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HLTH 3101 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is the world life expectancy?

A

70 years

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2
Q

Define occupation

A

The sum of all
Meaningful activities that and individual has a need or desire to persue, including activities for personal growth and care, productivity, and leisure

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3
Q

What is the leading cause of death in the world? In Canada?

A

World: cardiovascular disease
Canada: cancer

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4
Q

What is the leading cause of disability worldwide?

A

Depression

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5
Q

Define resilience

A

Ability to address and overcome struggles and barriers

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6
Q

Define acute illness

A

A disease with an abrupt of rapid onset and usually a short duration
Ex. Infection

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7
Q

Define chronic illness

A

A health condition that is long lasting and needs to be managed on a long term basis
Eg. Diabetes

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8
Q

Define terminal illness

A

An active and progressive disease with no reasonable chance of cure
Eg. ALS

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9
Q

Define disease

A

Based on medical diagnosis which locates a problem in specific organs or body systems and is treated through biomedical treatments

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10
Q

Define illness

A

The subjective/personal experience of a diseased state or a person who acknowledges they do not feel well

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11
Q

Define sickness

A

The social actions taken by a person as a result of an illness or disease
Eg. Taking medicine, visiting doctor, resting

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12
Q

What are infectious diseases?

A

Causes by pathogenic organisms that can spread directly or indirectly from one person to another

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13
Q

What are non-communicable diseases?

A

Chronic diseases often of long duration and slow progression that are not passed person to person

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14
Q

Define disability

A

An umbrella term for impairments (of body structures or functions), activity limitations (doing different activities), or participation restrictions (paticipation at community or societal level)

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15
Q

What is the number one health risk in the world?

A

Hunger

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16
Q

What are the four key risk factors that can be associated with cardiovascular disease?

A

Physical inactivity
Smoking
Diet
Harmful use of alcohol

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17
Q

How many people die from road traffic accidents every day? Is this rising or falling?

A

Less than 5000 (around 3500)
Predicted to rise
More likely to be people of low SES and at worst in WHO African region

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18
Q

Define public health

A

All organization measures (public or private) to prevent disease, promote health, and prolong life among the population as a whole
Aim to provide conditions in which people can be health and focus on entire population
Focused on prevention and based on evidence and data

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19
Q

Define population health

A

Health of a population as measured by health status indicators and as influenced by social, economic, and physical environments, personal health practices, individual capacity and coping skills, human biology, early childhood development, and health services
Provides framework for understanding why some populations are healthier
Might look at education, unemployment, use of medication, green space, etc.

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20
Q

Define global health

A

Addressing health issues or concerns of the SDoH that transcends national borders or boundaries that go beyond socioeconomic characteristics such as class, race, ethnicity and really highlight the commonality of health
Looks at collective action
Highlights that there is a lack of geographical or social boundaries for the spread of communicable diseases
More to do with scope of problem as opposed to location. Ex trafficking

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21
Q

Define international health

A

The health practices, policies, systems and organizations often aimed at addressing the health issues of people living in poor, low and middle income or developing countries
Higher income helping lower income
Humanitarian assistance, providing aid, and volunteering abroad

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22
Q

How has globalization impacted the field of global health and development?

A

Societies and cultures have become very integrated as a result of trade, ability to communicate across boarders, and transportation
Increases the demand for healthy workers and health people
Spreads disease

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23
Q

Describe the state of poverty in the world

A

1.5 billion live inn multidimensional poverty (acute deprivation in health, education, and standard of living) and 3/4 of poorest live in rural areas

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24
Q

What is the state of chronic hunger and water shortages across the world?

A

795 million suffer from chronic hunger

40% are affected by water scarcity and predicted to increase

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25
Q

Describe the state of maternal and child health globally

A

800 women die every day from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth
7 million kids die annually before 5
If they can make it to one, they might to 5
Most occur in developing countries

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26
Q

What three disease account for half of infectious disease deaths annually?

A

TB, malaria, AIDS

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27
Q

What four types account for 80% of NCD deaths

?

