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Midterm Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How do you find mean?

A

Add up all the numbers and divide by the number of numbers

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2
Q

How do you find mode?

A

Look for the number that is most reoccurring

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3
Q

How do you find range?

A

Take the highest number and subtract from the lowest number

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4
Q

How many mm are in a micrometer?

A

1000 micrometers

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5
Q

What are the three main rules of the cell theory?

A
  • All living things are composed of cells
  • Cells are the smallest unit of life
  • Cells come from pre-existing cells and cannot be created from non-living material
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6
Q

What are multicellular organisms? Example?

A

They are composed of many cells

Ex Humans

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7
Q

What are unicellular organisms? Example?

A

They are composed of only one cell

Ex bacteria

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8
Q

What are the four most frequently occurring elements in living things?

A

Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon

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9
Q

Describe the role of sulfur

A

Needed for the synthesis of two amino acids

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10
Q

Describe the role of calcium

A

Acts as a messenger by binding to proteins which regulate transcription and other processes in the cell

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11
Q

Describe the role of phosphorous

A

Is part of DNA molecules and is also part of the phosphate groups in ATP

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12
Q

Describe the role of iron

A

Is needed for the synthesis of cytochromes which are proteins used during electron transport for aerobic cell respiration

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13
Q

Describe the role of sodium

A

When it enters the cytoplasm, it raises the solute concentration which causes water to enter by osmosis

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14
Q

Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of water molecules to show their polarity and hydrogen bond formation

A

😭

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15
Q

Outline the thermal property of water

A

Heat capacity, boiling and freezing points and the cooling effect of evaporation

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16
Q

Outline the cohesive properties of water

A

Hydrogen bonds hold the water molecules together, water moves up plants

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17
Q

Outline the solvent properties of water

A

Many different substances can dissolve in it because of its polarity

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18
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

Compounds that are found in living organisms that contain carbon

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19
Q

What are inorganic compounds?

A

Living organisms that don’t contain carbon

There are a few exceptions like carbon dioxide, carbonated, and hydrogen carbonates

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20
Q

Be able to identify amino acids, glucose, ribose and fatty acids from diagrams showing their structure

A

😭

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21
Q

List three examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose, galactose and fructose

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22
Q

List three examples of disaccharides

A

Maltose, lactose and sucrose

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23
Q

List three examples of polysaccharides

A

Starch, glycogen and cellulose

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24
Q

Be able to perform hydrolysis and condensation reaction problem using either carbohydrate, lipids, or proteins (show reactants and products)

A

😭

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25
Q

Be able to draw a molecular structure of glucose in ring form

A

😭

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26
Q

State three functions of lipids

A
  • Used for energy storage in the form of fat in humans and oil in plants
  • Heat insulation as fat under the skin reduces heat loss
  • Allow buoyancy as they are less dense than water and so animals can float in water
  • Component of cell membranes
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27
Q

Compare the use of carbohydrates and lipids in energy storage

A
  • Carbohydrates are used for short term storage whereas lipids are used for long term storage
  • Carbohydrates are soluble in water
  • Lipids have approximately twice the energy per mass as carbohydrates
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28
Q

Outline the DNA nucleotide structure in terms of sugar (deoxyribose), base, and phosphate

A

😭

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29
Q

State the four bases in DNA

A

Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

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30
Q

Define enzyme

A

Globular proteins which act as catalysts of chemical reactions

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31
Q

Define active site

A

Region on the surface of an enzyme to which substrates bind and which catalysts a chemical reaction involving the substrates

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32
Q

Explain enzyme-substrate specificity

A

The active site of an enzyme is very specific to its substrates as it has a very precise shape. this results in enzymes being able to catalyze only certain reactions as only a number of substrates fit in the active site. This enzyme-substrate complex can be compared to a lock and key where the enzyme is the lock and the substrate is the key

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33
Q

Define denaturation

A

A structural change in a protein that results in the loss (usually permanent) of its biological properties

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34
Q

Explain the effects of temperature, pH, and substrate concentration on enzyme activity

A
  • Action increases as temp increases due to increased molecular collisions, but starts to decrease after optimal temp. Eventually it denatures
  • Optimal pH
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35
Q

Explain the use of lactase in the production of lactose-free milk

A
  • Some people lack the enzyme lactase so they cannot break down lactose leading to lactose intolerance
  • These people need to drink milk that has become lactose reduced
  • Lactose-free milk can be made by adding the enzyme lactase to milk so that the milk contains the enzyme
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36
Q

What is lactose?

