Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
Mississsippian settlement near present-day East St. Louis, home to as many as 25,000 Native Americans
A
Cahokia
2
Q
Agricultural system employed by North American Indians as early as 1000 A.D.; maize, beans, and squash were grown together to mixture yields.
A
Three Sister Farming
3
Q
Division of land into smaller units under private ownership. Crops grown on these plantations were labour intensive
A
Plantation System
4
Q
The transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492
A
Columbian Exchange
5
Q
16th century Spaniards who fanned out across the Americas, from Colorado to Argentina, eventually conquering the Aztec and Incan empires.
A
Conquistadores
6
Q
Agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15th century voyagers
A
Treaty of Tordesillas
7
Q
Spanish government’s policy to “command” or give, Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them. Part of a broader Spanish effort to subdue Indian tribes in the West Indies and on the North American mainland.
A
Encomienda
8
Q
Pueblo Indian rebellion that drove Spanish settlers from New Mexico
A
Pope’s Rebellion
9
Q
False notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ
A
Black Legend
10
Q
An Italian explorer responsible for the European discovery of America in 1492. He had sailed across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain, under the patronage of the king and queen, Ferdinand and Isabella, hoping to find a westward route to India.
A
Christopher Columbus
11
Q
Movement to reform the Catholic Church launched in Germany by Martin Luther. Reformers questioned the authority of the Pope, sought to eliminate the selling of indulgences, and encouraged the translation of the Bible from Latin, which few at the time could read. The reformation was launched in England in the 1530s when King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church.
A
Protestant Reformation
12
Q
Sir Walter Raleigh’s failed colonial settlement off the coast of North Carolina
A
Roanoke Island
13
Q
First permanent English settlement in North America founded by the Virginia Company
A
Jamestown
14
Q
English joint-stock company that received a charter from King James I that allowed it to found the Virginia colony.
A
Virginia Company
15
Q
Passed in Maryland, it guaranteed toleration to all Christians but said the death penalty for those, like Jews and atheists, who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ. Ensured that Maryland would continue to attract a high proportion of Catholic migrants throughout the colonial period.
A
Act of Toleration
16
Q
A group of British colonies on the east coast of North America founded in the 17th and 18th centuries that declared independence in 1776 and formed the United States of America.
A
Thirteen Colonies
17
Q
Bound together five tribes-the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayuga, and the Senecas- in the Mohawk Valley of what is now New York State.
A
Iroquois Confederacy
18
Q
a small neutral country, situated between two larger hostile countries, serving to prevent the outbreak of regional conflict.
A
Buffer State
19
Q
English courtier (a favorite of Elizabeth I) who tried to colonize Virginia; introduced potatoes and tobacco to England
A
Sir Walter Raleigh
20
Q
An English adventurer and explorer of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Smith was one of the original settlers of Jamestown in 1607. He was taken prisoner by the braves of the Native American chief Powhatan.
A
Captain John Smith
21
Q
Algonquian leader who founded the Powhatan confederacy and maintained peaceful relations with English colonists after the marriage of his daughter Pocahontas to John Rolfe
A
Powhatan
22
Q
Powhatan princess who befriended the English colonists at Jamestown and is said to have saved Capt. John Smith from execution by her people. She married the colonist John Rolfe and later traveled to England, where she died.
A
Pocahontas
23
Q
English-born American colonial administrator chosen as the first governor of the Virginia Company colony.
A
Lord De La Warr
24
Q
One of the early English settlers of North America. He is credited with the first successful cultivation of tobacco as an export crop in the Colony of Virginia.
A
John Rolfe
25
the belief that events in life are decided in advance by God or by fate and cannot be changed
Predestination
26
English Protestant reformers who sought to purify the Church of England of Catholic rituals and creeds. Some of the most devout Puritans believed that only "visible saints" should be admitted to church membership.
Puritans
27
Small group of Puritans who sought to break away entirely from the Church of England; after initially settling in Holland, a number of English Separatists made their way to Plymouth Bay, Massachusetts in 1620.
Separatists
28
Agreement to form a majoritarian government in Plymouth, signed abroad the Mayflower. Created a foundation for self-government in the colony.
Mayflower Compact
29
Established by non-separating Puritans, it soon grew to be the largest and most influential of the New England colonies.
Massachusetts Bay Colony
30
A Puritan spiritual adviser, mother of 14, and an important participant in the Antinomian Controversy which shook the infant Massachusetts Bay Colony from 1636 to 1638.