A

Cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases, diabetes

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28
Q

How many people worldwide are living with disability?

A

1 billion

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29
Q

Describe the state of the worlds aging population

A

46% over 60 live with disability
Nearly half never receive pension
Developed countries have higher % of older people within population
Most of the elderly in the world live in developing countries

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30
Q

Describe health in indigenous populations?

A

Represent 5% of the worlds population but make up 15% of the worlds extremely poor persons and 1/3 or rural poor

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31
Q

Describe the state of conflicts and displaced persons in the world

A

22.5 million refugees over half of whom are under 18

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32
Q

What three countries did 55% of refugees come from?

A

Syria
South Sudan
Afghanistan

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33
Q

Describe the state of education and employment globally

A

61 million children between 6-11 are out of schools
781 million adults and 126 million youth cannot read or write simple sentences
More countries have 100% enrolment but low completion rates for primary school
Nearly half of all workers are in informal or precarious employment

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34
Q

How much of the world lacks social protection and social safety nets?

A

70%

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35
Q

What are social safety nets?

A

Programs, services, resources that are provided to people during adverse life events or life transitions such as job loss, disability, retirement, school, maternity leave

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36
Q

What is meant by climate change being describe as a problem of asymmetric causes?

A

People who are more responsible for causing it are more likely or able to shield themselves from the impact of it

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37
Q

What is meant by the double burden of disease?

A

Developing countries are now dealing with both issues related to infectious diseases and malnutrition and noncommunicable diseases and obesity

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38
Q

What is the 10/90 research gap?

A

10% or less of the worlds health research spending is directed to conditions that account for 90% of the global burden of disease

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39
Q

What is health for all?

A

In 1977, World health assembly decided that main social target of governments and of WHO should be attainment by all the people of the world by the year 200 of a level of health that would permit them to lead a socially and economically productive life
Meant that everyone should have essential health care, resources should be evenly distributed, health begins at home

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40
Q

What are the three overlapping things that determine global health actions?

A

Public health
Development
Security

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41
Q

What were the 8 millennium development goals?

A
  1. Eradicate extreme hunger and poverty
  2. Achieve universal primary education
  3. Promote gender equality and empower women
  4. Reduce child mortality
  5. Improve maternal Heath
  6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
  7. Ensure environmental sustainability
  8. Global partnership for development
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42
Q

What is the difference between millenium goals and new sustainable development goals?

A

New ones look at factors that effect health more indirectly

16 instead of 8

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43
Q

Define sustainable development

A

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

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44
Q

What is self reported health status?

A

One of the most common questions on health surveys in developing countries

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45
Q

Define life expectancy

A

The average number of years a person can be expects to live at birth

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46
Q

How many years has life expectancy increased globally since 1990?

A

6 years
In low income countries it is around 62
In high income it is around 79

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47
Q

What were the improvements in mortality levels affect by from 1990-2005?

A

HIV/AIDS
Life expectancy decreased and mortality increased in certain African countries
Fell from 62 to 48 from 2000-2005

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48
Q

What are health status indicators?

A

A direct measurable variable that reflects health status of the population
Can be in terms of presence or absence of these factors
Examples include school and work absenteeism, prescribed medication , numbers associated with perceived health, types of disease and risk factors

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49
Q

Compare quantitative and qualitative assesments

A 
Quantitative= life expectancy, morbidity, mortality
Qualitative = nature of suffering, daily experience
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50
Q

Define infant mortality rate

A

The number of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1000 live births in a given year

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51
Q

What is life expectancy at birth?

A

The average number of years a newborn baby could be expected to live if current mortality trends were to continue for the rest of the newborns life

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52
Q

Define maternal mortality ratio

A

The number of women who die as a result of pregnancy and childbirth complications per 100000 live births in a given year

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53
Q

What is neonatal mortality rate?

A

The number of deaths to infants under 28 days of age in a given year per 1000 live births that year
May be divided into early (first 7 days) and the late (8-28) neonatal rates

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54
Q

What is the under-5 mortality rate (child mortality rate)?

