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PSYC 101 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

theorized that studying bumps on human heads reveal a person’s mental capabilities. Although incorrect, it focused attention on the localization of function

A

Franz Gail → Phrenology

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2
Q

Parts of a neuron (5)

A 
cell body
dendrites
axon
myelin sheath
terminal branches of axon
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3
Q

a nerve cell being the building block of the nervous system

A

neuron

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4
Q

a neuron’s bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

A

dendrites

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5
Q

the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or muscles/glands

A

axon

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6
Q

dendrites listen, axons speak

A

.

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7
Q

a fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; increases the speed of information transfer within a neuron

A

myelin sheath

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8
Q

what happens when myelin sheaths decreas?

A

Multiple Sclerosis occurs → communication to muscles slows with eventual loss of muscle control

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9
Q

what are the 4 steps of a neural impulse

A
  1. a neuron is fired, the gates open and positively charged ions flood in
  2. depolarization causes the next gate to open
  3. action potential → like dominos
  4. refractory period
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10
Q

a neural impulse that produces a brief electrical charge that travels down the axon, happens after a neuron is fired

A

action potential

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11
Q

when an axon’s fluid interior is mostly negative charged ions and the fluid outside the membrane is mostly positive charged ions

A

resting potential

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12
Q

the loss of inside/outside charge difference

A

depolarization

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13
Q

a period of inactivity after the neuron has fired → the neuron pumps the positively charged ions back outside so it can be fired again

A

refractory period

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14
Q

the level of stimulation required to trigger an impulse

A

threshold

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15
Q

a neuron’s reaction is either firing with full strength, or not at all → a strong stimulus can trigger more neurons to fire, but it does not affect the action potential’s strength/speed

A

all-or-none response

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16
Q

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

A

synapse

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17
Q

released when action potential reaches the knob like terminals at the axons end. They are the messengers that cross the synaptic gaps and bind to receptor sites of the receiving neuron

A

neurotransmitters

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18
Q

excess neurotransmitters are broken down into enzymes, or are reabsorbed by the sending neuron

A

reuptake

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19
Q

molecules that increase the neurotransmitters action. May increase the production of neurotransmitters, block reuptake in the synapse, or be similar enough to a neurotransmitters to mimic its effects

A

agonist

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20
Q

how neurons communicate

A
  1. electrical impulses travel down axon until reaching synapse
  2. the action potential reaches the axon’s end (presynaptic membrane) and releases a neurotransmitter
  3. neurotransmitter cross the synapse and bind to receiving neuron’s dendrites (post synaptic membrane)
  4. excess neurotransmitters go through reuptake
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21
Q

concerned with the links between biology and behaviour. Includes psychologists working in neuroscience, behaviour genetics, and evolutionary psychology

A

biological perspective

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22
Q

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish and protect neurons; they may also play a role in learning, thinking and memory

A

glial cells

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23
Q

neurotransmitter that enables muscle action, learning and memory. With Alzheimer’s disease, AChproducing neurons deteriorate

A

Acetylcholine

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24
Q

neurotransmitter that influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. Oversupply linked to schizophrenia. Undersupply linked to tremors and loss of motor control in Parkinson’s disease

A

Dopamine

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25
Q

neurotransmitter that affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal. Undersupply linked to depression. Some drugs that raise levels are used to treat depression

A

Serotonin

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26
Q

neurotransmitter that helps control alertness and arousal. Undersupply can depress mood

A

Norephinephrine

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27
Q

a major inhibitory neurotransmitter. Undersupply linked to seizures, tremors and insomnia

A

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acis)

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28
Q

a major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory. Oversupply can overstimulate the brain, producing migranes or seizures (which is why some people avoid MSG)

A

Glutamate

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29
Q

the two functional divisions of the nervous system

A

peripheral nervous system

central nervous system

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30
Q

the brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system

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31
Q

responsible for gathering information and for transmitting CNS decisions to other body parts

A

peripheral nervous system

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32
Q

electrical cables formed of bundles of axons that link the CNS with the body’s sensory receptors, muscles and glands

A

nerves

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33
Q

three types of neurons that travel through the nervous system

A

sensory (afferent) neurons
motor (efferent) neurons
interneurons

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34
Q

neurons that carry information from the body tissues and sensory receptors to the brain and spinal chord for processing

A

sensory (afferent) neurons

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35
Q

neurons that carry instructions from the CNS to the muscles and glands

A

motor (efferent) neurons

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36
Q

neurons within the brain and spinal cord, process information between sensory and motor neurons

A

interneurons

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37
Q

two components of the peripheral nervous system

A

somatic nervous system

automatic nervous system

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38
Q

voluntary control of skeletal muscles

A

somatic nervous system

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39
Q

controls our glands and internal organ muscles (such as the heart) that is self regulating

A

automatic nervous system

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40
Q

two functions of the automatic nervous system

A

sympathetic nervous system

parasympathetic nervous system

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41
Q

arouses you and expends energy by accelerating heartbeat, raising blood pressure, slowing digestion, raising blood sugar

A

sympathetic nervous system

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42
Q

conserves energy as it calms you down

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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43
Q

what do the sympathetic and parasympathetic system work together to do?