A

The sugar found in milk, can be broken down by the enzyme lactase into glucose and galactose

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37
Q

Be able to calculate the linear magnification of a microscope drawing and the actual size of specimens in images of known magnification

A

😭

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38
Q

Define substrate

A

The compound an enzyme acts

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39
Q

Most enzymes are _____

A

Proteins

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40
Q

What is the role of pepsin?

A

Stomach enzyme used to break down into proteins. Works at very acidic pH

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41
Q

What is the role of lactase?

A

A digestive enzyme that breaks lactose into glucose and galactose. Low levels of lactase can result in lactose intolerance

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42
Q

Define high specificity

A

The enzyme will only bind with a single type of substrate

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43
Q

Define low specificity

A

The enzyme will bind a range of related substrates

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44
Q

Define the lock and key model

A

Proposed that the substrate was simply drawn into a closely matching cleft on the enzyme molecule

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45
Q

What are the three steps of the lock and key model?

A
  1. A substrate is drawn into the active sites of the enzymes
  2. The substrate shape must be compatible with the enzymes active site in order to fit and be reacted upon
  3. The enzyme modifies the substrate. In this instance is broken down, releasing two products
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46
Q

What is the difference between lock and key model and the induced fit?

A

The enzyme slightly changes shape in the induced fit, but when released, returns to its normal shape

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47
Q

Define catalysts

A

They speed up reactions by influencing the stability of bonds in the reactants

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48
Q

Define carbohydrates

A

A family of organic molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms

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49
Q

What is the general formula of a carbohydrate?

A

(CH2O)x

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50
Q

Role of monosaccharides

A

Used as a primary energy source for feuling cellular metabolism

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51
Q

What are monosaccharides? List examples

A

Single-sugar molecules

Ex glucose and fructose

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52
Q

Define isomers

A

Compounds with the same chemical formula that have a different arrangement of atoms

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53
Q

Define structural isomers

A

They have the atoms linked in a different sequence from one another

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54
Q

Alpha glucose polymers form _______

A

Starch

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55
Q

Beta-glucose polymers form _______

A

Cellulose

56
Q

Define optical isomers

A

Identical in every way but are mirror images of each other

57
Q

What are examples of structural isomers?

A

Alpha-glucose and beta-glucose

58
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Double-sugar molecules joined with a glycosidic bond

59
Q

What are the components of lactose?

A

Glucose + Galactose

60
Q

What are the components of sucrose?

A

Glucose + Fructose

61
Q

What are the components of Maltose?

A

Glucose + Glucose

62
Q

What is another word for simple sugars?

A

Monosaccharides

63
Q

Monosaccharides are used as a _____

A

Primary energy source for fueling cell metabolism

64
Q

Define reducing sugars

A

Sugars that can participate in reduction reactions

65
Q

Define condensation

A

Monosaccharides combine to form compound sugars

66
Q

Define hydrolysis

A

Compound sugars are broken down

67
Q

Lipids are relatively _____ and tend to be _____

A

Insoluble in water; water-repelling

68
Q

What are neutral fats composed of?

A

A glycerol molecule attached to one, two, or three fatty acids

69
Q

Define saturated fatty acids

A

Contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms

70
Q

Define unsaturated fatty acids

A

Contain some carbon atoms that are double-bonded with each other and are not fully saturated with hydrogens

71
Q

Lipids with a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids are ____ and tend to be ______

A

Oils; liquid at room temperature

72
Q

Outline phospholipids

A
  • The main component of cellular membranes
  • Consist of a glycerol molecule attached to two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group
  • The phosphate end is hydrophilic white the fatty end is hydrophobic
73
Q

Define phospholipid bilayer

A

The hydrophobic ends of a phospholipid (fatty acid ends) create this membrane

74
Q

What is the structure f steroids?

A

Three rings made of 6 carbon atoms each and a fourth ring containing 5 carbon atoms

75
Q

Define nucleic acids

A

Group of chemicals in cells concerned with the transmission of inherited information; they have the capacity to store the information that controls cellular activity

76
Q

Function of RNA

A

Involved in the reading of the DNA information

77
Q

Define nucleotides

A

Building blocks of DNA

78
Q

What are the base pairs?

A

Adenine-Thymine

Guanine-Cytosine

Uracil-Adenine (only in RNA)

79
Q

Define amino acids

A

The basic units from which proteins are made

80
Q

Amino acids can form _____ in a condensation reaction

A

Peptide chains

81
Q

What is the only difference between animo acids?

A

The R group

82
Q

What things cause denaturation?

