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Islam > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Abbasids

A
  • second dynasty ruling the islamic world (750-1258)
  • capital in Baghdad
  • dramatic decline of central power authority and power shift to regional rulers from ca. 900 onwards
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2
Q

Alids

A
  • members of the family of ‘Ali (cousin and son in law of the Prophet, fourth caliph)
  • for Shi’ites, the Alids are the legitimate heirs of the Prophet
  • referred to as ahl al-bayt (literally: people of the house)
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3
Q

Ash’ariya

A
  • dominant theological school of thought in Sunni Islam
  • arose around 900 in opposition to the Mu’tazila
  • its central tenets are divine omnipotence and submission of believers under the “orthodoxy”
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4
Q

Jihad

A
  • literally “effort, exertion”
  • “greater jihad”: the fight against negative aspects in human nature and the striving for moral perfection
  • “lesser jihad”: armed struggle to defend Muslim territory and expand the rule of Islam
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5
Q

Fatwa

A

legal opinion or expertise given by an Islamic jurist (mufti) about a religious or legal question or problem

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6
Q

Fiqh

A

science of Islamic law, jurisprudence

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7
Q

Hadith

A
  • collections of exemplary sayings and actions of Muhammad
  • used to explain or complement unclear passages on Quran and to clarify behavioral norms
  • this is the second “root” of fiqh (aside from Quran)
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8
Q

Halal

A

things and actions permitted by Islamic law

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9
Q

Haram

A
  • things and actions forbidden by Islamic law

- holy area where fighting is forbidden

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10
Q

Hijira

A

Muhammad’s “emigration” from Mecca to the neighboring town of Yathrib/Medina to escape persecution against himself and his first followers in 622 ad (year 0 of Islamic time reckoning)

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11
Q

Ijtihad

A
  • “effort to reach one’s own opinion”

- finding justice by independent interpretation of the Quran and Hadith by a properly trained individual

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12
Q

Imam

A
  • from 632 to 661 highest authority in Muslim community
  • after the split between Sunni and Shi’a Islam there are two meanings
  • Shi’ite meaning: the infallible, divinely inspired head of the community (and a member of Alid family)
  • Sunni meaning: a religious official who leads the communal prayer
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13
Q

Islam

A

original meaning of the word is “devotion to God, submission under God’s will”

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14
Q

Kalam

A
  • speculative theology inspired by Greek philosophy, developed between 8th and 12th century
  • main strands are the Ash’ariya and the Mu’tazila
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15
Q

Caliph (khalifa)/Caliphate (khilafat)

A
  • a form of government in which the head of state is both a worldly and religious leader, seen as “deputy of the Prophet”
  • was introduced after the death of Muhammad to unify and expand the Muslim empire
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16
Q

Mu’tazila

A
  • critical, rational Sunni school of theological thought
  • arose in 730, state doctrine 827-847
  • due to its high level of liberality it was replaces by the Ash’ariya in the 11th century
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17
Q

Pillars of Islam

A

the 5 duties incumbent on practicing Muslims

  1. Shahada: “witness statement”, commitment to strict monotheism, to God, and Muhammad
  2. Salat: ritual prayer, five times a day
  3. Zakat: almsgiving, sharing a portion of one’s income with the poor
  4. Saum: fasting during the month of Ramadan
  5. Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca, undertaken at least once a lifetime by anyone who can afford it
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18
Q

Quran

A
  • “recitation, reading, performance”
  • sacred book of Islam
  • understood as word of God that was revealed or “given down” to Muhammad
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19
Q

Rashidun

A
  • the “righteous ones”
  • first four caliphs after death of Prophet
  • ruled 632-661
  • Abu Bakr, ‘Usman, ‘Umar, and Ali
  • righteous because they were close companions of Muhammad and pillars of early Muslim community
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20
Q

Sharia

A
  • wider sense: guidance for having respect for God’s will

- stricter sense: the legal system of Islam, regulating religious, political, and social life