A

keep us in a homeostasis state

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44
Q

two parts of the central nervous system

A

neural networks

spinal cord

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45
Q

brain’s neurons cluster together into work groups

A

neural networks

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46
Q

two-way information system connecting the peripheral nervous system and the brain

A

spinal cord

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47
Q

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response

A

reflex

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48
Q

the steps of a simple reflex

A
  1. information is carried from skin receptors along a sensory neuron to the spinal cord
  2. then it is passed through interneurons to the muscles in the hand and arm
  3. the hand jerks away before information about the event reach your brain because the pathway runs through the spinal cord
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49
Q

how is information inputed to the nervous system

A

through transducers

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50
Q

three main types of transducers

A

thermal
mechanical
chemical

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51
Q

transducers for hot and cold temperature sensation

A

thermal transducers

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52
Q

transducers for touch, pressure, hearing and balance

A

mechanical transducers

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53
Q

transducers for vision and smell

A

chemical transducers

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54
Q

seven types of information processed in the brain

A 
sensation
perception
attention
memory
comparison
decision
emotion
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55
Q

the body’s “slow” chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream, influencing our sex drive, hunger and aggression. Slower than the central neural system

A

endocrine system

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56
Q

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues

A

hormones

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57
Q

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress and danger

A

adrenal glands

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58
Q

the most influential endocrine gland, a pea-sized structure located in the core of the brain, controlled by the hypothalamus. It releases a growth hormone that stimulates physical development

A

pituitary gland

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59
Q

an endocrine gland that enables contractions associated with birthing, milk flow during nursing and orgasms. Also promotes pair bonding, group cohesion and social trust

A

oxytocin

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60
Q

the connection between the nervous and endocrine system

A

brain → pituitary → other glands → hormones → body and brain

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61
Q

tissue destruction, a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain cells

A

lesion

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62
Q

an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity sweeping across the brains surface, measured by electrodes placed on the scalp

A

electroecephalogram (EEG)

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63
Q

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task

A

PET (positron emission tomography) scan

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64
Q

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer generated images of soft tissue (showing brain anatomy)

A

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

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65
Q

a technique for revealing blood flow and brain activity by ng successive MRI scans (show brain function and structure)

A

fMRI (functional MRI)

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66
Q

the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; responsible for automatic survival functions

A

brainstem

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67
Q

the four parts of the older brain structure, all function without conscious effort

A

the brainstem (medulla and pons)
the reticular formation
the thalamus
the cerebellum

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68
Q

the base of the brainstem, controls heartbeat and breathing

A

medulla

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69
Q

just above the medulla, helping coordinate movements and control sleep

A

pons

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70
Q

sitting above the brainstem, receives information from all the senses except smell, directing messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex, and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

A

thalamus

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71
Q

inside the brainstem between the ears, travels through the brainstem into the thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal

A

reticular formation

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72
Q

back of the brainstem looking like two wrinkled half brains, processes sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, and enables nonverbal learning/memory

A

cerebellum

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73
Q

neural system located between the old and new brain

A

the limbic system

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74
Q

three parts of the limbic system

A

hypothalamus
amygdala
hippocampus

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75
Q

the “little brain” at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance and enabling nonverbal learning and memory

A

cerebellum

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76
Q

two lima bean sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion

A

amygdala

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77
Q

a neural structure lying below the thalamus, directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temp) and helps govern the endocrine system via pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus

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78
Q

a neural center located in the limbic system, helps process explicit memories for storage

A

hippocampus

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79
Q

three parts of the brainstem

A

reticular formation
pons
medulla

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80
Q

the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body’s ultimate control and information-processing center

A

cerebral cortex

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81
Q

the four lobes of the hemisphere’s cortex, starting at the front and moving over the top

