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Therio > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Reproductive efficiency is a result of

A
  1. Days that a cow spends in the most efficient time of lactation
  2. Cull rate due to reproductive failure
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2
Q

4 reproductive indices that determine reproductive efficiency

A
  1. Voluntary Waiting Period (VWP)
  2. Estrous Detection Rate (EDR)
  3. Conception Rate
  4. Pregnancy Loss
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3
Q

Pregnancy Rate (Dairy Cows)

A 
# cows pregnant
----------------------------------
# cows eligible to become pregnant in a 21d cycle
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4
Q

Voluntary Waiting Period

A

Period that allows the anatomical and functional return of the genital tract to pregravid state

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5
Q

Uterine Involution

A

Happens during VWP
Decrease in uterine size
Re-epithelialization of intercaruncular endometrium

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6
Q

Early onset of ovarian cyclicity during VWP facilitates

A
  1. Uterine involution

2. Resolution of uterine infections

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7
Q

Ideal Voluntary Waiting Period

A

70-80 days

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8
Q

Strategies that are used to correct and reverse low reproductive efficiency

A
  1. Environment of cow (e.g. cow comfort)
  2. How employees deal with cow
  3. Minimize post-partum disease (e.g. transition cow nutrition)
  4. Implement reproductive management to increase PR (e.g. Timed AI)
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9
Q

Estrus Detection Rate

A

Determines when cows are first artificially inseminated after VWP

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10
Q

Ovsynch Protocol

A

Day 0: GnRH
Day 7: PGF2a
Day 9: GnRH
Day 10: TAI (Inseminate 6-10 hours before ovulation)

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11
Q

Percent of cows that become pregnant after any given breeding

A

25-45%

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12
Q

After AI, if cows are not seen in estrus, how can you check for pregnancy?

A

Ultrasound (26-32d)
Palpate (35-42d)
Chemical diagnosis via PAGs (32d)

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13
Q

Pregnancy Rate (Beef Cattle)

A 
# cows pregnant
----------------------------
# cows with bulls during breeding period
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14
Q

What is the primary sign that a cow is in estrus?

A

Standing to be mounted

The cow doing the mounting is in proestrus

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15
Q

Presynch-Ovsynch Protocol

A 
Day 0: PGF2a
Day 14: PGF2a
Day 26: GnRH
Day 33: PGF2a
Day 35: GnRH
Day 36: TAI
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16
Q

Types of heat detection aids

A

Pressure-activated (KMAR)
Chalk/paint
Pressure detector
Activity monitors

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17
Q

Causes of anestrus

A 
Poor nutrition
Negative energy balance
Poor BCS
Cystic ovaries/tumors
Pyometra
Congenital defects
Pregnancy
Heat stress
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18
Q

Fate of first wave

A

50% ovulate
25% do not ovulate
25% become cystic

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19
Q

Clinical signs of cystic follicular degeneration

A

Frequent estrus
Irregular estrous cycle
Anestrus

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20
Q

Diagnosis of cystic follicular degeneration

A

Anovulatory follicle >25mm (“large follicle”)
No CL
Lack of uterine tone
Flaccid uterus

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21
Q

Follicular cysts produce

A

Estrogen

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22
Q

Luteal cysts produce

A

Progesterone

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23
Q

Best Tx for luteal cysts

A

PGF2a
Ovsynch

DO NOT MANUALLY RUPTURE

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24
Q

Most common ovarian tumor

A

Granulosa cell tumor

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25
Q

Pyometra in cows

A

Causes by bacteriodes, venereal disease
Diagnosed by palpating pus in uterus, presence of CL, anestrus
Treat with PGF2a

*NOT an emergency, they are not clinically sick

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26
Q

Uterine Segmental Aplasia

A

One side doesn’t develop

Treat with unilateral ovariectomy

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27
Q

Infectious causes of anestrus (bovine)

A

Viruses, Bacteria, Protozoan

IBR, BVD, Clostridium, Lepto, Campy, Neospora, Tritrichomonas

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28
Q

Types of breeding programs (equine)

