Midterm Flashcards

Question

Imperial model of citizenship

Answer 1

o Pre-French and American revolutions, being subject of the same ruler • In effect in UK until 1980s

Answer 2

o Definition of belonging to the nation in terms of ethnicity, exclusion of minorities (Germany) • Your blood is what counts • Born to German parents in Russia, get German passport • Born in Germany to Turkish parents and lived there for rest of life, but can’t get German citizenship

Answer 3

o Nation as a political community, based on constitution, laws and citizenship, with the possibility of admitting newcomers so long as they adhere to the political rules and are willing to adopt the national culture

Answer 4

o Similar to the republican model, defining the nation as political community, yet newcomers maintain their distinctive cultures and form ethnic communities, providing they conform to national laws (ex. Canada)

Answer 5

o Still a mystery o Multiple and differentiated forms of belonging with consequences for democratic institutions and political belonging in future • Left: criticism. Nation-state time is ending. Only been effective for the last 2 centuries. Almost irrelevant. People have multiple nationalities etc. • Transnational citizenship: only EU citizenship • French could be running for European parliament from Luxemburg and vote in local elections in Luxemburg

Answer 6

• Does migration encourages development in the countries of origin or hinder it? (Brain drain v. brain gain) o Brain drain • State invests in you through free education for you • You then leave to go work somewhere else • Emigration often arises through development and social transformation, but inn turn brings further change in origin societies • Remittances are instrumental improving conditions in home countries • What is development? For Amartya Sen, it is the process of expanding the substantive freedoms that people enjoy – the ability of human beings to lead life they have reason to value and to enhance the substantive choices they have • Thus the measurement for Sen should be if real capabilities of people to control their own lives have expanded – social transformation v progress at micro level

Answer 7

Control, security, incorporation Control: : role of states regarding borders, what shapes capacity to control Security: impact of migration on the institutions of sovereignty and citizenship; relation between migration and foreign policy and national security o Sovereignty- dependent on having control over certain territory o With migration, the state starts to lose control Incorporation: how migration affect political behavior, citizenship, national identity, role of the state in incorporation

Answer 8

• For triggering a sense of crisis that is beyond control of states and communities o Although only 3% of the population is on the move, they cause many policy changes and social unrest at times • Discussion focuses on 3 major issues o Abundance or scarcity of resources o Social or human capital of migrants o How well they integrate to new societies