A

frontal lobes
parietal lobes
occipital lobes
temporal lobes

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82
Q

lobe involved in speaking/muscle movements and in making plans and judgement

A

frontal lobes

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83
Q

lobe that receives sensory input for touch and body position

A

parietal lobes

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84
Q

lobe that receives information from the visual fields

A

occipital lobes

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85
Q

lying roughly above the ears, the lobe that receives information primarily from the opposite ear

A

temporal lobes

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86
Q

an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements

A

motor cortex

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87
Q

area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations. The more sensitive the body region, the larger the area devoted to it will be

A

somatosensory cortex

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88
Q

any visual information you receive is going to the visual cortex in your occipital lobes or any sound you hear is processed by your auditory cortex in your temporal lobea

A

examples of the somatosensory cortex

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89
Q

areas if the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking and speaking. Simple tasks increase activity in small patches while complex tasks integrate many different patches

A

association areas

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90
Q

frontal lobe damage can alter personality and remove a person’s inhibitions or how the underside of the right temporal lobe enables us to recognize faces

A

examples of association areas

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91
Q

the brain’s ability to modify itself after damage

A

plasticity

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92
Q

therapists force patients to use their bad hand or leg, gradually reprogramming the brain

A

example of plasticity

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93
Q

the formation of new neurons

A

neurogenesis

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94
Q

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

A

corpus callosum

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95
Q

a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain’s two hemispheres by cutting the fibers connecting them

A

split brain

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96
Q

language, scientific reasoning, mathematics (arithmetic)

A

left hemisphere

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97
Q

holistic thinking → spatial processing (mapping), face recognition, music, art, intuition, skilled behaviours

A

right hemisphere

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98
Q

two basic types of neurotransmitters

A

excitatory

inhibitory

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99
Q

neurotransmitters that trigger a positive charge in membrane potential in that neuron

A

excitatory neurotransmitters

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100
Q

neurotransmitters that trigger a negative charge in the membrane potential

A

inhibitory neurotransmitters

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101
Q

the sympathetic system is faster to respond than the parasympathetic system

A

.

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102
Q

our awareness of ourselves and our environment, a process which allows us to exert voluntary control over ourselves and a way of communicating mental states

A

consciousness

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103
Q

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with our mental processes (relating specific brain states to conscious experience)

A

cognitive neuroscience

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104
Q

the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks

A

dual processing

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105
Q

a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it

A

blindsight

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106
Q

enables us to “to think about the world” → to recognize things and to plan future actions

A

visual perception track

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107
Q

our moment to moment movements

A

visual action track

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108
Q

in everyday life, we mostly function like an automatic camera, but with a manual (conscious) override

A

.

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109
Q

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions → enables your mind to take care of routine business and is faster than sequential processing

A

parallel processing

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110
Q

best for solving new problems, which requires our focused attention

A

sequential processing

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111
Q

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

A

selective attention

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112
Q

when you are focused on one person’s voice but are immediately brought to the attention of another voice when they call your name

A

cocktail party effect

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113
Q

failing to see a visible object when are attention is directed elsewhere

A

inattentional blindness

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114
Q

failing to notice changes to your environment when focused on one thing

A

change blindness

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115
Q

participants failed to notice a change in voice when asked to repeat the list of words

A

change deafness

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116
Q

periodic, natural loss of consciousness

A

sleep

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117
Q

the biological clock that occurs on a 24 hour cycle, can be altered by age and experience

A

circadian rhythm

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118
Q

how our body synchronizes with circadian rhythm

A

during the morning → our body temperature rises
during the day → our body temperature peaks
during the early afternoon → our body temperature dips
during the evening → our body temperature drops

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119
Q

a recurring sleep stage when dreams commonly occur

A

REM or paradoxical sleep

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120
Q

the relatively slow brain waves of relaxed, awake state

A

alpha waves

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121
Q

slowed breathing and irregular brain waves, brief and may experience hallucinations → sensation of falling

A

non-REM stage 1 → NREM-1

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122
Q

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus

A

hallucinations

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123
Q

20 minutes of periodic sleep spindles, can still be awakened without too much difficulty but still asleep

A

NREM-2

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124
Q

burts of rapid, rhythmic brain wave activity

A

sleep spindles

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125
Q

deep sleep, your brain emits large, slow delta waves and you are hard to awaken

A

NREM-3

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126
Q

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

A

delta waves

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127
Q

happens about an hour after you fall asleep for about 10 minutes, returning through NREM-3, brain waves become rapid and saw-toothed, your heart rate rises, breathing becomes rapid and irregular, every half minute your eyes move around, your genitals become aroused and your brain’s motor cortex is active but its messages are blocked

A

REM sleep

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128
Q

how long does a REM sleep cycle last?

