Midterm Flashcards
Conceptions of Deviance
objectively given vs. subjectively give
normative conception v. relativist conception
positivist perpesctive vs. constructionist perspective
Objectively Given
assumes a general set of norms exists
norms
rules of behavior that guide people’s behaviors
Types of Norms
folkways
mores
laws
folkways
everyday norms
basic mannerisms
simple dailey activities that do not cause a ruckus
mores
moral norms
have god moral connection will upset people more than folkways
laws
backed by official sanctions
violation of a rule understood by the majority of the group
subjectively problematic conception
deviance is constructed based on the interactions of those in society
Positivist/normative definition for deviance
a violation of a rule understood by the majority of the group
critical conception
deviance is based on the socio, economic, political statuses in society; behaviors or conditions are not inherently deviant
How is deviance established with a critical conception
by those in power to maintain and enhance their power
Sociological imagination
idea that everyone acts under certain societal, institutional, and historical restrictions that shape them as individuals
importance of theory
helps us systematically think about deviance
why is it important to systematically study deviance
theory forces us to focus on the interplay
suppression
the social control of deviance
what do suppression policies focus on?
punishment and social control of behavior deemed deviant
Rehabilitation programs
focus on groups or individuals deemed deviant in an attempt to change this assumed devoant behavior
prevention programs
focus on groups or individuals more at risk for deviant behavior or they may be focused on decreasing the likelihood of deviance in all groups equally
what is deviance reflective of?
norms and attitudes depending on time, place, and perscpecive
Types of Physical Deviance
aesthetic norms
physical incapacity
aesthetic norm
what people should look like according to norms of height, weight, and the absence or presence of disfigurement
physical incapactiy
those with physical disability
elite deviance
criminal and deviant acts by the largest corporations and the
most powerful political organizations
acts by elites that cause harm
physical harms
financial harms
moral harms
types of acts by elites
economic domination
governmental control
denial of basic human rights
types of deviance
physical relationship workplace elite cyber
Positive deviance
behavior that significantly departs from norms in honorable ways
SAM
a super awesome chick
subculture
a group within a group that contains in own set of norms
internal validity
how well the experiment is done
no confounding variables
random assignment
external validity
how well a study can be applied to the real world
Quasi-experimental designs:
adaptation to experimental
strategies
what is different about quasi experimenttal
focus less on internal validity
external is enhanced
gold standard
experiments
gold mine
surveys
ways to study deviance
Experimental Research
2) Field Research
3) Participant Observation Research
4) Content Analysis
5) Secondary Data Sources
types of field research
covert
overt
covert observation
takes place when the researcher is fully engaged in the acts along with the deviant group
overt observation
takes plae when the researcher is not participating in the acts or events of the group being studied
successful content analysis
Have a solid research question
• Have a reasonably good understanding of the population
of the materials/sources of interest
• Have a strategy for sampling records of communication
• Be systematic in your approach to extracting and coding
themes
IRB
Institutional Review Boards have been established to assist universities and
research institutions in protecting human subjects during the research process.
requirements of ethics
Participation must be voluntary
- Informed consent must be obtained
- Confidentiality and Anonymity
- Institutional Review Board oversees research
Anomie
state of normlessness where society failts to effectively regulate the expectations or behaviors of its members
why do strain theories develop
they are patterns in response to conditions individuals or groups have little control over
what do strain theories assume
social order is the product of cohesive set of norms
norms are shared by society and its members
response to deviance is to maintain order
Emile Durkheim
believed that anomie results from a breakdown in the regulation of goals and that deviance is a result of lack or regulation with unlimited desires and needs
merton
anomie results from strained differences in cultural goals and legitimate means
Mertons adaptations to strain
conformity innovation Ritualism Retreatism rebellion
conformity
acceptance of cultural goals for success
and wealth, legit means to achieve
Innovation
acceptance of cultural goals for success
and wealth, illegitimate means to achieve
Ritualism
abandoned goals for success and wealth, legit means to
make a living
Retreatism
abandoned goals for success and wealth, illegitimate
means to make living
rebellion
don’t play by the rules, reject the cultural goal of
success/wealth attainment and replace it with another primary goal,
either legitimate or illegitimate means to achieve goals
Forms of subculture made from the lack of legitimate means in hoods
criminal
conflict
retreatist
criminal subculture
lower class boys with open illegitimate opportunities
conflict subculture
lower class without illegitimate or legitimate opportunities socially disorganized
retreatist subculture
double failures
Agnew’s view
General Strain Thory
General Strain Theory
People are pressured into crime