Answer 9

``` o Distributional • Who gets what, when, how o Legal • Sovereignty and legitimacy o Normative • Justice and participation ```

Answer 10

Realism • What is happening inside state doesn’t matter • Maximizing security • Act as a state only no type of gov Transnationalism • More left on political system • Transnational “clubs” Liberal institutionalism • Critical of nation-state • Nation-state will disappear and we will evolve to something else • States are not unitary • Unpack national interest and look at multiplicity of social economic groups which compete to influence states

Answer 11

Age of discovery and colonialism (15-18th century) • Extracting resources 1850-1914 • Age of mass migration in Europe and North America 1914 • Times of xenophobia, economic stagnation and restrictions o WWI 1945-1970s • Time of rapid and sustained economic growth and the age of new migration, emergence of guest migration systems and colonial workers • Migration encouraged o Guest workers were welcomed • Temporary migration Post 1970s • Age of globalization, restriction and transition • 1973: oil crisis After 1945: keep the capital of production in the developed world After 1970s: get rid of restrictions, make as globalized as possible From the end of the Middle Ages, the development of European states and their colonization of the rest of the world triggered a new wave of migration in different forms In Western Europe migration was important part of social and economic life since mid 17th century. It played a vital role in modernization and industrialization. The period of 1950 to 1914 was the time of mass migration in Europe and N America

Answer 12

o 1650-1850 *as forerunner of modern labor migration o It was the basis of commodity production in the plantations and mines of the new world o Forced migration o People left land because they couldn’t keep up with slave owners • Go to urban areas (urbanization)  Paired with industrialization o Chattel slavery prompted triangular trade o By 1770 there were nearly 2.5 million slaves in the Americas producing a third of total value of European commerce

Answer 13

Goods from Europe go to W African taking slaves and heading to Caribbean and America where slaves were sold for cash that was used to buy plantation products then shipped back to Europe

Answer 14

1807 in the UK, 1865 US south • Indentured workers replaced slaves after mid 19th century. They remained as free settlers in East Africa, the Caribbean and else where (12 to 37 million workers between 1834 and 1941 was involved)

Answer 15

• Motive was the emergence of global empires, constructing a world market, dominated by merchant capital • Slaves were part of this market, bought and sold by specialized traders • “Slaves were economic property and were subjected to harsh forms of control to maximize their output” • By late 19th century slavery was replaced by indentured workers (cheaper than slaves for employers) • Merchant capitalism is distinguished from capitalism by the lack of industrialization of commercial finance. This is the stage of capital accumulation that prepared the groundwork for industrial capitalism o Revenue was used for industrialization

Answer 16

* Industrial revolutions of 18th and 19th century enabled by capital accumulation as a result of colonialism. Profits from the colonies were invested in new forms of manufacture and commercial farming (as a result of enclosure) * Open field system vs. enclosure leading to displaced farmers * Displaced farmers moved to urban cities and became laborers. Artisans also joined them as wage earners * Peak of industrial revolution was the main period of British migration to America: between 1800 and 1860, 66% of migrants were from Britain and 22% were German

Answer 17

• Migration was towards outside of Europe as well as intra-Europe till 20th century • Beginning of WWI, many migrants went back home to fight for their countries. Once labor shortage emerged, movement restrictions and forced labor practices emerged • French gov set up recruitment systems for workers and soldiers from North Africa and China as well as Southern Europe o France reduced family size to keep their family wealth in their family • Wealth will go to one kid vs. getting split up o Need more people: migration • Interwar period was a reduced international migration period because of crisis and economic stagnation as well as due to hostilities to migrants o Depression o When people are out of jobs they tend to scapegoat: migrants • US congress enacted laws in 1920s to prevent entry from regions but Northwest Europe, which slowed migratory movements til 1960s o Bring in quotas for Asians • Yet, 1914-1950 period was the time of internal movements in America, where African Americans moved to different pats of the country to flee segregation and exploitation • In the meantime ’Americanization programs’ were run

Answer 18

• Main logic of development concentration of investment and expansion of production in developed countries • 3 types of migration contributed ethnic diversity in developed countries  From European peripheries – guest workers • Turks to Germany  From former colonies to Europe • India to UK • Algeria to France  Permanent migration to N America and Oceania from Europe, Asian and Latin America • All led to family reunification and chain migration • Immigration in this period was mostly dominated by economic motivations • Controversial arguments about benefits of migration to receiving countries’ economies • Increasing diversity of areas of origin and cultural differences

Answer 19

• Post-oil crisis restructuring the world economy; capital investment in new industrial areas and introduction of new technologies  Oil crisis: oil producers led by Saudi Arabia and other countries like Iran protested against US military support to Israel by raising oil prices  US leave Bretton-Wood system • Epoch of globalization, resulting in changing investment patterns from developed to developing world • Defined by neo-liberal policies, promoting economic deregulation and flexibilization of labor markets, privatization of state enterprises • Capital becoming mobile towards developing countries, leading to mass dismissal of factory and mine workers

Answer 20

* Decline of gov organized labor migration to W Europe * Family reunification of former foreign and colonial workers, and formation of new ethnic minorities * Transition of south and central European countries from emigration to transit and immigration countries * Continuation of migration to ‘classical immigration countries’ but chancing countries of origin * New migratory movements linked to economic and social change in the new industrial countries

Answer 21

authority, legitimacy, power • Legitimacy: right and acceptance of an authority  Consent to be governed by • Power: making someone do something you’d like them to do • Authority: right to exercise power

Answer 22

o 2 main components • 1 the land given as fief for a limited time in return for military services • 2 the land used for agriculture by using peasants, subordinate to the lord who provides protection o There would be several layers of hierarchy, competing forms of power and authority o Power more personal and local in focus o Monarch, first among equals o Powerful lords restrained the power of the king, who felt obliged to consult with them – hence early forms of parliament emerged

Answer 23

o Emerged around 14 to 16th century o “Strengthening of a unified territorial rule, absorption of weaker and smaller territories into stronger and larger ones, tightening of law, order and security throughout the kingdom; the application of a more unitary, continuous, calculable and effective rule” o Borders overlapped with limits of effective uniform system of law, order and administration o Relations between states became formalized o It concentrated all power in one secular center (same time as reformation)

Answer 24

o Geographical discoveries, accumulation of capital in the hands of a new class • Bourgeoisie class • Had economic power but no say in how they were ruled o Commercial expansion undermining absolutism o “A new kind of bourgeois civilization began to appear” o A mercantile and commercial classes negotiating for political rights

Answer 25

``` common characteristics • Power is shared  Among population that can vote • Rights for participation defined by law  Why you write constitutions/law • Wide base of representation • Secular state power • Boundaries of national sovereignty clearly defined ```