A

around 90 minutes for younger adults, as the night wears on, deep NREM-3 sleep grows shorter and disappears and the REM and NREM-2 periods get longer

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129
Q

the tendency for REM sleep to increase after REM sleep deprivation

A

REM rebound

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130
Q

sleep patterns are genetically and culturally influenced

A

.

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131
Q

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, it causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying out feelings of sleepiness

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

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132
Q

the five reasons sleep exists

A 
protects
helps us recuperate
helps restore and rebuild our fading memories of the day's experiences
feeds creative thinking
supports growth
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133
Q

animals with the greatest need to graze and the least ability to hide tend to sleep less. Also tend to sleep less during mating and migration

A

example of how sleep protects

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134
Q

helps restore the immune system, repair brain tissue, and gives resting neurons time to repair themselves

A

sleep helps us recuperate

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135
Q

during deep sleep, the pituitary gland releases a growth hormone that is necessary for muscle development

A

sleep supports growth

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136
Q

seven benefits of a healthy sleep

A 
improved athletic ability
we awake refreshed
sustain better moods
perform more efficient and accurate work
more satisfied with personal life
less conflicts with personal relationships
healthier immune system
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137
Q

four reasons why sleep deprivation makes you gain weight

A

increases ghrelin (hunger arousing hormone) and decreases leptin (hunger suppressing hormone)

decreases metabolic rate, a gauge of energy use

increases cortisol, hormone that stimulates the body to make fat

enhances limbic system responses to the mere sight of food and decreases cortisol inhibition

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138
Q

five things that sleep deprivation increases

A 
risk of depression
production of fat cells
inflammation of joints
risk of high blood pressure
hunger arousing hormones (ghrelin)
139
Q

five things that sleep deprivation decrease

A 
ability to focus
ability to process and store memories
production of immune cells
hunger suppressing hormones (leptin)
strength, reaction time and motor learning
140
Q

five major sleep disorders

A 
insomnia
narcolepsy
sleep apnea
night terrors
sleepwalking
141
Q

recurring problems in falling or staying asleep

A

insomnia

142
Q

a brain disease where you have uncontrollable sleep attacks falling right into REM sleep, often at inappropriate times

A

narcolepsy

143
Q

intermittently stop breathing during sleep, repeating hundreds of times a night. associated with obesity, daytime sleepiness, irritability, high blood pressure

A

sleep apnea

144
Q

targets mostly children, characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified → unlike nightmares. Occur during NREM-3 sleep and are seldom remembered

A

night terrors

145
Q

a sequence of images, emotions and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind

A

dreams

146
Q

five proposed explanations of why we dream

A 
Freud's wish fulfillment
information processing
physiological function
activation synthesis theory or neural activation
cognitive perspective
147
Q

preserve sleep and provide a “psychic safety valve” → expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings; contain manifest content and a deeper layer of latent content. Believed that most adult dreams could be traced back by analysis to erotic wishes

A

Freud’s wish fulfillment

148
Q

the remembered story line of a dream

A

manifest content

149
Q

underlying meaning of a dream → the unconscious drives and wishes that would be threatening if expressed

A

latent content

150
Q

a gun might be a disguised representation of a penis

A

example of Freud’s wish fulfillment

151
Q

help us sort out the day’s events and consolidate our memories

A

information processing

152
Q

objection for Freud’s wish fulfillment

A

lacks scientific support → dreams may be interpreted in many different ways

153
Q

objection for information processing

A

we dream things we have not experienced

154
Q

to develop and preserve neural pathways → provide the sleeping brain with periodic stimulation

A

physiological function

155
Q

objection to physiological function

A

why do we experience meaningful dreams

156
Q

REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories that our sleeping brain weaves into stories

A

activation synthesis theory or neural activation

157
Q

content reflects dreamers’ level of knowledge and understanding → simulates our lives and dramatizes our wishes, fears, concerns and interests in striking scenarios that we experience in real events

A

cognitive perspective

158
Q

objection to neural activation

A

the individual’s brain is weaving the stories which still tells us something about the dreamer

159
Q

objection to cognitive development

A

does not propose an adaptive function of dreams

160
Q

continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption or physical risk

A

substance use disorder

161
Q

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

A

psychoactive drug

162
Q

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug’s effect

A

tolerance

163
Q

the user’s brain chemistry adapts to offset the drug effect

A

neuroadaptation

164
Q

the person craves and uses the substance despite its adverse consequences

A

addiction

165
Q

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing and addictive drug or behaviour

