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3363 Midterm > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Anthropometric relgiion

A

Gods have human qualities

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2
Q

Cult of beautiful body

A

masculine beauty, nudity

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3
Q

Polis

A

city state

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4
Q

Arete

A

physical excellence (manliness)

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5
Q

Agon

A

competition

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6
Q

Apollo

A

God of healing

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7
Q

Asclepius

A

god of medicine (son of Apollo)

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8
Q

Hygeia

A

Goddess of health (daughter of Asclepius)

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9
Q

Hygiene

A

the science of health

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10
Q

Regimen

A

A systemized course of living

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11
Q

Prophylaxis

A

preventative treatment

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12
Q

Caduceus

A

sign of modern physicians (two snakes intertwined on winged staff)
it should be one snake

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13
Q

Hippocrates

A

Father of scientific medicine
Wrote corpus hippocratum (regimen of health) - what to eat, what exercise to do, bathing, seasons
the airs, massage, humoral theory, blood letting

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14
Q

Sanguine

A

extrovert, cheerful, overactive, courageous

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15
Q

Choleric

A

extrovert, quick to react, explodes under pressure

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16
Q

Melancholic

A

introvert, quiet, depressed

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17
Q

Phlegmatic

A

introvert, calm, controlling, stubborn

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18
Q

Enemata

A

liquids in rectum to flush and cool down in summer

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19
Q

Emetics

A

medicines that stimulate vomiting to reduce head and chest illness in winter

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20
Q

Mens sana in corpore sano

A

A sound mind in a sound body is something to be prayed for

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21
Q

Solon

A

Athenian law maker, statesman
believed physical training of his men was good because:
mental discipline, cultural significance, honour, protect city, maintain endurance

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22
Q

Anacharsis

A

scythian philosopher who travelled around learning about other lands

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23
Q

Caduceus vs staff

A

Caduceus is incorrect and came from Hermes when he was linked to alchemy (he was gods messenger)

Staff is linked to asclepius

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24
Q

Bishop Odo of Bayeux

A

Peasant son, half brother of william the conqueror
Ordered making of Bayeux Tapestry
Believed in exercise

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25
Q

St. Thomas Aquinas

A

Lined up catholic teachings with thoughts of Aristotle
Priest and philosopher
Anything good for body is good for god
Mental health and physical well-being are related
Believed everyone was born into original blessing (good)

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26
Q

Galen

A

Treatise des Medicine - four humours
Came up with bloodletting to balance airs
Wrote “On Hygiene”
- Naturals - given at birth (women were less perfect version of males/inverted penis)
- Non-naturals
- Contra naturals - disease

Believed that life process sustained by food which went into blood (food-blood-air all linked)

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27
Q

Da Vinci

A

Obsessed with human perfection - proportions
Vitruvian man (devine proportion)
Mona lisa, the last supper
More realistic (no hyper muscularization)

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28
Q

Mondino de Liuzzia

A

One of first dissections and wrote about it in lessons of anatomy

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29
Q

Vesalius

A

The greatest anatomist from University of Padua

His cadavers are posing though

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30
Q

Johannes Gutenberg

A

inventor of the printing press

“Man of the millennium”

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31
Q

Hieronymous Mercurialis

A

Wrote De Arte Gymnasticae
He followed galen and urged for gymnastics for health
His body types followed the Farnese Hercules
Discus, MMA, wrestling like exercises in his book

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32
Q

Lysippos

A

Made the Farnese Hercules Sculpture

It was hyper-masculine, mesomorphic, proportioned, bag of muscles

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33
Q

Galen’s 6 Things Non-Natural

A 
Air
Food/drink
Sleep/wake
Motion/rest
Excretion/retention
Passions of the mind

Manipulate these to get good health
He believed in free will - you could change
He also believed in exercise as prevention
Balance and moderation

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34
Q

4 Spirits

A

Pneuma - universal spirit
Animal spirit - brain and nerves
Natural spirit - liver
Vital spirit - heart