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21
Q

Shi’a

A
  • variation of Islam practiced by followers of the ‘Alid family that differs both politically (no acceptance of Caliphs) as well as in religious terms (Imams as leaders of community) from Sunni Islam
  • literally means “party, fraction”
  • 2nd largest “type” of islam (10-15% of Muslims worldwide) found especially in Iran
  • a person following this is called a Shi’ite
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22
Q

Sufism

A
  • umbrella term for various mystical interpretations of Islam
  • started to appear in 9th century and began to organize in brotherhoods or “orders” (tariqah) from the 12th century onwards
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23
Q

Sunna

A
  • “custom, habit”
  • the whole of exemplary sayings and actions of the Prophet as collected in six canonical collections of Hadith, regulating religious and worldly life
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24
Q

Sunnis

A
  • largest “type” of Islam

- Muslims who accepted authority of Caliphs after the death of Muhammad

25
Q

Tasfir

A

literal Quran interpretation or exegesis, based on the sense of the wording, trying to explain the objective meaning (in contrast to ta’wil)

26
Q

Tawhid

A
  • belief in the one-ness of God
  • most basic foundation of Islamic religiosity
  • stands in contrast to both polytheism and the Christian Trinity
27
Q

Ta’wil

A

interpretation of Quran that leaves room for the subjective thinking of commentator, for his rational thinking (ta’wil ‘aqli) or his spiritual meditation (ta’wil kashfi)

28
Q

Umayyads

A
  • first Dynasty of Islam after “righteous” Caliphs
  • ruled in 661-750
  • capital in Damascus
  • one branch started a caliphate to rival the Abbasids, based in Cordoba (929-1031)
  • leader challenges Ali by saying they are descendants of Umar and Usman
29
Q

Umma

A

the community of all Muslims connected by their faith, regardless of where they may live and beyond ethnic or national divides

30
Q

What allowed for Islam to spread?

A
  • schisms in Christianity

- climate change (lack of harvest)

31
Q

How do you become a leader in Islamic community?

A

Charisma, practical knowledge, warrior

32
Q

Ghaza

A

war

33
Q

570 ad

A

Muhammad’s birth (supposedly)

34
Q

Isnad

A
  • chain of people sharing oral tradition

- if the people in this chain were reliable, then the hadith would be considered reliable

35
Q

Quraysh

A

Muhammad’s tribe

36
Q

Hasim

A

clan

37
Q

Night of Power

A

Angel Gabriel revealed bit of Quran to Muhammad

38
Q

How is Quran divided?

A

30 Chapters, 114 Suras (has verses called ayat)

39
Q

Fatiha

A
  • first Sura
  • describes relationship between God and humans
  • there is only one god
  • God is merciful
40
Q

Izan

A

call to prayer

41
Q

‘Ulama

A

professional Quran translators (singular: ‘alim)

42
Q

‘Ilm

A

knowledge

43
Q

Naskh

A

a piece of Quran discovered later replaces earlier piece

44
Q

Sahada

A

bearing witness that there is no god but God and Muhammad is the messenger

45
Q

Story of Joseph

A
  • Sura 12
  • in Arabic so people understand (they already knew this story)
  • God will know if you do something bad
  • God is merciful so we should be too
  • repent and be forgiven
46
Q

Resul

A

the messenger

47
Q

Hafiz

A

someone that knows Quran by heart

48
Q

Sirk

A

when you don’t acknowledge the oneness of God

49
Q

Kharijitis

A

“go away”

50
Q

Sayyid or ahl al-bayt

A
  • people who claim to be descendants of the Prophet

- “people of the house”

51
Q

Fitna

A

series of armed conflicts between Mu’awiya and Ali

52
Q

661

A

Ali is murdered

53
Q

Fustat

A

modern day Cairo

54
Q

Muharram

A

Shi’ite festival, month in Muslim calendar, the day is Asura (the 10th day)

55
Q

Mahdi

A

12th Imam (Shia)

56
Q

Ghayba

A

where Mahdi is in hiding

57
Q

Isma’ih

A

believe there are only 7 imams

58
Q

Sahid

A

martyrdom

59
Q

Dajal

A

false messiah coming at end of times

Islam (1 decks)

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