A

withdrawal

166
Q

three types of psychoactive drugs

A

depressants
stimulants
hallucinogens

167
Q

drugs that calm neural activity and slow body functions

A

depressants

168
Q

alcohol, barbiturates (tranquilizers) and opiates

A

examples of depressants

169
Q

slows brain activity that control judgement and inhibitions

A

disinhibitors

170
Q

four effects of alcohol

A

slowed neural processing
memory disruption
reduced self-awareness and self-control
expectancy effects

171
Q

makes you feel relaxed as it slows the sympathetic nervous system’s activity

A

slowed neural processing

172
Q

kills nerve cells and reduces the birth of new ones, while impairing the growth of synaptic connections. Can have long term effects on brain and cognition

A

memory disruption

173
Q

why can’t people remember anything from blackouts?

A

alcohol suppresses REM sleep which helps fix the day’s experiences into permanent memories

174
Q

alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawal and a drive to continue problematic use. Can shrink the brain

A

alcohol use disorder or alcoholism

175
Q

three ways women are affected more by alcohol

A

they have less of a stomach enzyme that digests alcohol
can become addicted more quickly
are at higher risk for lung, brain and liver damage at lower consumption levels

176
Q

drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement. Sometimes prescribed to induce sleep or reduce anxiety

A

barbiturates (tranquilizers)

177
Q

depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. During use, pupils constrict, breathing slows and sets of blissful pleasure replace pain and anxiety

A

opiates

178
Q

excites neural activity and speeds up body functions. Pupils dilate, heart and breathing rates increase, blood sugar levels rise, drop in appetite, energy and confidence rise. Used to feel alert, lose weight, or boost mood or athletic performance

A

stimulants

179
Q

caffeine, nicotine, the amphetamines, cocaine, methamphetamine (speed), and Ecstasy

A

examples of stimulants

180
Q

codeine, morphine, methadone and heroin

A

examples of opiates

181
Q

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speed up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

A

the amphetamines

182
Q

a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco

A

nicotine

183
Q

what happens when you smoke a cigarette?

A
  1. within 7 seconds, the central nervous system is signaled to release a flood of neurotransmitters
  2. epinephrine and norepinephrine diminish appetite and boost alertness and mental efficiency
  3. dopamine and opioids calm anxiety and reduce pain
184
Q

produces temporarily increased alertness and euphoria and blocks reuptake of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine

A

cocaine

185
Q

triggers the release of dopamine, which stimulates the brain cells to enhance energy and mood

A

methamphetmaine

186
Q

a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen, triggers dopamine release and releases stored serotonin and blocks its reuptake

A

ecstasy

187
Q

distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

A

hallucinogens

188
Q

three experience stages of hallucinogens

A
  1. begins with simple geometric forms → cobwebs or spirals
  2. moves onto move meaningful images → images placed in tunnels or funnels or replays of past emotional experiences
  3. hallucinations reach its peak → feel separated from their body and experiences realistic dreamlike scenes that can cause panic or harm
189
Q

common visions during near-death experiences

A

vision tunnels, bright lights, replay of old memories and out of body sensations

190
Q

a synthetic powerful hallucinogenic drug

A

LCD or acid

191
Q

the major active ingredient in marijuana; mild hallucinogen that amplifies sensitivity to colors, sounds, tastes

A

marijuana

192
Q

two pleasurable effects of alcohol (depressant)

A

initial high

relaxation and disinhibition

193
Q

four negative effects of alcohol (depressant)

A

depression
memory loss
organ damage
impaired reactions

194
Q

two pleasurable effects of heroin (depressant)

A

rush of euphoria

relief from pain

195
Q

two negative effects of heroin (depressant)

A

depressed physiology

agonizing withdrawal

196
Q

pleasurable effect of caffeine (stimulant)

A

increased alertness

197
Q

four negative effects of caffeine (stimulant)

A

anxiety
restlessness
insomnia in high doses
uncomfortable withdrawal

198
Q

three pleasurable effects of nicotine (stimulant)

A

arousal
relaxation
sense of well being

199
Q

two negative effects of nicotine (stimulant)

A

heart disease

cancer

200
Q

three pleasurable effects of cocaine (stimulant)

A

rush of euphoria
confidence
energy

201
Q

three negative effects of cocaine (stimulant)

A

cardiovascular stress
suspiciousness
depressive crash

202
Q

three pleasurable effects of methamphetamine (stimulant)