A

Strong acids and alkalis, heavy metals, heat and radiation, detergents and solvents

83
Q

Define denaturation

A

The loss of the 3D structure of a protein; often, but not always permanent

84
Q

Properties and functions of fibrous proteins

A
  • Water insoluble
  • Very tough physically
  • Parallel polypeptide chains
  • Structural role in cells and organisms
  • Contractile
85
Q

Properties an functions of globular proteins

A
  • Water soluble
  • Tertiary structure
  • Polypeptide chains folded into spherical shape
  • Catalytic
  • Regulatory
  • Transport
  • Protective
86
Q

Define organism

A

Units of life

87
Q

Three major structural levels above the cell

A

Tissues –> Organs –> Organ Systems

88
Q

Hierarchy of biological organization

A

Population –> Species –> Community –> Ecosystem

89
Q

What are emergent properties? Example?

A

Two parts cannot work well separately, but work well together

Ex head and handle of a hammer

90
Q

Define reductionism

A

Reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study

91
Q

Hierarchy pf biological organization ex

A

Molecule, Organelle, Cells, Tissues, Organ, An organism in a community

92
Q

Define molecular formula

A

Expressed the number of atoms in a molecule

93
Q

Define structural formula

A

Conveys the structure of a molecule

94
Q

The most important feature of the chemical behavior of water is its _______

A

Dipole nature

95
Q

Properties of water

A

Ice is less dense than water, high surface tension, low viscosity, liquid at room temp, colorless, cohesive props and high tensile strength, universal solvent, high energy needed to change states, can absorb a lot of energy for only a small ride in temperature

96
Q

Define polar

A

To have negative charge and positive charge

97
Q

Define dipole nature

A

Both a positive and negative charge

98
Q

Carbon and hydrogen are _____

A

The foundation of organic molecules

99
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons

100
Q

How to find neutrons

A

Atomic mass - atomic number

101
Q

Hydrogen ions are _____

A

Active transport, photosynthesis, cell respiration

102
Q

Oxygen role

A

Aerobic respiration

103
Q

Nitrogen role

A

Production of amino acids

104
Q

Hydrophilic definition

A

Dissolve in water

105
Q

Hydrophobic definition

A

Insoluble in water

106
Q

Water provides an environment in which ___

A

Metabolic reactions can take place

107
Q

Properties of water

A
  • Thermal- water>liquid>gas
  • Cohesive- polar nature makes it sticky
  • Solvent
108
Q

Cohesion vs adhesion

A

Cohesion-other things stick to it

Adhesion-it sticks to other things

109
Q

Water as a habitat

A

Stable temp, surface tension, density, currents, transparent, solvent, expansive, thermal props

110
Q

Define lipids

A

Group of organic compounds with an oily, greasy, or waxy consistency

111
Q

Typical lipids consist of ______

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

112
Q

Simple lipids ex

A

Fats, oils, wax

113
Q

Lipids can be classified as ____

A

Simple lipids, phospholipids, steroids

114
Q

Roles of lipids

A

Biological fuels, hormones, structural components of membranes

115
Q

Lipids provide _____ as much energy as carbohydrates

A

Twice

116
Q

Phospholipids form the ___ of cellular membranes

A

Structural framework

117
Q

Fat _____ shocks

A

Absorbs

118
Q

Lipids are a source of ________

A

Metabolic water

119
Q

Stores lipids provide ______ in extreme environments

A

Insulation

120
Q

Neutral fats

A

Most common lipid in living things

121
Q

One fatty acid, two fatty acids, three fatty acids

A

Monoglyceride, diglyceride, triglyceride (triacyglycerol)

122
Q

Fats are ____ at 20C

A

Solid

123
Q

Oils are ____ at 20C

A

Liquid

124
Q

Phospholipids consist of

A

Glycerol molecule, two fatty acid chains, phosphate group

125
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Main component of cellular membranes

126
Q

Glycerol

A

Alcohol containing three carbons

127
Q

Most enzymes are ___

A

Proteins

128
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

Break down complex molecules into simpler ones

129
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

Two substrate molecules form bonds and become a single molecule

130
Q

Reversible inhibitors

A

Control enzyme activity

131
Q

Non competitive inhibition

A

Slow the reaction rate

132
Q

Allosteric inhibition

A

Similar to non competitive, but always reversible

133
Q

Factors that cause denaturation

A

Temperature is too high, extremes in acidity (pH)

134
Q

What do living things have in common?

A

Eat, DNA, reproduce, cells, communicate

135
Q

How to find magnification?

A

Magnification=image size/ actual size

IB Bio (1 decks)

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