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35
Q

Sir Issac Newton

A

The divine geometer (painted by William Blake as a jab at Newton because he was a scientist and Blake was an artist)
First to view the body in mechanistic terms - he quantified the natural laws of the universe

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36
Q

John Locke

A

Neo-humanist - believes everyone is own innate being that can be good or evil
Decisions/the mind is based on experiences
“An essay concerning human understanding”
Believed in Tabula rasa - blank slate

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37
Q

William Harvey

A

“The Great Circulator”

Discovered circulation through the scientific method (observation) but there were gaps - he couldn’t figure out why blood is blue inside body and red when it came out

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38
Q

Marcello Malpighi of Pisa

A

Wrote “de pulmbonibus”
Identified missing link in Harvey’s theory about the lungs in circulation (using a microscope) - alveoli and oxygen transfer

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39
Q

Antoni Van Leedwenhoek

A

Dutch man who refined the microscope

This furthered research and decrease reliance on speculation

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40
Q

Carl Linnaeus

A

Swedish father of taxonomy

Wrote “Systema naturae” - the linnean system for classifying organisms (zoology)

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41
Q

Jean Jacques Rosseau

A

Followed Locke’s work on tabula rasa
Wrote “On Education” AKA “Emile”
He believed in educational naturalism - we must start with children and the children must learn through senses/experiences in nature
“everything according to nature”

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42
Q

Emile’s 5 Developmental Stages

A

0-5 YO - animal stage - absolute freedom to exercise
5-10 YO - savage stage - strengthen body and develop senses
10-15 YO - pastoral stage - begin formal intellectual instruction
15-20 YO - social stage - exercise to divert sexual energy
20+ - adult stage - marriage to ideal girl

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43
Q

Johan Friedrich GutsMuths

A

He also believed in educational naturalism (opposed traditional methods of education)
Founded school in Goth, Germany
The “grandfather of of german gymnastics”
Wrote “Gymnastics for Youth”
Natural (superior) vs artificial gymnastics
Build the body and the mind will follow

44
Q

Fredrich Ludwig Jahn

A

“Father of modern gymnastics”
“die Turnvater” - father of the Turners
Unlike GutsMuths believed that gymnastics was to strengthen his country (less for benefit of children)
Created first balance beam, horizontal bar, parallel bar and vaulting horse
Initiated the whole turverin movement

45
Q

Pehr Ling

A

Started the Swedish (Ling) Gymnastics system
Had a military and therapeutic focus
Was a fencing master
Modern physiotherapy stemmed from this system**

46
Q

Swedish Exercise Classification

A

Pedagogical - eductional - teach kids to move properly
Aesthetic - grace - e.g. ballet or dance
Military - to defeat your opponent
Medical - emphasis on posture to overcome ailment
- active: did on your own
- passive: done to body (massage)
- duplicated: using resistance

47
Q

Montaigne

A

Enlightenment thinker
“What do I know?” - the elite have no right telling people what they should believe
Cultural relativism - if we can’t be sure god gave us our values, how can we let them tell us what to believe - this occurs through evaluating other cultures

48
Q

Descartes

A

Enlightenment thinker
Importance of human logic
Questioned if religion is real
“The Mind-Body Problem” - thinking entity vs extended entity
Believed other animals (not humans) had no sensations
Sensations were caused by external stimuli
6 main passions

49
Q

What occurred in the Middle Ages?

A 
peasants moved into cities and didn't want to pay taxes to ther ich anymore
cultural realism from Americas and Asias
Middle class emerged - Bourgeoise
50
Q

Voltaire vs Rousseau

A

Voltaire - bought into aristocracy
Rousseau - believed too much inequality was unnatural
Both believed church was silly
But Voltaire needed the aristocrats so he couldn’t condemn them

51
Q

Queen Victoria

A

Raised under the Kensington system
intense schooling - she hated her mom
over abundance of regality and wealth

52
Q

Taylorism

A

economic management (flows, production)

53
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Wrote the “Origin of Species” - evolutionary biology