A

euphoria
alertness
energy

203
Q

four negative effects of methamphetamine (stimulant)

A

irritability
insomnia
hypertension
seizures

204
Q

two pleasurable effects of ecstasy (stimulant and mild hallucinogen)

A

emotional elevation

disinhibition

205
Q

four negative effects of ecstasy (stimulant and mild hallucinogen)

A

dehydration
overheating
depressed mood
impaired cognitive and immune functioning

206
Q

pleasurable effect of LSD (hallucinogen)

A

visual “trip”

207
Q

negative effect of LSD (hallucinogen)

A

risk of panic and self harm

208
Q

four pleasurable effects of marijuana (mild hallucinogen)

A

enhanced sensation
relief of pain
distortion of time
relaxation

209
Q

three negative effects of marijuana (mild hallucinogen)

A

impaired learning and memory
increase risk of psychological disorders
lung damage

210
Q

three types of influences on disordered drug use

A

biological influences
social-cultural influences
psychological influences

211
Q

two biological influences on disorder drug use

A

genetic predispositions

variations in neurotransmitter systems

212
Q

three social-cultural influences on disorder drug use

A

difficult environment
cultural acceptance of drug use
negative peer influences

213
Q

three psychological influences on disorder drug use

A

lacking sense of purpose
significant stress
psychological disorders, such as depression

214
Q

as we become more practiced at a task, the task becomes more automatic and requires less conscious effort

A

skilled behaviour

215
Q

when we are awake, how we usually see the world, hear, reason and remember

A

normal states of consciousness

216
Q

sleep, dreams, daydreams, hypnotic states, chemically induced states, near death experiences

A

altered states of consciousness

217
Q

sleep is regulated by 2 types of biological rhythms

A

endogenous rhythms

exogenous rhythms

218
Q

the stronger of the two rhythms and are controlled by an internal body clock, but are calibrated or adjusted by means of exogenous time cues. Also controls body functions including core temperature and metabolism

A

endogenous rhythms

219
Q

controlled by external time givers (lightness and darkness or social cues like dinner time)

A

exogenous rhythms

220
Q

the study of relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behaviour

A

behaviour genetics

221
Q

every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

A

environment

222
Q

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

A

chromosome

223
Q

a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes

A

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

224
Q

the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins → small segments of the giant DNA molecules

A

Genes

225
Q

contents of a human cell

A

human cell → nucleus → chromosomes → DNA → genes

226
Q

the complete instructions for making an organism consisting of all the genetic material in that organism’s chromosomes

A

genome

227
Q

develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, thus sharing the same genes → genetically identical

A

identical twins

228
Q

two differences that can occur between identical twins

A

they don’t always have the same number of copies of genes

one twin’s placenta may have a higher nourishment than the other

229
Q

develop from two separate fertilized eggs, no more similar than brothers and sisters

A

fraternal twins

230
Q

a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity, quickly apparent and genetically influenced

A

temperament

231
Q

the extent to which variation among individuals can be attributed to differing genes

A

heritability

232
Q

studies the molecular structure and function of genes

A

molecular biology

233
Q

the study of how the structure and function of genes interact with our environment to influence behaviour → goal is to find some of the many genes that together orchestrate complex traits such as body weight, sexual orientation and impulsivity

A

molecular behaviour genetics

234
Q

studies the molecular mechanisms by which environments can trigger or block genetic expression

A

epigenetics

235
Q

an African butterfly that is green in summer turns brown in fall, thanks to a temperature-controlled genetic switch. The same genes that produced green in one situation will produce brown in another

A

example of how genes are self regulating

236
Q

laid down by our experiences, often organic methyl molecules attached to part of a DNA strand. If it instructs the cell to ignore any gene present in that DNA segment, those genes will be turned off

A

epigenetic marks

237
Q

prevents DNA from producing the proteins normally coded by that gene

A

gene is “turned off”

238
Q

“things written in pen you can’t change. That’s DNA. Things written in pencil you can. That’s epigenetics”

A

.

239
Q

what can effect the epigenetic molecules that regulate gene expression?