Anne Hutchinson
31
One of the original Thirteen Colonies, Rhode Island was settled by religious exiles from Massachusetts, including Roger Williams, who founded Providence in 1636. It was granted a royal charter in 1663 and after the American Revolution began the industrialization that is still a major part of the state's economy. Rhode Island ratified the United States Constitution in 1790. Providence is the capital and the largest city.
Rhode Island
32
Unofficial policy of relaxed royal control over colonial trade and only weak enforcement of Navigation Laws. Lasted from the Glorious Revolution to the end of the French and Indian War in 1763.
Salutary Neglect
33
Religious group known for their tolerance, emphasis on peace, and idealistic Indian policy, who settled heavily in Pennsylvania in the 17th and 18th centuries.
Quakers
34
A Puritan religious leader of the seventeenth century, born in England. After he was expelled from Massachusetts for his tolerant religious views, Williams founded the colony of Rhode Island as a place of complete religious toleration.
Roger Williams
35
The son of Sir William Penn, and was an English real estate entrepreneur, philosopher, early Quaker, and founder of the Province of Pennsylvania, the English North American colony and the future Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
William Penn
36
Migrants who, in exchange for transatlantic passage, bound themselves to a colonial employer for a term of service, typically between four and seven years. Their migration addressed the chronic labor shortage in the colonies and facilitated settlement.
Indentured Servants
37
Employed in the tobacco colonies to encourage the importation of indentured servants, the system allowed an individual to acquire fifty acres of land if he paid for a laborer's passage of the colony.
Head-right System
38
Uprising of Virginia backcountry farmers and indentured servants led by planter Nathaniel Bacon; initially a response to Governor William Berkeley's refusal to protect backcountry settlers from Indian attacks, the rebellion eventually grew into a broader conflict between impoverished settlers and the planter elite.
Bacon’s Rebellion
39
Transatlantic voyage slaves endured between Africa and the colonies. Mortality rates were notoriously high.
Middle Passage
40
Periodic acts of violence by black slaves during more than two centuries of slavery. Many slaves took part in acts of individual opposition to their slave status. These actions included damaging tools, working slowly, and burning down buildings.
Slave Revolts
41
Series of witchcraft trials launched after a group of adolescent girls in Salem, Massachusetts, claimed to have been bewitched by certain older women of the town. Twenty individuals were put to death before the trials were put to an end by the Governor of Massachusetts.
Salem Witch Trials
42
Was a colonial governor of Virginia, and one of the Lords Proprietors of the Colony of Carolina; he was appointed to these posts by King Charles II of England, of whom he was a favorite. (governor during Bacon's Rebellion)
William Berkeley
43
Armed march on Philadelphia by Scotts-Irish frontiersmen in protest against the Quaker establishment's lenient policies toward Native Americans.
Paxton Boys
44
Exchange of rum, slaves, and molasses between the North American Colonies, Africa, and the West Indies. A small but immensely profitable subset of the Atlantic trade.
Triangular Trade
45
Religious revival that swept the colonies. Participating ministers, most notably Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield, placed an emphasis on direct, emotive spiritually. A Second Great Awakening arose in the 19th century.
Great Awakening
46
Orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality
Old Lights
47
Ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield during the Great Awakening
New Lights
48
New York libel case against John Peter Zenger. Established the principle that truthful statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel.
Zenger Trial
49
Colonies where governors were appointed directly by the King. Though often competent administrators, the governors frequently ran into trouble with colonial legislatures, which resented the imposition of control from across the Atlantic
Royal Colonies
50
Colonies-Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware-under the control of local proprietors, who appointed colonial governors
Proprietary Colonies
51
An American clergyman of the eighteenth century; a leader in the religious revivals of the 1730s and 1740s known as the Great Awakening. Edwards, an emotional preacher, emphasized the absolute power of God.
Jonathan Edwards
52
A preacher and public figure who led many revival meetings both in England and the American colonies. He became a religious icon who spread a message of personal salvation and a more democratic Christianity.
George Whitefield
53
Small scale clash between Britain and Spain in the Caribbean and in the buffer colony, Georgia. It merged with the much larger War of Austrian Succession in 1742.
War of Jenkin’s Ear
54
North American theater of Europe's War of Austrian Succession that once again pitted British colonists against their French counterparts in the North. The peace settlement did not involve any territorial realignment, leading to conflict between New England settlers and the British government.