Answer 26

REVIEW o Security should be at the center to understand state behavior of 3rd world states (internal vs. external security) o Reduced the deep sense of insecurity from which 3rd world states and reigns suffer domestically and internationally o Power seen not as an end in itself but as an instrument to ease the security predicament o The need to be understand state-making process in the 3rd world o Weakness of 3rd toward 2 organizing principles of international social life • 1 sovereign state  Not sovereign enough so that they cannot make own decisions  Vulnerable to outside intervention • 2 international market  Vulnerable

Answer 27

• The expansion and consolidation of the territorial and demographic domain under a political authority. o State’s ability to accumulate power. State building is the process by which the state not only grows in economic productivity and government coercion, but, also, in political and institutional power” o State power: power as national capabilities; power as political capacity (legitimacy); power as institutional coherence o Level of security enjoyed by a state has a positive correlation with the degree of stateness achieved by the state o Stateness defined as balance of coercive capacity, infrastructural power and unconditional dress o Early in the state-making process in Europe many parties shared the right to use violence... bandits, pirates kings, tax o Lack of state-ness prevents 3rd world countries from imposing a legitimate political order at home and from participating effectively in international system. It makes them vulnerable to external pressures- political, military, economic, from other developed states, international institutions, and transnational actors

Answer 28

In the area of ‘organized violence’ states have 4 major activities: 1. War making: eliminating rivals and threats outside 2. State making: eliminating rival and threats inside (policing) 3. Protection: eliminating the enemies of their clients 4. Extraction: acquiring the means of carrying out previous 3 activities All these depends on state’s success in ‘monopolizing and concentrating the means of coercion in its own hands within the territory and among the population it controls’

Answer 29

A. It is based on 2 assumptions 1. Threats to state security come from outside borders 2. Mostly military threats B. Yet in the 3rd world, insecurity emanates from within the borders C. Security is defined in relation to vulnerabilities that threaten or have the potential to bring down or weaken state structures, both territorial and institutional, and governing regimes D. Ayoob’s description of western polities as “national states that have largely solved their legitimacy problems, possess representative governments that preside over socially mobile populations that are relatively homogeneous and usually affluent and free from want.”

Answer 30

• Lack of internal cohesion o Economic and social divisions • Lack of unconditional legitimacy o Boundaries, state institutions, governing elites o Susceptibility to internal and inter-state conflicts • Distorted and dependent development econ and social o Marginalization in terms of dominant, international security and economic concerns • Easy permeability by external actors o Developed or transnational corporations

Answer 31

As ideology exerted influence in American and French revolution Came into play in 19th and 20th century to socially analyze instead of historical inquiry • Only after anti-colonial and ethnic nationalisms in 1960s it has become a subject of serious investigation o Decolonization --> Anti-colonial movements o covers a broad area of major concepts ranging from race to ethnic conflict, immigration to genocide, requires inter-disciplinary

Answer 32

a shared communal ID with one’s nation cultural and political aspects The idea of sacrificing ones self for nation Originally a concept of self-determination. I am not a part of a massive colony. Freedom and sovereignty Against imperialism Era of empire ends with nationalism Form of ID that compete with other kinds of collective identity (region, gender, religious community, class) New. Close connection to modernity. Middle ages no communal cultural

Answer 33

a named human population sharing a historic territory, common myths and historical memories, a mass, public culture, a common economy and common legal rights and duties for all the members

Answer 34

ethnicity language religion common history, descent and culture Almost no real nation passes this test

Answer 35

self-awareness solidarity loyalty collective will

Answer 36

shared commitment to the public institutions of the state and civil society. It envisages the nation as a community of equal, rights-bearing citizens, united in patriotic attachment to a shared set of political practices and values. Nationalism as subjective and individualistic -- a desire for citizenship in a modern state

Answer 37

emphasizes common descent and common culture. Exclusive in nature. What makes the nation a nation is their language, religion, customs, and traditions. Commitment to primordial loyalties!

Answer 38

causes of nationalism, its relationship to modernization and to political power, and if it is a weak or a strong agent of change

Answer 39

1. Primordialists 2. Ethnosymbolists 3. Modernists

Answer 40

Nations always existed as an ancient phenomena and a natural part of history Example: German Romantics 1000 yrs ago, core elements remain Emphasis on common language and thinking process Ethnic identity as a fixed entity Past defines and determines present

Answer 41

Ethnic communities evolved to nations Nations respond to real human needs (ontological assumption) Past constrains the present Modern nations can only grow out of certain ethnicities, under the impact of the literary development of a vernacular and the pressure of the state Social reality behind ethnic names has gone through radical transformation through history as a result of changing allegiances, intermarriages, transformations, and appropriations. What remained constant was names. A. Smith combining primordialist and modernist thinking, distinguishing nation and ethnicity “Ethnicity is socially constructed and manipulated in intergroup struggles for power; but it is also an identity having deep historical roots that are more than simply political convenient mythical constructions.” As a result of nationalism, ethnic differences became politicized, culminating in the defintion of political community Modernity transformed identities but did not create it!

