Midterm Flashcards

Question

St. Thomas Aquinas

Answer 1

Lined up catholic teachings with thoughts of Aristotle Priest and philosopher Anything good for body is good for god Mental health and physical well-being are related Believed everyone was born into original blessing (good)

Answer 2

Treatise des Medicine - four humours Came up with bloodletting to balance airs Wrote "On Hygiene" - Naturals - given at birth (women were less perfect version of males/inverted penis) - Non-naturals - Contra naturals - disease Believed that life process sustained by food which went into blood (food-blood-air all linked)

Answer 3

Obsessed with human perfection - proportions Vitruvian man (devine proportion) Mona lisa, the last supper More realistic (no hyper muscularization)

Answer 4

One of first dissections and wrote about it in lessons of anatomy

Answer 5

The greatest anatomist from University of Padua | His cadavers are posing though

Answer 6

inventor of the printing press | "Man of the millennium"

Answer 7

Wrote De Arte Gymnasticae He followed galen and urged for gymnastics for health His body types followed the Farnese Hercules Discus, MMA, wrestling like exercises in his book

Answer 8

Made the Farnese Hercules Sculpture | It was hyper-masculine, mesomorphic, proportioned, bag of muscles

Answer 9

``` Air Food/drink Sleep/wake Motion/rest Excretion/retention Passions of the mind ``` Manipulate these to get good health He believed in free will - you could change He also believed in exercise as prevention Balance and moderation

Answer 10

Pneuma - universal spirit Animal spirit - brain and nerves Natural spirit - liver Vital spirit - heart

Answer 11

The divine geometer (painted by William Blake as a jab at Newton because he was a scientist and Blake was an artist) First to view the body in mechanistic terms - he quantified the natural laws of the universe

Answer 12

Neo-humanist - believes everyone is own innate being that can be good or evil Decisions/the mind is based on experiences "An essay concerning human understanding" Believed in Tabula rasa - blank slate

Answer 13

"The Great Circulator" Discovered circulation through the scientific method (observation) but there were gaps - he couldn't figure out why blood is blue inside body and red when it came out

Answer 14

Wrote "de pulmbonibus" Identified missing link in Harvey's theory about the lungs in circulation (using a microscope) - alveoli and oxygen transfer

Answer 15

Dutch man who refined the microscope | This furthered research and decrease reliance on speculation

Answer 16

Swedish father of taxonomy | Wrote "Systema naturae" - the linnean system for classifying organisms (zoology)

Answer 17

Followed Locke's work on tabula rasa Wrote "On Education" AKA "Emile" He believed in educational naturalism - we must start with children and the children must learn through senses/experiences in nature "everything according to nature"

Answer 18

0-5 YO - animal stage - absolute freedom to exercise 5-10 YO - savage stage - strengthen body and develop senses 10-15 YO - pastoral stage - begin formal intellectual instruction 15-20 YO - social stage - exercise to divert sexual energy 20+ - adult stage - marriage to ideal girl

Answer 19

He also believed in educational naturalism (opposed traditional methods of education) Founded school in Goth, Germany The "grandfather of of german gymnastics" Wrote "Gymnastics for Youth" Natural (superior) vs artificial gymnastics Build the body and the mind will follow

Answer 20

"Father of modern gymnastics" "die Turnvater" - father of the Turners Unlike GutsMuths believed that gymnastics was to strengthen his country (less for benefit of children) Created first balance beam, horizontal bar, parallel bar and vaulting horse Initiated the whole turverin movement

Answer 21

Started the Swedish (Ling) Gymnastics system Had a military and therapeutic focus Was a fencing master Modern physiotherapy stemmed from this system**

Answer 22

Pedagogical - eductional - teach kids to move properly Aesthetic - grace - e.g. ballet or dance Military - to defeat your opponent Medical - emphasis on posture to overcome ailment - active: did on your own - passive: done to body (massage) - duplicated: using resistance

Answer 23

Enlightenment thinker "What do I know?" - the elite have no right telling people what they should believe Cultural relativism - if we can't be sure god gave us our values, how can we let them tell us what to believe - this occurs through evaluating other cultures

Answer 24

Enlightenment thinker Importance of human logic Questioned if religion is real "The Mind-Body Problem" - thinking entity vs extended entity Believed other animals (not humans) had no sensations Sensations were caused by external stimuli 6 main passions

Answer 25

``` peasants moved into cities and didn't want to pay taxes to ther ich anymore cultural realism from Americas and Asias Middle class emerged - Bourgeoise ```

Answer 26

Voltaire - bought into aristocracy Rousseau - believed too much inequality was unnatural Both believed church was silly But Voltaire needed the aristocrats so he couldn't condemn them

Answer 27

Raised under the Kensington system intense schooling - she hated her mom over abundance of regality and wealth

Answer 28

economic management (flows, production)

Answer 29

Wrote the "Origin of Species" - evolutionary biology | Challenged church to reform

Answer 30

Explorer who trekked Arica to be first European to discover source of Nile

Answer 31

Novelist who portrayed the poor - The Life of Charlotte Bronte

Answer 32

Philosopher and supporter of individual liberty | Wrote for the emancipation of women

Answer 33

Scottish physician who wrote Sherlock Holmes

Answer 34

French chemist/biologist renowned for his discoveries in vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization

Answer 35

Doctor who started cleaning his hands and instruments when delivering babies Reduced peurpal fever

Answer 36

German physician who identified what caused tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax

Answer 37

Opened St. Thomas hospital for those injured in Crimean War | "The Lady with the Lamp"

Answer 38

Got her medical license - big deal because women weren't supposed to learn

Answer 39

Believed women were miserable because they didn't work Dean and President of London School of Medicine for Women Only women member of British Medical association