King George’s War
55
Nine-year war between the British and the French in North America. It resulted in the expulsion of the French from the North American mainland and helped spark the Seven Years' War in Europe.
French and Indian War/Seven Years War
56
Intercolonial congress summoned by the British government to foster greater colonial unity and assure Iroquois support in the escalating war against the French.
Albany Congress
57
Economic theory that closely linked a nation's political and military power to its bullion reserves. Mercantilists generally favored protectionism and colonial acquisition as means to increase exports.
Mercantilism
58
Duty on imported sugar from the West Indies. It was the first tax levied on the colonists by the crown and was lowered substantially in response to widespread protests.
Sugar Act
59
Required colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops. Many colonists resented the act, which they perceived as an encroachment on their rights
Quartering Act
60
Widely unpopular tax on an array of paper goods, repealed in 1766 after mass protests erupted across the colonies. Colonists developed the principle of "no taxation without representation" that questioned Parliament's authority over the colonies and laid the foundation for future revolutionary claims.
Stamp Tax
61
Boycotts against British goods adopted in response to the Stamp Act and, later, the Townshend and Intolerable Acts. The agreements were the most effective form of protest against British policies in the colonies.
Nonimportation Agreements
62
Patriotic groups that played a central role in agitating against the Stamp Act and enforcing nonimportation agreements
Sons/Daughters of Liberty
63
Passed alongside the repeal of the Stamp Act, it reaffirmed Parliament's unqualified sovereignty over the North American colonies.
Declaratory Act
64
External, or indirect, levies on glass, white lead, paper, paint and tea, the proceeds of which were used to pay colonial governors, who had previously been paid directly by colonial assemblies. Sparked another round of protests in the colonies.
Townshend Acts
65
Clash between unruly Bostonian protestors and locally stationed British redcoats, who fired on the jeering crown, killing or wounding eleven citizens,
Boston Massacre
66
Local committees established across Massachusetts, and later in each of the thirteen colonies, to maintain colonial opposition to British policies through the exchange of letters and pamphlets.
Committees of Correspondence
67
Rowdy protest against the British East India Company's newly acquired monopoly on the tea trade. Colonists, disguised as Indians, dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston harbor, prompting harsh sanctions from the British Parliament.
Boston Tea Party
68
Allowed the French residents of Quebec to retain their traditional political and religious institutions, and extended the boundaries of the province southward to the Ohio River. Mistakenly perceived by the colonists to be part of Parliament's response to the Boston Tea Party.
Quebec Act
69
Series of punitive measures passed in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party, closing the Port of Boston, revoking a number of rights in the Massachusetts colonial charter, and expanding the Quartering Act to allow for the lodging of soldiers in private homes. In response, colonists convened the First Continental Congress and called for a complete boycott of British goods
Intolerable Acts
70
Convention of delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies that convened in Philadelphia to craft a response to the Intolerable Acts. Delegates established Association, which called for a complete boycott of British goods.
First Continental Congress
71
First battles of the Revolutionary War, fought outside of Boston. The colonial militia successfully defended their stores munitions, forcing the British to retreat to Boston
Lexington and Concord
72
This was a convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that started meeting in the spring of 1775 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It succeeded the First Continental Congress, which met in Philadelphia between September 5, 1774 and October 26, 1774.
Second Continental Congress
73
This was a letter to King George III, from members of the Second Continental Congress, which represents the last attempt by the moderate party in North America to avoid a war of independence against Britain.
Olive Branch Petition
74
a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1775–76 advocating independence from Great Britain to people in the Thirteen Colonies. Written in clear and persuasive prose, Paine marshaled moral and political arguments to encourage common people in the Colonies to fight for egalitarian government.
Common Sense - Thomas Paine
75
the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House (Independence Hall) in Philadelphia on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies, then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states, no longer under British rule.
Declaration of Independence
76
a person who remains loyal to the established ruler or government, especially in the face of a revolt.
Loyalists
77
a person who vigorously supports their country and is prepared to defend it against enemies or detractors.
Patriots
78
This negotiated between the United States and Great Britain, ended the revolutionary war and recognized American independence. The Continental Congress named a five-member commission to negotiate a treaty–John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, and Henry Laurens.
