of trumpet against a monstrous regiment of women -> misogynist
Historical signifigance: Gets control over Scotland
Anglicanism
When: 1534
What: church of England bc wanted a divorce w/ Katherine of Aragon b/c Pope wouldn’t bc under Charles V power bv Katherine would be considered a whore
Historical signifigance: starts protestism which leads to conflict later on between 2 groups
Pope Alexander VI Borgia
When: 1492 after unification of spain
Where: Italy
What: 1st Spanish pope 2 Children
Cesavé -> Cardinal with army against Italians
Lucrezia -> kills people w/ passion @ dinner
H.S. uses children as tools of power
Historical signifigance: begins reformation
Catherine de Medici
When: 1519-1589
Who: married to Henry II mother of Francis II; Itailian
Regent after Francis II dies and Mary Queen of Scotts leaves
Part of catholic league
- Massacre of st. Bartholomew
- Backs Duke of Guise in War of 3 Henry’s
- Historical signifigance: ended Valois line
Edict of Nantes
When: 1598
Who: henri IV
What: granted some rights to Huguenots in France where majority were catholic
Historical signifigance: policy of religious tolerance helped keep peace in France even after his death
Henry IV Bourbon (France)
peasant king When: 1589-1610 Almost died as child thrown out window… brought somewhere safe and only played with peasants 1. Won war of 3 Henris 2. Married margot Valois 3. Escaped massacre 4. Edict of nante 5. Switched religion to catholism 6.assisted by catholic league?????? Historical signifigance: best loved French kings; ended Valois dynasty
Unification of Spain
When: 1460s
Who: king Ferdinand of Aragon married Queen Isabella of Castile
Unification NOT through marriage
Castile and aragon military forces defeated MOORS Islam
Historical signifigance: spain becomes rising power in all of Europe
Marian Exiles
When: Mary Tudor & Phillip II Rule
Who: English protestants
What: fled England to the continent to France, Germany
Historical signifigance: same group fled to new world to find religious freedom
Absolute Monarchy versus Constitutional
Monarch with complete control
Vs
Monarch’s power is limited by constitution and laws
Historical signifigance: Magna carta = representational government
Pope Boniface VIII
When: 1294- 1303
Who: Roman pope, “temperal power”
What: King phillip IV challenged Boniface to a political duel and won. France war center of Christiandom not Rome. Charged w/ heresy died in jail
Promised absolution of sins from all sins papal ballor
Historical signifigance: church now bows down to king
Great Schism
Historical signifigance of Great Schism:
Martin V ends schism
Breaks vow to summon another council in 10yrs
H.S. damned himself to hell -> didn’t believe in heave and hell; 1st renaissance pope, secular pope
h.s. people lost faith and were confused about the state of their souls
Pope Urban II 1092
When: 1092
What: summoned 1st crusade -> pope wants to get knights out of Europe, temple of Abraham in “Holyland” Jerusalem and slaughtered unarmed innocent people; papacy force to be reckoned with
h.s.only successful crusade-> sneak attak; Middle East didn’t know west existed, fostered new idea that would justify “warfare” Holy wars
Historical signifigance of Babylonian captivity
Ex: King Phillip IV (fair=handsome) of France who had a good army beat pope Boniface who claimed great “temperal power” arrested Boniface on claims of Heresy
Babylonian captivity
When: 1309-1378
What: papal authority of roman catholic church was
Who: subjugated to French Crown
Where: and moved from rome to Avignon (France)
h.s. although pope Boniface was merely repeating an old claim that kings ruled only by divine approval, but now the church bowed down to a particular king
Council of Trent
When: 1545-1563
What: beginning of reformation started with martin luther nailing qq argument on church by Italians, debated some form of compromise with Protestantism ended up reaffirming tenants challenged by protestants and instituting internal reform
Who: Pope Paul III
Council of Constance
When: 1417-1420
What: a meeting of clergy to solve
Who: the great schism with Roman catholic church disposed of rival papacies and elected Martin V
h.s adopted doctrine of concilarism which supreme authority held in general council rather than pope
Historical signifigance of council of trent
- Papal supremecy over every bishop maintained
- Pope supremecy over any council = defeat of conciliar movement
cataphractus
Largest horses used in fighting
h.s. new type of advance in war fare = more deadly
Pope Martin V
H.S 1. ends great schism great army 1st renaissance pope “worldly not earthly euphanism = getting across a disgusting truth dressed as a lie broke contract to summon another council when: 1417-1431
Martin Luther
Who: bishop from wittenburg
What: nails 99 argument for reform bc sees Alex’s reign of terror
h.s. starts Lutheran church invokes reformation in catholic church
Foxe’s book of martyrs
What: 1st eye witness account (journalism0 in English language about the 300+ people bloody mary burned alive
h.s. shows what nobility these people had bc went to death with dignity and didn’t denounce faith
nobility must be earned not a bloodright (domcratation)
1563
War of 3 Henries
1588
1. King Henry III - valois french-> assassinated by catholic league
2. Henry Duke of Guise-> dies
3. Henry Prince of Navarre -> gets III army; wins, converts to catholicism ends valois dynasty starts bourbon dynasty
becomes henry IV “peasant king”
most loved french king