Answer 40

Wanted to see how women felt when they were forced to rest for menstruation pain

Answer 41

considered women's special energy (vital energy) demand as a reproductive tax that was necessary for preserving the human race

Answer 42

Wrote the book Westwarho! which embodied fit, young boys who were polite

Answer 43

Wrote Tom Brown's School Days

Answer 44

Came up with the triangular emblem for the YMCA (mind, body, spirit) Most influential man in the YMCA - he promoted muscular christianity Also divided child play into stages: individualistic, non-comp, comp, socialistic

Answer 45

Genius but eccentric (killed his wife's lover) First biomechanist Famous for Stanford's bet - captured flying horse on camera Fascination with locomotion - stairs with scaled background Made the phenkistoscope - disc with pictures revolving around

Answer 46

Social reform advocate of early female exercise Thought women should do gymnastics so that they are fit for their domestic roles - women's highest calling is children Miss Beecher's Housekeeper and Healthkeeper Combat crooked back with gender appropriate Beecher exercises Believed kids needed to be taught as kids

Answer 47

Feminist - women are seen as lower because they are uneducated First women to advocate for women's rights to education The Queen hated her because the Queen is traditional

Answer 48

The German turner culture in America

Answer 49

American - german born student of Jahn Established the Round Hill School in Northampton MA Student practiced turner gymnastics (pomplehorses - lead to rodeo)

Answer 50

A turner journal devoted to physical education | Turner's also wanted schooling not just PE

Answer 51

Ling - more like yoga/pilates - body weight exercises for remedy Turner - more about aesthetics

Answer 52

Founded Boston Normal School of Gymnastics (for upper class females) Used the Ling gymnastics system Hired Baron Nils Posse to teach

Answer 53

He had a military background | Wrote a couple books about Kin and Gymnastics

Answer 54

Delsarte System was for actresses and actors to help them express emotions through movement Hand gestures associated with emotions

Answer 55

Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin - second to bible in book sales

Answer 56

19th century fitness educator and MD Organized his own gymnastics club - stress ideal proportion Believed Eugene Sandow had perfect proportions Created pulley machines and used anthropometrics

Answer 57

Hygienic - anatomy and physiological function Educative - mind and body Remedial - correct physical defects Recreative - restore vital energy

Answer 58

William Blaike - developing muscles equally - everyone has innate imbalances

Answer 59

American Advocated physical exercise as part of education Founder of exercise with Clubs (shoulder positioning, upper body, sometimes used music to make enjoyable) Was against the use of drugs to solve problems (homeopath) About being healthy no muscular First person since Galen/Hippocrates to look at diet

Answer 60

Physical - regimens, diets, activities | Moral

Answer 61

Made millions on food faddism Catered to peoples moral codes (abstinence) Created exercise facility - Battle Creek Sanatorium

Answer 62

American businessman Writings on nutrition - mechanism at back of mouth had "filter function" and performed digestion Celebrities used this as weight loss function Fletcherizing - chew food 30-70 times

Answer 63

Original body builder (sold his image) William Blaike wrote books on him and Sargent Obsessed with proportions - wanted to resemble Greeks so he used anthropometrics Held first body building contest at the Royal Albert Hall and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle judged At the Mr. Olympia contest the "Sandow" prize is given

Answer 64

Canadian - one of original strong men | Performed different feats of strength - hyper strength not super muscular

Answer 65

Original Sandow girl | Not particularly muscular, quite soft

Answer 66

Created "Physical Culture" magazine and coined it as term He promoted things he believed in and had his own printing press to print all his books Thought fasting was good for health and if you could fast for 7 days you were superior Created the "Milk Diet" Time magazine nicknamed him "Body Love Macfadden" Held a body building contest in Madison Square Gardens

Answer 67

Real name: Angelo Siciliano from Italy Changed his name because people say he looks like Farnese Atlas Developer of body building method and sold himself - "I can make you a man" Used to be the 97 lb weakling Famous for his dynamic tension exercises

Answer 68

Canadian athlete, sculptor, physician, physical educator McGill grade then U of Pennsylvania Wrote: "Exercise in Education and Medicine" and "Reclaiming the Maimed" Physical therapy after the World Wars Sculpted: Ben Franklin, masks of emotions made during sport, athletic stasis, shield of athletes 1st sculptor since ancient Greeks to celebrate beauty of human body in motion

Answer 69

Argued for ideals of arete, agon and kalos (balance)

Answer 70

one of the most influential humanist scholars of the renaissance

Answer 71

Dutch man who wrote Homo Ludens said that impulse to play is timeless play is anterior and superior to culture

Answer 72

Surgeon at Massachusetts General Hospital | Believed exercise had 2 aims: hygienic and educative

Answer 73

Wrote College Athletics - published by Harvard

Answer 74

President of Harvard thought athletics were becoming potentially harmful thing by draining nervous system energy (football blunted sensibility)

Answer 75

1834 Physician - thought brain and mind were not the same thing but were closely associated

Answer 76

an MD - body and health aspects of physiology were more of an interest performed exercise outside over gymnastics

Answer 77

Harvard MD Questioned existence of muscular sense Distinguished b/w local and general effects of training

Answer 78

America's pre-eminent muscular Christian | Suggested stopwatches and other technical innovations to improve PE

Answer 79

Distinction between gymnastics and athletics Athletics is for recreation Gymnastics is about discipline, health, skill - more formal

Answer 80

Thought gymnastics lacked cooperative element that sports games had

Answer 81

Yale Gym Director Concluded that pros of college athletes outweighed the cons Men needed athletics to withstand emotional strains of college