Treaty of Paris
79
morality or a standard of righteous behavior in relationship to a citizen's involvement in society. An individual may exhibit this by voting, volunteering, organizing a book group, or attending a PTA meeting. The Greek word for virtue is arete, which means excellence.
Civic Virtue
80
the original constitution of the US, ratified in 1781, which was replaced by the US Constitution in 1789.
Articles of Confederation
81
this put the 1784 resolution in operation by providing a mechanism for selling and settling the land, while the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 addressed political needs.
Land Ordinance of 1785
82
A law passed in 1787 to regulate the settlement of the Northwest Territory, which eventually was divided into several states of the Middle West. The United States was governed under the Articles of Confederation at the time.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
83
An uprising led by a former militia officer, Daniel Shays, which broke out in western Massachusetts in 1786. Shays's followers protested the foreclosures of farms for debt and briefly succeeded in shutting down the court system.
Shay’s Rebellion
84
a proposal by Virginia delegates for a bicameral legislative branch. The plan was drafted by James Madison while he waited for a quorum to assemble at the Constitutional Convention of 1787.
Virginia Plan
85
a proposal for the structure of the United States Government presented by William Paterson at the Constitutional Convention on June 15, 1787.
New Jersey Plan
86
The Great Compromise was a settlement that defined the legislative structure and representation of each US state as per the United States Constitution.
Great Compromise
87
This was a compromise reached between delegates from southern states and those from northern states during the 1787 United States Constitutional Convention.
Three Fifths Compromise
88
a person who advocates or supports a system of government in which several states unite under a central authority.
Federalists
89
A movement that opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. federal government and which later opposed the ratification of the 1787 Constitution. The previous constitution, called the Articles of Confederation, gave state governments more authority.
Anti-Federalists
90
The first ten amendments to the US Constitution, ratified in 1791 and guaranteeing such rights as the freedoms of speech, assembly, and worship.
Bill of Rights
91
This was signed into law by President George Washington on September 24, 1789. Article III of the Constitution established a Supreme Court, but left to Congress the authority to create lower federal courts as needed.
Judiciary Act
92
taxes paid when purchases are made on a specific good, such as gasoline. These taxes are often included in the price of the product. There are also these taxes on activities, such as on wagering or on highway usage by trucks.
Excise Tax
93
a tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791 during the presidency of George Washington. The so-called "tax" was the first tax imposed on a domestic product by the newly formed federal government. ... These farmers resisted the tax.
Whiskey Rebellion
94
a commercial bank that is chartered under the federal government and is a member of the Federal Reserve System.
National Bank
95
United States statesman and leader of the Federalists; as the first Secretary of the Treasury he establish a federal bank; was mortally wounded in a duel with Aaron Burr (1755-1804)
Alexander Hamilton
96
a formal announcement issued by U.S. President George Washington on April 22, 1793 that declared the nation neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain. It threatened legal proceedings against any American providing assistance to any country at war.
Neutrality Proclamation
97
representatives of the United States and Great Britain signed this, which sought to settle outstanding issues between the two countries that had been left unresolved since American independence.
Jay’s Treaty
98
praised the benefits of federal government and warns to stay away from foreign alliances
Washington’s Farewell Address
99
A political and diplomatic episode in 1797 and 1798, early in the administration of John Adams, involving a confrontation between the United States and Republican France that led to an undeclared war called the Quasi-War. ... It led to the undeclared Quasi-war (1798 to 1800).
XYZ Affair
100
Also known as the Treaty of Mortefontaine, was a treaty between the United States of America and France to settle the hostilities that had erupted during the Quasi-War. ... The United States, for the same reasons, wished to remain neutral.
Convention of 1800
101
The acts were designed by Federalists to limit the power of the opposition Republican Party, but enforcement ended after Thomas Jefferson was elected president in 1800. The Alien and Sedition Acts were passed by Congress in 1798 in preparation for an anticipated war with France.
Alien and Sedition Acts
102
Statements secretly drafted by Jefferson and Madison for the legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia. Argued that states were the final arbiters of whether the federal government overstepped its boundaries and could therefore nullify, or refuse to accept, national legislation they deemed unconstitutional.
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
103
Federalists: proponents of the 1787 Constitution, they favored a strong central government, arguing that the checks and balances in the new Constitution would safeguard the people's liberties.
Democratic: relating to a major American political party of the early 19th century favoring a strict interpretation of the Constitution to restrict the powers of the federal government and emphasizing states' rights.
Federalist/Democratic Republicans