Challenged church to reform

54
Q

David Livingstone

A

Explorer who trekked Arica to be first European to discover source of Nile

55
Q

Elizabeth Gaskell

A

Novelist who portrayed the poor - The Life of Charlotte Bronte

56
Q

John Stuart Mill

A

Philosopher and supporter of individual liberty

Wrote for the emancipation of women

57
Q

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

A

Scottish physician who wrote Sherlock Holmes

58
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

French chemist/biologist renowned for his discoveries in vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization

59
Q

Joseph Lister

A

Doctor who started cleaning his hands and instruments when delivering babies
Reduced peurpal fever

60
Q

Robert Kock

A

German physician who identified what caused tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax

61
Q

Florence Nightingale

A

Opened St. Thomas hospital for those injured in Crimean War

“The Lady with the Lamp”

62
Q

Elizabeth Blackwell

A

Got her medical license - big deal because women weren’t supposed to learn

63
Q

Elizabeth Garrett Anderson

A

Believed women were miserable because they didn’t work
Dean and President of London School of Medicine for Women
Only women member of British Medical association

64
Q

May Putnam Jacobi

A

Wanted to see how women felt when they were forced to rest for menstruation pain

65
Q

Herbert Spencer

A

considered women’s special energy (vital energy) demand as a reproductive tax that was necessary for preserving the human race

66
Q

Charles Kingsley

A

Wrote the book Westwarho! which embodied fit, young boys who were polite

67
Q

Thomas Brown

A

Wrote Tom Brown’s School Days

68
Q

Dr. Luther H. Gulick

A

Came up with the triangular emblem for the YMCA (mind, body, spirit)
Most influential man in the YMCA - he promoted muscular christianity
Also divided child play into stages: individualistic, non-comp, comp, socialistic

69
Q

Eadweard Muybridge

A

Genius but eccentric (killed his wife’s lover)
First biomechanist
Famous for Stanford’s bet - captured flying horse on camera
Fascination with locomotion - stairs with scaled background
Made the phenkistoscope - disc with pictures revolving around

70
Q

Catharine Beecher

A

Social reform advocate of early female exercise
Thought women should do gymnastics so that they are fit for their domestic roles - women’s highest calling is children
Miss Beecher’s Housekeeper and Healthkeeper
Combat crooked back with gender appropriate Beecher exercises
Believed kids needed to be taught as kids

71
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft

A

Feminist - women are seen as lower because they are uneducated
First women to advocate for women’s rights to education
The Queen hated her because the Queen is traditional

72
Q

Who adopted the discobolis as their symbol?

A

The German turner culture in America

73
Q

Charles Beck

A

American - german born student of Jahn
Established the Round Hill School in Northampton MA
Student practiced turner gymnastics (pomplehorses - lead to rodeo)

74
Q

What is mind and body?

A

A turner journal devoted to physical education

Turner’s also wanted schooling not just PE

75
Q

The difference between the Ling system and the Turner system of gymnastics

A

Ling

  • more like yoga/pilates
  • body weight exercises for remedy

Turner
- more about aesthetics

76
Q

Mrs. Mary Hemenway

A

Founded Boston Normal School of Gymnastics (for upper class females)
Used the Ling gymnastics system
Hired Baron Nils Posse to teach

77
Q

Baron Nils Posse

A

He had a military background

Wrote a couple books about Kin and Gymnastics

78
Q

Francois Delsarte

A

Delsarte System
was for actresses and actors to help them express emotions through movement
Hand gestures associated with emotions

79
Q

Harriet Beecher Stowe

A

Wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin - second to bible in book sales

80
Q

Dudley Allen Sargent

A

19th century fitness educator and MD
Organized his own gymnastics club - stress ideal proportion
Believed Eugene Sandow had perfect proportions
Created pulley machines and used anthropometrics

81
Q

Sargents 4 Aims of physical training

A

Hygienic - anatomy and physiological function
Educative - mind and body
Remedial - correct physical defects
Recreative - restore vital energy

82
Q

Who influenced Sargent?