A

The probability that a newborn baby with die before reaching age 5, expressed as a number per 1000 live births
Most with die between 0-1

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55
Q

What is the crude death rate?

A

The total number of deaths per year per 1000 population

Includes people of all ages

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56
Q

Define age-specific death rate

A

The number of deaths per 100000 of a particular age group
Elderly are most likely to die and kids are next
Women more likely than women
Sometimes presented per 100

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57
Q

Has life expectancy increased or decreased globally?

A

Has increased

Projected to continue increasing

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58
Q

What is incidence?

A

A measure of disease that allows us to determine a persons probability of being diagnosed with disease during a given period of time
Conveys information about risk

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59
Q

What is précellence?

A

A measure of disease that allows us to determine a persons likelihood of having a disease
Provides info about how widespread a disease it, how many cases exist in a population over a specific period of time

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60
Q

Define morbidity

A

Another term for illness

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61
Q

What are disability adjusted life expectancy?

A

A summary measure of the level of health attained by a population
Measures burden of disease
The sum of the years lost due to premature death and years lived with disability, years of healthy live lost
Indicates losses due to illness, disability, and premature death in a population

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62
Q

What is health adjusted life expectancy?

A

How long people are expected to live in full health considering the current state of disease patterns, morbidity, etc
Always lower than lie expectancy

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63
Q

What is a population register?

A

Continuous update of the population characteristics (eg. Educational enrolment, marital status, number of children, employment status)

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64
Q

What is women’s parity?

A

Number of live births a women has had

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65
Q

What are the top 3 leading causes of death worldwide in 2012?

A

Ischémic heart disease
Stroke
COPD

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66
Q

What will be the second most costly disease in terms of DALY’s by 2020 according to WHO?

A

Dépression

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67
Q

What are the three leading causes of DALY’s in low and middle income countries?

A

Lower respiratory infection
Diarrheal disease
Ischemic heart disease

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68
Q

What are the three leading causes of DALY’s in high income countries?

A

Ischemic heart disease
Low back pain
Stroke

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69
Q

What are the top 3 causes of death in children under 5?

A

Diarrhoea
Pneumonia
Other infections

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70
Q

What are the top 3 causes of deaths for newborns?

A

Preterm
Asphyxia
Sepsis

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71
Q

What are the top 4 causes of death in adolescents?

A

Road traffic injuries
HIV/AIDS
Suicide
Respiratory infections

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72
Q

What are the top 4 causes of illness and disability in adolescents?

A

Depression
Road traffic injuries
Anaemia
HIV/AIDS

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73
Q

What are the top 3 causes of death in Canada?

A

Cancer
Heart disease
Cerebrovascular diseases

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74
Q

Has the death rate in Canada increased or decreased?

A

Increased but so has population so the death rate remains fairly constant

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75
Q

What were the leading causes of disability in Canada in 2012?

A

Pain, flexibility and mobility

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76
Q

What were the most prevalent types of disabilities between the ages of 15-24 in Canada in 2012?

A

Mental and psychological as well as learning and pain related disabilities

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77
Q

How many Canadians report being limited in their daily activities due to a disability?

A
  1. 8 million adults

13. 7% of the population aged 15+ years

78
Q

Why is nova scotias percentage of disability so high?

A

Pretty high aging population

79
Q

Why would you care about how a population is changing?

A

Progress, how counties compare to each other, insight into how a population is structures and what the need are, find sources of problems, how things have changed historically, structuring community based needs, understanding social problems

80
Q

Define demography

A

Scientific study of human populations, including the growth, structure, and composition of human populations
Care about size and nature (family dynamics)
Interested in how the size of the population in a geographic area changes over time

81
Q

Define fertility

A

Births and childbearing

Influenced by the level of fecundity, sexual intercourse, contraception, whether pregnancy ends before child birth

82
Q

Define migration

A

Movement from one region to another
Influenced by differences in income and opportunities in areas, war/conflict, immigration policies, economic conditions, etc

83
Q

What are the three major population processes?