A

environmental factors such as diet, drugs and stress

240
Q

focuses mostly on what makes us so much alike as humans

A

evolutionary psychologists

241
Q

the principle that among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

A

natural selection

242
Q

random errors in gene replication

A

mutations

243
Q

our ability to survive and reproduce

A

fitness

244
Q

the inner area of a cell that houses chromosomes and genes

A

nucleus

245
Q

an interdisciplinary field which looks for evolutionary explanations for social behaviours in animals and humans

A

sociobiology

246
Q

compares human behaviour with behaviours observed in other organisms

A

comparitive psychology

247
Q

believed that heredity was the primary factor in determining behaviour (nature)

A

Thorndike (1903)

248
Q

believed that we basically come into the world as a blank slate and that what makes people different is the unique experiences we each have over our lifetimes (nurture)

A

Watson, Freud and Skinner (1925)

249
Q

believed that behaviour is determined entirely by experimental factors since birth

A

Carl Jung (Freud’s student)

250
Q

sucking and grasping, attraction to novel stimuli, desire to explore and manipulate objects, play, fooling around, intimidating others, basic arithmetic, language acquisition

A

examples of innate behaviours

251
Q

behaviours that are not learned

A

innate behaviours

252
Q

heterosexual men often misperceive a woman’s friendliness as a sexual come on → more typical in men who require little emotion closeness for sex

A

sexual over perception bias

253
Q

why do women tend to be choosier than men when selecting sexual partners?

A

women have more at stake, they have to conceive and protect a fetus. Also are limited to how many children they can have

254
Q

why are women attracted to tall men with slim waists and broad shoulders?

A

all signs of reproductive success, prefer men who will offer joint support and protection

255
Q

culture’s guide to how people should act in certain situations

A

social script

256
Q

think that sex with strangers is dangerous or that men wanting casual sex will not offer much pleasure

A

examples of social script

257
Q

does parenting matter?

A

its largest effects are at the extremes → abused children who become abusive, neglected that become neglectful, the love that become self confident and socially competent

258
Q

kids seek out peers with similar attitudes and interests

A

selection effect

259
Q

behaviours, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and passed on through generations

A

culture

260
Q

rules for accepted and expected behaviour

A

norms

261
Q

when we don’t understand what’s expected or accepted

A

culture shock

262
Q

giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identification

A

individualism

263
Q

where is individualism valued more?

A

North America, Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand

264
Q

giving priority to the goals of one’s group and defining one’s identity accordingly

A

collectivism

265
Q

provide a sense of belonging, a set of values, and an assurance of security in collectivist cultures

A

group identification

266
Q

three things that contribute to individualism countries

A

voluntary migration
capitalist economy
sparsely populated environment

267
Q

studying how neurobiology and cultural traits influence each other

A

cultural neuroscience

268
Q

a feeling that what shames the child shames the family, and what brings honour to the family brings honour to the self

A

family self

269
Q

culture’s expectations about what it means to be male or female

A

gender

270
Q

five differences between men and women

A 
women enter puberty a year earlier
women live 5 years longer
women express emotions more freely
women can detect fainter odors
women receive offers of help more often
271
Q

five differences between men and women’s health risks

A

women have twice the risk of depression and anxiety
women have 10 times the risk of eating disorders
men are 4 times more likely to die by suicide or develop an alcohol use disorder
men are more likely to develop autism, color-blindness and ADHD
men are more at risk for antisocial personality disorder

272
Q

any physical or verbal behaviour intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

A

aggression

273
Q

an act of aggression intended to harm a person’s relationship or social standing

A

relational aggression

274
Q

difference between men and women leading styles

A

men are more directive (telling people what they want and how to achieve it) and offer opinions while women are more democratic (welcoming others input in decision making) and offer support

275
Q

more common in women, brains that are wired to improve social relationships → tend to befriend

A

interdependent

276
Q

“men prefer working with things and women prefer working with people”

A

.

277
Q

two ways biology influences gender

A

genetically → different sex chromosomes

physiologically → different concentrations of sex hormones which trigger other anatomical differences

278
Q

the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two and males have one. One from each parent produce a female child

A

x chromosome

279
Q

the sex chromosome found only in males

A

y chromosome

280
Q

triggered after 7 weeks by a single gene in the y chromosome, the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males ad females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates growth of male sex organs and development of male sex characteristics during puberty

A

testosterone

281
Q

a 2 year period of sexual maturation, a flood of hormones when a person becomes capable of reproducing

A

puberty

282
Q

the body structures (ovaries, testes and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

A

primary sex characteristics

283
Q

non reproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality ad body hair

A

secondary sex characteristics

284
Q

first ejaculation and puberty landmark for boys

A

spermarche

285
Q

the first menstrual period and landmark for girls

A

menarche

286
Q

four stresses that can cause early menarche

A

father abuse
sexual abuse
insecure attachments
history of mother smoking during pregnancy

287
Q

an inherited condition that involves unusual development of sex chromosomes and anatomy, when a fetus is exposed to unusual levels of sex hormones