A

William Blaike

  • developing muscles equally
  • everyone has innate imbalances
83
Q

Dr. Dio Lewis

A

American
Advocated physical exercise as part of education Founder of exercise with Clubs (shoulder positioning, upper body, sometimes used music to make enjoyable)
Was against the use of drugs to solve problems (homeopath)
About being healthy no muscular
First person since Galen/Hippocrates to look at diet

84
Q

Two components of exercise quackery

A

Physical - regimens, diets, activities

Moral

85
Q

John Harvey Kellogg

A

Made millions on food faddism
Catered to peoples moral codes (abstinence)
Created exercise facility - Battle Creek Sanatorium

86
Q

Horace Fletcher

A

American businessman
Writings on nutrition - mechanism at back of mouth had “filter function” and performed digestion
Celebrities used this as weight loss function
Fletcherizing - chew food 30-70 times

87
Q

Eugene Sandow

A

Original body builder (sold his image)
William Blaike wrote books on him and Sargent
Obsessed with proportions - wanted to resemble Greeks so he used anthropometrics
Held first body building contest at the Royal Albert Hall and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle judged
At the Mr. Olympia contest the “Sandow” prize is given

88
Q

Louis Cyr

A

Canadian - one of original strong men

Performed different feats of strength - hyper strength not super muscular

89
Q

Miss Maude Odell

A

Original Sandow girl

Not particularly muscular, quite soft

90
Q

Benarr Macfadden

A

Created “Physical Culture” magazine and coined it as term
He promoted things he believed in and had his own printing press to print all his books
Thought fasting was good for health and if you could fast for 7 days you were superior
Created the “Milk Diet”
Time magazine nicknamed him “Body Love Macfadden”
Held a body building contest in Madison Square Gardens

91
Q

Charles Atlas

A

Real name: Angelo Siciliano from Italy
Changed his name because people say he looks like Farnese Atlas
Developer of body building method and sold himself - “I can make you a man”
Used to be the 97 lb weakling
Famous for his dynamic tension exercises

92
Q

R. Tait McKenzie

A

Canadian athlete, sculptor, physician, physical educator
McGill grade then U of Pennsylvania
Wrote: “Exercise in Education and Medicine” and “Reclaiming the Maimed”
Physical therapy after the World Wars
Sculpted: Ben Franklin, masks of emotions made during sport, athletic stasis, shield of athletes
1st sculptor since ancient Greeks to celebrate beauty of human body in motion

93
Q

Aristotle

A

Argued for ideals of arete, agon and kalos (balance)

94
Q

Marcillo Ficino

A

one of the most influential humanist scholars of the renaissance

95
Q

Huizinga

A

Dutch man who wrote Homo Ludens
said that impulse to play is timeless
play is anterior and superior to culture

96
Q

W M Conant

A

Surgeon at Massachusetts General Hospital

Believed exercise had 2 aims: hygienic and educative

97
Q

Francis Amasa Walker

A

Wrote College Athletics - published by Harvard

98
Q

Charles William Elliot

A

President of Harvard thought athletics were becoming potentially harmful thing by draining nervous system energy (football blunted sensibility)

99
Q

Andrew Combe

A

1834 Physician - thought brain and mind were not the same thing but were closely associated

100
Q

William James Youmans

A

an MD - body and health aspects of physiology were more of an interest
performed exercise outside over gymnastics

101
Q

Austin Flint

A

Harvard MD
Questioned existence of muscular sense
Distinguished b/w local and general effects of training

102
Q

Thomas Wentworth Higginson

A

America’s pre-eminent muscular Christian

Suggested stopwatches and other technical innovations to improve PE

103
Q

Edward M. Hartwell

A

Distinction between gymnastics and athletics
Athletics is for recreation
Gymnastics is about discipline, health, skill - more formal

104
Q

N.S. Shaler

A

Thought gymnastics lacked cooperative element that sports games had

105
Q

Eugene L. Richards

A

Yale Gym Director
Concluded that pros of college athletes outweighed the cons
Men needed athletics to withstand emotional strains of college

3363 Midterm (1 decks)

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