A

Fertility, mortality, and migration

84
Q

What are the major age groups?

A

Children: younger than the working age population and are in need of support by others (0-14)
Youth and adults/working age population: engaged in most of the productive work (15-64)
Senior/older adults: older than the working age population and often supported by others (65+)

85
Q

Define biological and chronological age

A

Biological: how their body is functioning, wear and tear
Chronological: years alive

86
Q

What parts of the world have shown the greatest increase in population?

A

Low and middle income

Predicted to continue increasing

87
Q

What is the number of children in the world projected to do by 2100?

A

Not change

88
Q

What is expected to happen to the working group and aging populations going into 2050 worldwide?

A

Working population with continue to increase but the rate of growth will go down
Aging population with continue to increase

89
Q

What has occurred with the 3 age populations in developed countries?

A

Aging population exceeded the child population

Working population is decreasing

90
Q

What has the greatest ability to accelerate or slow the aging population?

A

Fertility

91
Q

What does the population pyramid for less developed regions?

A

Wider base getting skinny at top

92
Q

What is the current pyramid for developed regions? What is is predicted to look like?

A

Current: wider middle with smaller top and base
Predicted: wider top, rectangle

93
Q

What are the three types of demographic transition pyramids?

A
  1. High mortality, high fertility
  2. High fertility, declining mortality
  3. Reduced fertility/ reduced mortality
94
Q

What is the median age?

A

Chronological age at which the population divides into equal numbers of younger and older people
Good indicator of aging population

95
Q

What is responsible for the aging population?

A

Improvements in life expectancy and declines in fertility

96
Q

What is the median age of the world?

A

30.1
Developing nations= often below 25
In almost every country, women’s has increased more than men’s
In less developed regions the discrepancy between life expectancy of men and women is less

97
Q

What are the top 3 youngest population in the world?

A

Niger (14.8)
Uganda (15.9)
Chad (16.0)

98
Q

Define general fertility rates

A

Number of births per 1000 women aged 15-49 years

99
Q

Define total fertility rate

A

Average number of children per woman over the course of her reproductive life
Usually calculate for those 15-49
Number of children a woman would have if she had a child at the rate of the country

100
Q

Define age specific fertility rates

A

Rate of childbearing by age of women in 5 year groups as expressed per 1000 women of the age group

101
Q

What is the replacement fertility rate?

A

Levels of fertility the population needs in order to replace itself from one generation to the next

102
Q

What is the crude birth rate?

A

Total number of live births per 1000 of total population

103
Q

Babies born per woman in the world today:

A

2.5

104
Q

How do you get the natural rate of increase without migration?

A

Subtracting crude death rate from crude brith rate

105
Q

What is the current fertility rate of Canada? Predicted? What is our replacement fertility rate?

A

Current: 1.6
Predicted: 1.3
Replacement: 2.1

106
Q

As countries become more industrialized or developed, what do population dynamics usually reflect?

A

Decreasing mortality followed by decreasing fertility

Not as many infants are dying so people don’t have as many children

107
Q

What occurs when mortality initially declines to the age structure of a population?

A

The age structure of the population becomes somewhat younger because the decline is usually a result of a decline in infant mortality

108
Q

What occurs when fertility declines to the age structure of a population?

A

The age structure of the population becomes older because you have a increasingly greater proportion of older individuals who are now living longer

109
Q

What are some general traits of migrants?

A

Move from areas of higher fertility to areas of lower fertility
Move from relatively poorer to relatively richer areas
Move from rural to urban years
Be younger, mobile, and well off

110
Q

What are the different types of migrants?

A

Internal: move within same country
Circulation: people move from their place of origin to a place of destination but frequently return to place of origin

111
Q

Why is migration so hard to measure, model and forecast?

A

It can repeat itself over and over again within the course of an individuals life

112
Q

What skill set do we need to shift toward in immigrant in Canada?