bloom from negative relationships
types of negative relationships (GST)
Prevent or threaten to prevent achievement
remove or threaten to remove positive stimuli
present or threaten to present negative stimuli
path of GST
strain
anger, frustration
deviant behavior
types of strain likely to lead to deviant behavior
high amts of strain
strain percieved as unjust
strain associated with low self control
strain creates more pressure of incentive for criminal coping
The American Dream
“anything goes” for pursing personal goals (monetary)
Values within the american dream
achievement
individualism
universalism
materialism
achievement
connetect to personal worth
individualism
everyone should find a way to “make it”
universalism
encouragement of all to aspire to succes and wealth attainment
materialism
money is te main way to measure success and wealth in America
criticisms of anomie and strain theories
difficult to measure a whole societies goals and means
assumes money is held superior universally
class bias
Prison Entrepreneurship program
• A non-profit program that trains and socializes inmates to prepare them for
conforming business opportunities
defy ventures
A non-profit funded and managed by entrepreneurs and venture capitalist
• Believe that former drug dealers and gang members share similar skills with
top business leaders
original social disorgnization theory
deviance results from the lack of communication and sisorganization within a community
Social Sources of deliquency
cultural deviance
strain
social disorganization
Sampson and Grove
low interconnectability between people
bad relationshsips
broken windows
disorder leads to greater disorder
individual efficacy
an indiv ability to accomplish a task
collective efficacy
hoods ability to recognize common goals of a safe environment
Social cohesion
trust between neighbors
Differential Association Theory
Criminal behavior is learned.
2. Criminal behavior is learned in interaction and communication with others
3. Intimate personal groups is the principle part of learning crime
4. learning criminal behavior includes (a) techniques and (b) specific direction of motives, drives,
rationalizations, and attitudes
5. The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from definitions of the legal code as
favorable or unfavorable
6. An excess of definitions favorable to violation of the law = delinquent
7. Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity
8. Same mechanisms are involved in learning crime as involved in any other learning
9. Criminal behavior is not explained by general needs and values, because noncriminal behavior is
an expression of the same needs and values
Social Learning theory
differential applied to operant conditioning
social learning theory concepts
learned through operant
learned in asocial and social through reinforcement
learned from primary group reinforcement
definitions
attitudes beliefs or rationalizations
four concepts from social learning theory
definitions
differential assoc
differential reinforcement
imitation
differential assoc
definitions are learned through contact with others
differential reinforcement
likelihood of rewards and punishments will reinforce or diminih
characteristics of social structure affecting social learning
differental social organization
differential location in the social structure
theoretically defined structural variables
differential social location in groups
differential social organization
structural correlates of crime
differential location in the social structure
social and demograph chracteristics of individuals defining role in larger social structure
theoretically defined structural variables
anomie, class oppression, social disorganization, group conflict, patriarcy
differential social location in groups
membership in various groups
criticisms of differential association
too much focus on juvenile
cant explain some behaviors
cultural deviance theory
Subcultural explanations emphasize the values, beliefs,
rituals and practices of subgroups in society that
distinguish them from the larger society
child rearing practices according to cultural deviance theory
decent
street
decent families
strict and focused on the values of mainstream
society
street families
raised to deal with problems aggressively, violently;
street wise
social bond comprised of
attachment
commitment
involvement
belief
attachment
the emotional component of the bond
be don’t deviate bc we care about what others think
commitment
a rational bond, commitment to conventional society
involvement
an involvement in conformist activities leave less time for deviance
belief
an awareness or understand and agreement with the rules and norms influence deviance conformity
18th century view on social control
indiv are rational hedonistic and free-willed
internal social control
internal discussion not to commit crime
rules and norms instilled in child
external social control
external discussion not to commit crime
rules and norms set by society, indirectly
power-control theory
workforce affects patriarchal attitudes
General theory of crime
all behavior is to maximize pleasure and minimize pain
six elements that construct low self control
Criminal acts provide immediate gratification of desires
- Criminal acts provide easy or simple gratification of desires
- Criminal acts are exciting, risky, or thrilling
- Crimes provide few or meager long-term benefits
- Crimes require little skill or planning
- Crimes often result in pain or discomfort for the victim
life course persistent group`
device stems from neuro developmental processes
adolescence limited
larger group; deviance stems from social processes and over time will stop engaging in deviant