Answer 42

Imagined Communities by Benedict Anderson Past is exploited by the present! Kedorie: politics replacing religion as a key to salvation God and nation can be interchangeable (Jihad) Gellner: nationalism is rooted in modernity, the need of modern societies for cultural homogeneity Hobsbawm (Marxist): the nation was one of many traditions “invented” by political elite in order to legitimize their power in a century of revolution and democratization Fukuyama: “nationalism did not exist in pre-industrial societies. It was born out of a process of industrialization, because economic modernization requires a common linguistic culture and vastly higher levels of mass education based in common language.” The formation of modern national communities took place once institutional structures for the organization of political authority has developed What is novel about modern nationalism is not political self-consciousness, but the world system of nation-states. Only in the last century this system is seen as the only legitimate form of polity.

Answer 43

``` A collective proper name A myth of common ancestry Shared historical memories One or more differentiating elements of common culture An association with a specific homeland Jews Kurds A sense of solidarity for significant sectors of the population ```

Answer 44

-Legal relationship between the individual and the polity -Fundamental obligation: providing security -Link to nation-state, for “sedentary” people Examples: Ethnically -- German citizenship Place of Birth-- United States Bedouins -- stateless Arab nomads

Answer 45

``` Membership to a polity (citizenship) Incorporation of ‘others’ Cosmopolitan vs. communitarianism Cosmopolitan Loyalty to broader human kind, comes with diversity John Locke liberalism Individual comes before community Communitarianism: Community comes before individual ```

Answer 46

Policies that recognize one another’s independence Analytical ideal (model of political, social, cultural organization) vs. normative ideal (model for political, social, cultural organization) The idealized version assumes a tight coupling of the nation and the state: a link is assumed between state territory, national territory, national culture and citizenry A concept built on the assumption of internally homogenous, externally bounded political, legal, social, cultural, and economic space States converged on formal structures and responsibilities yet diverge on their ‘nation-stateness’ (mono-ethnic, binational or multinational and complex multi-ethnic policies) and capabilities

Answer 47

Frontiers of the state in terms of its territory should overlap with frontiers of nation Polity and culture should be congruent, cultural homgeneity within states State territory and citizenry should be harmonious, all permanent residents being citizens and vice versa All ethno cultural nationals should be citizens and all citizens should be nationals

Answer 48

Jus soli - right to citizenship granted by land | Jus sanguinis - right to citizenship granted by “blood”

Answer 49

people with an external ‘homeland’ might emerge from migration or movement of borders over people Irish in early American history Minority populations who do not have an external ‘homeland’ (ex: ethno-religious, ethno-racial and indigenous minorities). Politics of belonging generated by absence of movement in social space. Native Americans Persistent legacies of empire, expansion of borders in time Puerto Ricans

Answer 50

nation-state is the decisive locus of membership

Answer 51

transnational citizenship is in the making Temporariness is a formal characteristic that all contemporary labor migration systems share. Migrants are expected to go home at times of unemployment Inclusionary model of 19th century vs. exclusionary model of 20th century (Guest workers are not expected to partake in the national culture or polity)

Answer 52

Transformation in the organization of the international state system: increasing interdependence and connectedness, emergence of transnational political structures that complicate and limit state sovereignty and jurisdiction Emergence of universalist rules and conceptions regarding the rights of the individual

Answer 53

process at the individual or social level Commonly cited indicators: migrants’ level of satisfaction with their life in host country, adherence to values of society, occupational achievements and income mobility, educational level of their children, rates of intermarriage, relative absence of discrimination

Answer 54

wider process that takes place independently of the integration Focusing on the institutions of host society instead of cultural background

Answer 55

foreigners who are long-term residents and who possess substantial rights and privileges • Linked to the existence of a mature “welfare state”: elaborate distribution machinery and the ‘ethos of equality’ of the welfare state have led to the widening of the scope of citizenship in European societies • Crucial determinant is residency not citizenship • For Soysal the incorporation of guestowrkers is no more expansion of the scope of national citizenship, nor is it an irregularity. Rather, it reveals a profound transformation in the institution of citizenship, both n its institutional logic and in the way it is legitimated. To locate this we have to go beyond the nation-state