A

Shift towards more towards people with more technical skills and are wanting to work in customer devices as more Canadians are recieving a higher education

113
Q

Where does the majority of the worlds population live?

A

Urban areas (54% expected to rise to 66%)

114
Q

Define urbanization

A

The shift form a rural to an urban soviet and involves an increased number of people in urban areas during a particular year
Important to demographic processes

115
Q

What are some issues with urbanization?

A

A lot of unplanned or inadequate management of urban expansion
Leads to slums in the middle of urban centre, more traffic, higher crime rates, lower income, substandard living conditions, less employment opportunity, environmental degradation

116
Q

What is the double burden of disease?

A

Rapid increase in overweight persons ans obesity in many low to middle income countries resulting in an increased risk of non-communicable diseases as well
Facing infectious diseases and malnutrition as well as non-communicable disease and obesity/being overweight
Intuition transition in developing countries associated with rapid urbanization

117
Q

What is brain drain?

A

The migration of health personnel in search of the better standard of living and quality of life, higher salaries, access to advanced technology, and more stable political conditions in different places worldwide
A lot of people who are train health professionals leave developing countries

118
Q

Where do the majority of noncommunicable related deaths occur?

A

80% of non-communicable disease related deaths occur in low and middle income countries

119
Q

What are the four main types of noncommunicable diseases?

A

Cardiovascular diseases
Cancer
Chronic respiratory diseases
Diabetes

120
Q

Describe cardiovascular disease

A

A group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels
Make up about 20% of global deaths in low income countries
Around 30% in high income countries
Rate of death by stroke have lowered due to a variety of things

121
Q

What are the two types of strokes?

A

Ischemic: blocked by a clot (>80%)
Henmorrhagic: blood vessels burst

122
Q

What is a heart attack?

A

Involves a blockage of normal blood supple to an area of the heart
Often due to blood clot in coronary artery
Most common symptoms include discomfort in chest and upper body parts, shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, etc

123
Q

What is normal blood rate? Hypertension rate?

A

Normal: 120/80
Hypertension: between 120/80 to 139/89

124
Q

Compare diastolic vs systolic

A

Diastolic: amount of pressure in your arteries between bears
Systolic: maximum pressure your heart experts while beating

125
Q

What are some key facts about cardiovascular disease?

A

3/4 of CVD deaths take place in low and middle income countries
Can be prevented by addressing behavioural risk factors: Tabasco use, unhealthy diet and obesity, physical inactivity and harmful use of alcohol using population wide strategies

126
Q

Define cancer

A

Group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and the spread of abnormal cells
Can metastasize around the body
Can suppress your immune system and make you more susceptible to other noncommunicable diseases

127
Q

What is the leading cause of cancer related death in low and middle income countries?

A

Breast cancer

Also leading cause of cancer related deaths in women globally

128
Q

What are the seven warning signs of cancer?

A
  1. Changes in bowel and bladder habits
  2. A sore that does not heal
  3. Unusual bleeding or discharge
  4. Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
  5. Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
  6. Obvious change in a wart or a mole
  7. Nagging cough or hoarseness
129
Q

What are the five leading behaviours that contribute to 1/3 of deaths from cancer?$

A 
Being obese or overweight
Low fruit and vegetable intake
Lack of physical activity
Tabasco use 
Alcohol use
130
Q

How many deaths is tobacco associated with?

A

20% of cancer related deaths

131
Q

Where do the majority of cancer deaths occur?

A

70% in low to middle income countries

1 in 6 deaths are cancer related

132
Q

What is diabetes?

A

A chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas down not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces

133
Q

Describe type 1 and type 2 diabetes

A

Type 1: symptoms include excessive thirst and hunger, weight loss, changes in vision, fatigue
Type 2: 90-95%, symptoms include blindness, kidney failure, amputation of lower extremities, heart attack or stroke

134
Q

What is COPD?

