Midterm

Question 1

Scientific Method

Answer 1

Testing ideas in the public arena
STEPS:
1-identify a problem
2-clarify the problem
3-determine the info needed & how to obtain it
4-organize the information
5-interpret the result

Question 2

Experimental Research

Answer 2

The most conclusive of scientific methods,
The researcher establishes different treatments & then studies their effects,
Results from this type of research are likely to lead to the most clear cut interpretations,
Single subject research involves the intensive study of a single individual

Question 3

Correlational Research

Answer 3

Used to determine relationships among two or more variables and to explore their implications for cause and effect,
Requires no manipulation or intervention,
Use this type of research to look for and describe relationships

Question 4

Causal-Comparative

Answer 4

Intended to determine the cause for, or the consequences of differences between groups of people

Question 5

Survey Research

Answer 5

Obtains data to determine specific characteristics of a group,
Descriptive survey or interview,
DIFFICULTIES
1-ensuring that the questions are clear and not misleading
2-getting respondents to answer questions thoughtfully and honestly
3-getting a sufficient number of the questionnaires completed and returned

Question 6

Ethnographic Research

Answer 6

Qualitative, the emphasis in this type of research is on documenting or portraying the everyday experiences of individuals by observing and interviewing them and relevant others

Question 7

Narrative Methods

Answer 7

Biography, the researcher focuses on important experiences in the life of an individual

Question 8

Phenomenology

Answer 8

The researcher focuses on a particular phenomenon

Question 9

Case Study

Answer 9

A single individual, group, or important example is studied extensively

Question 10

Grounded Theory

Answer 10

Emphasizes continual interplay between raw data and the researchers interpretations that emerge from the data

Question 11

Historical Research

Answer 11

Some aspect of the past is studied by locking at documents of the period or by interviewing individuals who lived during the time

Question 12

Action Research

Answer 12

Actions researchers focus on getting information that will enable them to change conditions in a particular situation in which they are personally involved

Question 13

Evaluation Research

Answer 13

Formative-intended to improve the object being evaluated-examine the delivery
Summative-seek to examine the effects or outcomes of an object by describing what happens after the delivery of the program or tech to assess whether the object caused the outcome
(Formative-needs assessment, summative-outcome evaluations or impact evaluations)

Question 14

Descriptive

Answer 14

Describe a given state of affairs as fully and carefully as possible

Question 15

Associational

Answer 15

Investigates relationships

Question 16

Intervention studies

Answer 16

A particular method or treatment is expected to influence one or more outcomes

Question 17

Meta-Analysis

Answer 17

An attempt to reduce the limitations of individual studies by trying to locate all of the studies on a particular topic and then using statistical means to synthesize the results of these studies

Question 18

What is the only type of research that directly attempts to influence a particular variable, and when properly applied, it is the best type for testing hypotheses about cause/effect relationships?

Answer 18

Experimental Research

Question 19

Independent Variable

Answer 19

The experimental or treatment variable

Question 20

Dependent Variable

Answer 20

Criterion or outcome variable refers to the results or outcomes of the study

Question 21

Researchers manipulate the ______ variable

Answer 21

Independent

Question 22

Change is planned for and deliberately manipulated in order to study it’s effects on one or more ____

Answer 22

Outcomes

Question 23

What group receives a treatment?

Answer 23

Experimental group

Question 24

Which group revives no treatment?

Answer 24

Control group

Question 25

The _____ enables the researcher to determine whether the treatment has had an effect or whether one treatment is more effective than another

Answer 25

control or comparison

Question 26

One-Shot Case Study

Answer 26

A single group is exposed to a treatment or event and a dependent variable is subsequently observed (measured) I order to assess the effect of the treatment

Question 27

One Group Pretest-Posttest Design

Answer 27

A single group is measured or observed not only after being exposed to a treatment, but also before

Question 28

Static Group Comparison Design

Answer 28

Two already or existing intact groups are used (non equivalent control group design)

Question 29

Static Group Pretest-Posttest Design

Answer 29

A pretest is given to 2 already intact groups

Question 30

Randomized Posttest only Control Group

Answer 30

Two groups formed by random assignment, one group receives the experimental treatment, then both groups are post tested

Question 31

Randomized Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design

Answer 31

Offers a pre-test

Question 32

Randomized Solomon Four Group Design

Answer 32

Random assignment of subjects to four groups, two groups are pre-tested and two are not

Question 33

Quantitative

Answer 33

Deal with numbers, facts and feelings can be separated; seek to establish relationships between variables and look for and sometimes explain the causes

Question 34

Qualitative

Answer 34

Involves words, world is made up of multiple realities; more concerned with understanding situations and events from the viewpoint of participants

Question 35

Four essential characteristics of research questions

Answer 35

1-the question is feasible
2-the question is clear
3-the question is significant
4-the question is ethical

Question 36

Constitutive Definition

Answer 36

Dictionary approach, researchers use other words to state more clearly what is meant

Question 37

Operational Defintion

Answer 37

Specify the actions or operations necessary to measure or identify the term