Answer 56

Modern state ensuring and distributing collective goods like welfare, employment, education, and enhancing individuals as productive entities Expansion of public space and incorporation of everyone as members of the polity Through this incorporation citizenship rights were established as well as national institutions. In the postwar era, even foreign populations were incorporated into the institutions of the polity All states develop a set of legal rules, discursive practices, and organizational structures that define the status of foreigners vis-a-vis the host state

Answer 57

Locus of Action and Authority (y) vs. Organizational Configuration (x) ``` Centralized Decentralized Society I. Corporatist Sweden, Netherlands II. Liberal Switzerland, Britain State III. Statist France IV. Fragmental Gulf oil countries ```

Answer 58

The EU Less important but new, alternative sense of belonging: EU citizen Transnational civil society Transnational social and political communities founded as a result of trans-border migration Global sense of solidarity and identification, party out of humanitarian convictions

Answer 59

new places where various globalization processes and new forms of power might emerge. They concentrate both the leading sectors of global capital and a growing share of disadvantaged populations The extent to which global is embedded and filtered through national, is a way to understand if there is a way for citizens to demand accountability of global economic actors through national institutional channels National and global are not mutually exclusive domains, it is important to develop forms of participatory politics that decenter, and sometimes transcend national political life, and to learn how to practice democracy across borders. Hence support the post-national citizenship. Human rights regime is an example New conditions of inequality and difference and new forms of claim making may result in the transformation of institutions By expanding formal citizenship, nation states contribute to the conditions that will eventually would facilitate key aspects of post-national and denationalized citizenship. Globalization enables claim making to be directed to other institutions than nation states. Seeking rights through UN system.

Answer 60

a perceived or actual freedom from the threat or use of organized violence for political purposes

Answer 61

military, political, societal, economic, environmenta

Answer 62

• Bring in new sectors of security o Not just military but environmental, economic security o New sectors -> new security

Answer 63

wrote book on concept of security Prof. Ole Wæver - Securitisation Theory -an extraordinary threat legitimizes extraordinary measures by the global community -”our nation, state, etc” must survive this extraordinary threat, not just “this is a massive threat” -ex: global warming? -Anyone can name and denounce a threat--but the crucial decision is taken by the relevant audience -Subjectivity in defining what is a threat and what is not -Convincing the public of the threat -Canadian tanks on the US border would not be much of a threat compared to Cuban tanks on the US border

Answer 64

1 Cultural: perception that migrants challenging the cultural status quo, 2 Socioeconomic: perception that migrants pose socioeconomic threat 3 Political: perception of migrants as potentially politically disloyal or subversive

Answer 65

End of the Cold War transformed the nature and function of national borders in ways that increasingly securitize migration and lead to a greater policing of national borders Security impacts of refugee flows and the role of mobilized diasporas were already discussed before 9/11 Migrants seen as ‘5th column’ during times of war or crisis Mainstream security studies scholars dismissed such views

Answer 66

1994 UNDP Development Report (freedom from want and fear [political oppression]) 7 Focus Areas: economy, food, health, environment, personal, community, political The frequent insecurity of the people of poorer countries is often forgotten in discussions of state security, yet the two are closely linked

Answer 67

Sovereignty, state capacity and autonomy (border control and national security): ability of states to maintain control over their territory and national purpose” The balance of power between states (state’s ability to exercise and project economic, military and diplomatic power) The nature of violent conflict in the international system

Answer 68

regulating who enters and deciding who is entitled to membership in the polity Border control Formulating a coherent national identity -Increased pressure on states to curb their sovereignty through exchange of information about security -Establishment of Homeland Security after 9/11

Answer 69

Maintaining control over their own populations LImiting access to labor markets and public goods Maintaining internal security

Answer 70

Size of a state’s population, natural resources, territory, economy, and military strength are the most basic measures of its power Migration policy can be a tool for states to exercise their national interest. From perspective of demographics, migration can make a difference to state’s power. Advanced industrialized countries have aging populations Migration influences 3 core areas of state power: economic, military, and diplomatic. Do states have the capacity to design and implement effective policies that harness the power of migration?

Answer 71

- Recessions generally entail migration restrictions | - Economic prosperity encourages laxer migration regulations among countries

Answer 72

the gap between the goals and results of national immigration policy is growing wider in the major industrial democracies, thus provoking greater public hostility towards immigrants in general

Answer 73

policy instruments for controlling irregular migration, the results or efficacy of immigration control measures and integration policies are converging

Answer 74

combining better enforcement with legal rules about migration -giving amnesty to long time illegal immigrants

Answer 75

70s capitalist system leads to poverty. politics, military (hard and soft power) of "superstructure" or "core" ensure flow from poor to rich