A

Makes breathing hard
Slowly damages airway of lungs making them swollen and blocked and causing them to lose their elasticity or stretchiness
Results from exposure to irritants
Caused by smoking, genetics, second hand smoke, history of childhood lung infections, exposure to air pollution in the environment

135
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A

Airways become swollen and can fill with mucus, making it hard to breath

136
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Alveoli are damaged making it heard to breath

137
Q

What are some concequences of incommunicable diseases?

A

Direct costs of treatment
Indirect costs from lost productivity
Total annual cost of cancer was estimated at 1.16 trillion (2010)
Only 1 in 5 low and middle income countries have the necessary data to drive cancer policy
Double burden of disease

138
Q

What occurred at the UN NCD meeting in September 2012?

A

All countries should focus on prevention and the main risk factors and tobacco, alcohol, dietary risks, and the lack of physical activity
Tobacco: taxing cigarettes, age restrictions, new laws
Alcohol: not much done
Diet: calories listed, mass education, reducing salt and sugar

139
Q

Why will the number of new cases of NCDs increase?

A

Because of:

Aging population, urbanization, globalization, and lifestyle change

140
Q

Where do the most HIV/AIDS death occur?

A

WHO African region
Accounts for 2/3 of the global total of new HIV infections
Number of people dying from AIDS related causes decreased from 2000-2016
Mainly due to access of ART
TB is leading cause of death in people with HIV (35% in 2015)

141
Q

What three disease can half of all death caused by infectious disease be attributed to?

A

TB
malaria
AIDS

142
Q

What are the 3 types of infections?

A

Bacterial: single cells organisms, that can reproduce on their own and causes diseases in humans (ex. TB)
Viral: extremely small pathogens, that cannot reproduce on their own and cause disease in humans (ex. HIV/AIDS)
Parasitic: caused or transmitted by a parasite (ex. Malaria)

143
Q

What are the transmission paths for communicable diseases?

A 
Food-borne (salmonella)
Waterborne (cholera)
Sexual or blood-borne (hepatitis)
Vector-borne (malaria)
Inhalation (TB)
Non-traumatic contact (anthrax)
Traumatic contact (rabies)
144
Q

Describe HIV

A

Attacks body’s immune system

Women are more likely to be infected than men and younger girls are at greater risk

145
Q

What is RDT?

A

Rapid diagnostic test
Absolutely critical for early treatment and care
designed to detect antibodies to HIV in blood and saliva
Can be anywhere from 2-12 weeks or even uo to 6 months for antibodies to appear

146
Q

Describe HIV and adolescents

A

More than 2 million 10-19 year olds are living with HIV

1 in 7 of all new infections occur during adolescence

147
Q

Describe TB

A

Cause by bacteria that most often effects the lungs
Curable and preventable
Spread through air
Symptoms include chest pain, coughing, weakness, weight loss, fever, night sweats
1/3 of the worlds population has latest TB
Can infect 10 to 15 people annually

148
Q

What are some key facts of TB?

A

95% of deaths occur in low and middle income countries
6 countries account for 60% of the total (India, Indonesia, china, Nigeria, Pakistan, South Africa)
Incidence has fallen by 1.5% per year since 200

149
Q

Describe malaria

A

Caused by plasmodium parasites
First symptoms include fever and headache
If not treated in 24 hours can lead to server forms and lead to death in a short period of time
Antimalarial drugs used to treat it
WHO African region is responsible for 90% of cases and 92% of deaths
Incidence fell by 21% between 2010-15 and mortality rates fell by 29%

150
Q

What is a vaccination?

A

Inoculation with killed or weakened pathogens or similar, less dangerous antigens in order to prevent or lessen the effects of some disease

151
Q

Describe antibiotics and antivirale

A

Antibiotics: medicines used to prevent and treat bacterial infections
Antiviral: medication used to treat viral infections

152
Q

What are some concequences of communicable diseases?

A

Constrain health and development of children, affecting school and life productivity
Limit productivity and income of adult workers
Stigma and discrimination associated with HIV, TB, and other infectious diseases
Cost of treatment may be burden on family
Drug resistance costs are very high
Reduce investments in a country’s development

153
Q

What are the different types of outbreaks?

