midterm Flashcards
the pioneer CHNs focused on what 3 things?
midwifery
education
disease prevention
the term “PHN” was coined by who?
Lillian Wald
Who were the grey nuns?
Canada’s first CHN order (1700s)
When did the CHNAC form?
1987
What 3 areas did the first PHNs focus on?
TB control, hygiene, school inspection
Who helped form the Well Baby clinics?
Red Cross
When were mental patients deinstitutionalized?
1960s-1970s
Decreased government spending in 1980-1990 ultimately led to the increase of what?
Communicable diseases (TB, AIDS, H1N1, SARS)
What did the BNA of 1867 say?
Public health and healthcare is provincial responsibility
What 2 documents were very important in the development of PH?
Epp (health for all)
Ottawa Charter
What 3 sectors was PH born from?
charitable organization
civic health departments
vaccine campaigns
What is the name for a principle based comprehensive approach?
Primary Health Care
What meeting gave rise to Primary Healthcare?
Alma Ata 1978
What 5 components of Primary Healthcare?
APITH Accessibility Public Participation Health Promotion Technology (appropriate) Intersectoral collaboration
Examples of primary prevention?
BF education, vaccines
risk of disease eliminated
secondary prevention examples and goals?
Paps, BPs, mammograms
disease is halted before symptoms occur
What are the two CORE and CENTRAL concepts of primary health care?
Social justice
Equity
What is the name of the point of entry into the HC system?
Primary Care
What is emancipatory knowing?
social, political, economical
ability to notice social injustices, investigate the causes of these injustices, and identify changes necessary to correct the structures of injustice and oppression.
What is sociopolitical knowing?
society’s knowledge of nursing, and nursing’s knowledge of SOCIETY and POLITICS
actively participating in health interest of public health nursing
enables us to understand the political, social and economical world and use it for change
What is social justice?
fair distribution of societies goods
what is political advocacy?
acting to influence decisions within political and social systems for change
What is health equity?
all people are able to reach their full potential and are not disadvantaged in achieving it
What are 2 main components of capacity building?
EMPOWERMENT & ADVOCACY
What are the 4 utilitarian principles for PH interventions?
Least harm principle
least restrictive/coervice
Reciprocity
Transparency
What is the harm principle?
power only exercised over a community to prevent harm
what is “least restrictive/coercive” principle?
authority should not be used unless less-coervice methods are unavailable/failed
1st = education, negotiation, discussion
what is the reciprocity principle?
PH must assist people in meeting their ethical responsibilities, compensation must be given (eg. lost work time and $ d/t being quarantined)
what is the transparency principle?
all stakeholders should participate in decision making, free of coercion
which broad theory believes that social/economic forces lead to power differentials?
Critical social theory
Which broad theory believes that the role of sexism and oppression lead to power differentials?
feminist
How are complex science and intersectionality theory similar?
they both believe there are multiple overlapping influences leading to situations
What broad theory encompasses interconnectedness, non-linerity, self organization and coevolution?
Complex science
which broad theory believes there are multiple parts interacting at all time giving rise to new situations?
complex science
Intersectionality believes there are multiple oppressive forces at play. T/F?
T
Which 2 broad theories have a focus on feminism/sexism?
Feminist and intersectionality
Feminism, racism, classism, etc all compound to have an overlapping effect in which broad theory?
Intersectionality
What 2 components in Postcolonial Theory are thought to lead to inequities?
Race and history
What are the 3 middle range theories?
Critical Caring
Strengths Based
Relational Inquiry
Which theory was developed specifically for CHN in Canada?
Critical Caring
Which theory has a basis in social justice, building capacity, teaching/learning, and carative processes?
Critical Caring
Which theory believes that the nurse should think positive, look for potential in their clients, focus on strengths yet also deal with the problems at hand?
Strengths Based
Which 2 theories have capacity building as key components?
Critical caring & strengths based
Which theory believes that contextual elements shape peoples’ experiences?
Relational inquiry
What is surveillance?
constant watching/monitoring of diseases to assess patterns. What PH interventions are needed?
What is causation?
When a relationship has been CONFIRMED WITHOUT DOUBT. Cause/effect relationship
What is crude mortality?
# of deaths from a cause within the entire population. e.g.. MVAs/entire population
What is specific mortality?
# deaths from cause in a particular subgroup, compared with the whole subgroup eg. # MVAs of teen boys/# male teens driving
What are proportional mortality rates?
# deaths from a cause in a population for a time period compared with the total # of deaths in the same population/time period eg. # teen boy deaths from MVAs in 2016/# teen boy deaths in 2016
What is the target population?
the ENTIRE group of people to which researchers are studying. The population whom nursing intervention is intended
What is prevalence? Period prevalence?
# total cases of disease at a given point in time proportion of population that has condition at some time during specified time period
What is relative risk?
Calculated by the odds ratio.
incidence in population exposed/incidence of problem in a population not exposed to same risk.
“are some people more at risk or vulnerable to a specific disease than others?”
Interpret the following relative risk/odds ratio answers:
1.0
>1.0
<1.0
1 = both groups have same risk, risk factor doesn't make any difference >1 = risk in exposed group is higher, risk factor is causative <1 = risk factor is protective or is not significant to disease
What was significant about the Ottawa Charter?
Identified prerequisites for health, strategies for promoting health
Marked a dramatic shift in healthcare
Identified the SDOH
Started PH movement and Canadian health reform