A

disorder of sexual development

288
Q

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position out to behave

A

role

289
Q

a set of expected behaviours, attitudes and traits for males or for females

A

gender roles

290
Q

our personal sense of being male, female or a combination of the two

A

gender identity

291
Q

the theory that we learn social behaviour by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

A

social learning theory

292
Q

taking on a traditional masculine or feminine role

A

gender typing

293
Q

displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics

A

androgyny

294
Q

four biological influences on individual development

A

shared human genome
individual genetic variations
prenatal environment
sex related genes, hormones, and physiology

295
Q

four psychological influences on individual developent

A

gene environment interaction
neurological effect of early experiences
responses evoked by our own temperament, gender etc.
beliefs, feelings and expectations

296
Q

social cultural influences on individual development

A

parental influences
peer influences
cultural individualism and collectivism
cultural gender norms

297
Q

the tendency to believe after learning the outcome that one would have foreseen it → i knew it all along

A

hindsight bias

298
Q

four steps of scientific method

A
  1. theory
  2. hypothesis
  3. operational definition
  4. replication
299
Q

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and implies predictions that anyone can use to check or to derive practical implications

A

theory

300
Q

a testable prediction implied by a theory

A

hypothesis

301
Q

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

A

intuition

302
Q

think we know more than we do

A

overconfidence

303
Q

three ways we overestimate our intuition

A

hindsight bias
overconfidence
perceive patterns

304
Q

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence and assesses conclusions

A

critical thinking

305
Q

a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study

A

operational definition

306
Q

repeating the essences of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances → confirmation

A

replication

307
Q

three ways a theory is useful

A

organizes a range of self reports and observations
implies predictions
stimulates further research that can lead to a revised theory

308
Q

three ways to test hypothesesn and refine theories

A

descriptive methods
correlational methods
experimental methods

309
Q

describe behaviours, often through case studies, surveys or naturalistic observation

A

descriptive methods

310
Q

associate different factors

A

correlational methods

311
Q

manipulate factors to discover effects

A

experimental methods

312
Q

three types of descriptive methods

A

case studies
surveys
naturalistic observation

313
Q

in depth analysis of individuals and groups

A

case studies

314
Q

watching and recording the natural behaviour of many individuals

A

naturalistic observation

315
Q

all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

A

population

316
Q

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

A

random sample

317
Q

a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

A

correlation

318
Q

a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1.00 to +1.00)

A

correflation coefficient

319
Q

a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation)

A

scatterplot

320
Q

the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back toward the average

A

regression towards the mean

321
Q

when we believe there is a relationship between two things, we are likely to notice and recall instances that confirm our belief

A

illusory correlation

322
Q

a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variable) to observe the effect on some behaviour or mental process (dependent variable)

A

experiement

323
Q

in an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is to one version of the independent variable

A

experimental group

324
Q

in the experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

A

control group

325
Q

assigning participants experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between different groups

A

random assignment

326
Q

an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies

A

double blind procedure

327
Q

experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behaviour caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active ingredient

A

placebo effect

328
Q

in an experiment, a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect

A

cofounding variable

329
Q

weakness of descriptive method

A

no control of variables; single cases may be miseading

330
Q

weakness of correlational method

A

cannot specify cause and effect

331
Q

weakness of experimental method

A

sometimes not feasible; results may not generalize to other contexts; not ethical to manipulate certain variables

332
Q

giving potential participants enough information about a study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

A

informed consent

333
Q

the postexperimental examination of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

A

debriefing

334
Q

the most frequently occurring scores in a distribution

A

mode

335
Q

the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores

A

mean

336
Q

the middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it

A

median

337
Q

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

A

range

338
Q

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

A

standard deviation

339
Q

a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean and fewer and fewer near the extremes

A

normal curves

340
Q

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

A

statistical significance

341
Q

researchers must ensure the “comfort, health and humane treatment” or animals and minimize “infection, illness, and pain”

A

American Psychological Association (APA)

342
Q

Code of ethics

A

informed consent before the experiment
protect them from harm and discomfort
keep information about individual participants confidential
fully debrief people afterward

343
Q

when is observed difference reliable

A

representative samples are better than biased samples

less variable observations are more reliable than those that are more variable

more cases are better than fewer

344
Q

when is observed difference significant

A

statistical significance

indicates like likelihood that a result will happen by chance but does not say anything about the importance of the result

the observed difference is probably not due to chance variation between the sample

PSYC 101 (2 decks)

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