A

Outbreak: emergence and spread of new disease
Epidemic: disease outbreak that affects many people in a community or region at the same time
Pandemic: disease spreads to multiple geographic regions; a disease outbreak globally
Endemic: the continued prevalence of a specific infection or diseases in a specific population or area

154
Q

What are the international health regulations?

A

To prevent, protect against, control and provide a public health response to the international spread of disease in ways that are commensurate with and restricted to public health risks, and which avoid unecessary interfearance with international traffic and trade

155
Q

What are the three primary activités of disease surveillance?

A

Collection of relèvent data for a specified population, time period, and geographic area
Meaningful analysis of data
Routine dissemination of data with accompanying interpretation

156
Q

What are the two types of surveillance?

A

Passive: the receipt of reports of infections/disease from physicians, laboratories, and other health care professionals required to submit such reports
Active: daily, weekly, or monthly contacting of physicians, hospitals, laboratories, schools or others to actively search for cases

157
Q

Define poverty

A

Associated with the undermining of a range of key human attributes, including health
Poor are exposed to greater personal and environmental health risks, are less well nourish, have less information, and are less able to access health care: have a higher risk of illness and disability
Often defined in absolute terms of low income

158
Q

What are the different ranges of poverty?

A

Absolute/extreme poverty: severe deprivation of the basic material necessities of life including access to services (living on less than $1/day)
Moderate poverty: able to meet basic needs, but only just ($1-2/day)
Relative: being much poorer that most people in a given society, often defined as living in less than 50% of the national median income

159
Q

What are the three dimensions of multidimensional poverty?

A

Health: nutrition, child mortality
Education: years of schooling, attendance
Living standard: cooking fuel, improved sanitation, safe drinking water, electricity, flooring, assets

160
Q

What is the poverty line?

A

The minimum level is income deemed necessary to achieve an adaquate standard of living
Involves calculating the total cost of all the essential resources a person needs for one year

161
Q

What are the pros and cons of land ownership in developing countries?

A

Pros: linked to better outcome in health, sense of empowerment
Cons: some people will rent it out to others and issue with who that money is given to

162
Q

What are the 3 ways we measure poverty?

A
  1. Define the relevant welfare measure: quantitative, objective measure of poverty (monetary dimensions of wellbeing such as income)
  2. Select a poverty line below which a household/person is classified as poor: cut off poor from non-poor (monetary or non-monetary)
  3. Select a poverty indicator used for reporting for the whole population or for a population sub -group only: translates poverty line into a single number imfkr the group
163
Q

What is the absolute poverty line?

A

Based in some set standard that households should be able to count in to meet their very basic needs

164
Q

Compare monetary and non monetary

A

Monetary: income plus consumption, having enough money to meet your basic needs as well as things such as access to resources, services and products, availability of resources, sericces and products
Non-monetary: literacy level, education, subjective perceptions, social relations, feeling powerless (incidence, depth, and severity of poverty)

165
Q

What is the incidence of poverty?

A

The share of the population whose income or consumption is below the poverty line, population that cannot afford to buy a basket of basic goods and services

166
Q

What is the depth of poverty?

A

Provides information how far households actually are from poverty line

167
Q

Define severity of poverty

A

Looks in equality that actually exists among the poor, higher weight placed on households furthest from poverty line

168
Q

What are the proposed indicators of absolute poverty among children?

A
  1. Food
  2. Drinking water: no more than 15 minutes
  3. Sanitation facilities: near, accessible, clean, and unstable
  4. Health: available treatment
  5. Shelter: no more than 3-4 people/room, real floor, decent roof
  6. Education: attend school and learn to read
  7. Information: severely deprived if no access to newspapers, televisions, radios
  8. Access to services: access to education, health services, financial services, legal and other social
169
Q

What is the low income cutoff?

A

Income level at which a family may be in straitened circumstances because it has to spend a greater portion of its income on necessities than the average family of similar size
Used in Canada
Considers # of people in household, community size, add a number based on income

170
Q

What is the low income measure?

A

Defines low income as being much worse off than average and it is calculated at one half the median income of an equivalent household

171
Q

What is the market basket measure?

A

More generous basket of things that you might need to live in society
Attempts to calculate the amount of income needed by a household to meet its needs in terms of what is need to approach creditable community norms

172
Q

What is the minimum necessary income for a 1 person family unit?

A

$24000

173
Q

What are the four classifications of countries according to gross national income?

A

Low income economies: $1005 or less
Lower middle-income economies: $1006 to $3955
Upper middle-income economies: $3956 to $12235
High income economies: $12236 or more

174
Q

What are the BRICS countries?

A

5 major emerging national economies that are capable of assisting poorer nations
Brazil, Russia, India, china, South Africa

175
Q

What were the targets for goal 1 of the MDG? Were they achieved?

A

1A. Halve the proportion of people whose income is less than $1/day
- Southern Asia and sun-Saharan Africa are still struggling
1B. Achieved full and productive employment and decent work for all, including women and young people
- still at a pretty high vulnerable employment rate, lots of informal working arrangements
1C. Halve the proportion of people that suffer from hunger
- uneven across regions and countries
- 1 in 7 children under 5 is under weight

176
Q

What were goals #1 and #2 of SDG?

A
  1. End poverty in all forms everywhere

2. End hunger, achieve food security, and improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture

177
Q

What are the top 3 countries with the most hungry people?

A
  1. Asia and the pacific
  2. Sub-Saharan africa
  3. Latin American and the Caribbean
178
Q

What are the 3 pillars of food security?

A

Availability
Access
Utilization

179
Q

What is the link between poverty and health?

A

Poverty creates ill health because it forces people to live in environments that make them sick, without decent shelter, clean water, or adequate sanitation
Reducing poverty improves health

180
Q

What groups are more likely to live in extreme poverty?

A

Minorities, women and children, elderly people, those with disability, rural residents, refugees, and homeless, informal or migrant workers

181
Q

What causes health inequalities?

A

Politics and government corruption, historical and social forces that disadvantage some groups, philosophical advantages

182
Q

What is wealth?

A

Amount of income after expenses

Use income and education as proxy measures for wealth

183
Q

Define equality

A

The right to equal protection, participation and benefits without discrimination based on race, nation or ethnic origin, religion, sex, age, mental or physical ability, sexual orientation
Health inequalities are unavoidable

184
Q

Define equity

A

Fairness and justice in the distribution of benefits, power, resources, opportunities, and responsibilities
Health inequities are avoidable and is often a result of human failure, which gives rise to avoidable illnesses, diseases, disabilities, and deaths

185
Q

What is perceived equity?

A

Once a certain degree of material adequacy has been reach, equity and perceived equity become essential to the overall health of a population

186
Q

What is the difference principle?

A

Concept of social structure/hierarchy is used to think about how people in society differ from one another
Life expectancy is shorter and most diseases are more common further down the social hierarchy in each society

187
Q

What is the human development index and what is it based on?

A

Expressed as a value between 0 and 1, the higher the score, the better your development

  1. Life expectancy at birth
  2. Indicator for educational attainment (adult literacy)
  3. Indicator based on gross national income per capita (purchasing power to buy commodities for meeting basic needs)
188
Q

What are the 3 specific indicators of the digital divide?

A

Number of phone lines per inhabitants
Number of internet users in a population
Number of mobile phones in a population

189
Q

Define the digital divide

A

The difference between groups in their access to and use of information and communication technologies (ICTs)

190
Q

What are some facts and figures about ICT?

A

By the end of 2015 there will be almost 3.2 billion internet users of which 2 billion are from developing countries
For every internet used in the developed world, there are 2 in the developing world
46% of households have internet access at home in Africa, 1 in 5 people use the internet today
By the end of 2015 there will be more than 7 billion mobile-cellular subscriptions worldwide

HLTH 3101 (2 decks)

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