A

Natural service

AI

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29
Q

Factors affecting equine pregnancy rates

A

Breeding management
Stallion fertility
Mare fertility
Early pregnancy detection

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30
Q

Estrus length (equine)

A

4-7 days

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31
Q

Length of estrous cycle (equine)

A

Depends on day length

Longer days -> shorter cycle

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32
Q

Length and sign of diestrus (equine)

A

14 days

Progesterone influence ->mare will have ears back, strike, kick

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33
Q

Equine uterus during estrus

A

Wagon wheel/orange peel sign

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34
Q

Equine cervix during estrus vs diestrus

A

Estrus: estrogen influence -> shorter, softer, pink
Diestrus: progesterone influence -> longer, firmer, tighter, white

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35
Q

Equine ovulatory agents

A 
Deslorelin Acetate (causes LH release)
HCG (acts as LH)
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36
Q

When to breed a mare?

A

As close to ovulation as possible

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37
Q

“Conservative” approach to inseminating mares

A

0 hr: call for semen
24 hr: 1st AI, give hCG
48 hr: 2nd AI
60 hr: ovulation

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38
Q

“Daredevil” approach to inseminating mares

A

0 hr: call for semen, give hCG
24 hr: 1st AI
36 hr: ovulation
48 hr: post-breeding Tx

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39
Q

Subfertile mare

A

Not pregnant after repeated matings
Cannot carry pregnancy to term
Has known reproductive pathology
Has behavioral issues that affect reproduction

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40
Q

Causes of subfertility

A

Breeding management
Conformation defects
Susceptibility to endometritis

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41
Q

Types of endometritis

A

Non-infectious (Post-mating Induced Metritis- PMIE)

Infectious (Acute or Chronic)

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42
Q

Mare with poor clearance

A 
(Vulva protrudes more than anus)
Middle aged or aged mare
Pluriparous
Pendulous uterus with poor contractility
Perineal defects
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43
Q

“Atypical” susceptible mare

A

Middle-aged mare
Maiden
Cervical incompetence during estrus
Cervix stays tightly closed because it has never had to dilate

44
Q

BSE/assessment of infertility of mares include

A 
PE
Ultrasound
Uterine culture
Uterine cytology
Low volume lavage
Vaginal speculum examination
Hysteroscopy
Assess oviductal patency
45
Q

Treatment strategies for mare infertility

A

Correct anatomical defects (poor clearance -> suture part of vulva)
Reduce contamination
Breed close to ovulation
Uterine lavage
Ecbolic agents (cause uterine contractions e.g. Oxytocin)
Antimicrobial agents

46
Q

Methods of pregnancy diagnosis (mare)

A 
Behavioral assessment
Vaginal speculum examination
Transrectal palpation
Transrectal ultrasonography
Hormonal assays
47
Q

Diagnosis of twins (mare)

A

Ultrasound at day 13-15 gestation

48
Q

Risk of carrying twins (mare)

A

Twins compromise placentation

Early termination of pregnancy in 2/3 of cases

49
Q

Manual embryo crush

A

Best during motility phase: day 16-17
Milk vesicle up to blunt end of uterine horn, isolate it, and crush it
90% success

50
Q

Equine pregnancy Day 20-25

A

Toned uterus, narrow, elongated cervix
Rarely detectable with palpation, need U/S
Guitar pick shaped
Embryonic heartbeat: day 24

51
Q

Equine pregnancy 23-26

A

Development of fetal membranes (allantois)
Regression of yolk sac
Embryo starts to “lift off”

52
Q

Equine pregnancy day 30-35

A

Toned uterus, narrow, elongated cervix

Hen’s egg bulge (day 30)

53
Q

Early embryonic death

A

Most commonly occurs up to 30 days gestation

Accounts for 25% pregnancy loss

54
Q

Equine pregnancy day 35-40

A 
Toned uterus, narrow, elongated cervix
Tennis ball shaped bulge
Transition from "embryo" to "fetus"
Organogenesis begins -- can see umbilicus
Formation of endometrial cups (day 36)
55
Q

Management of twins in equine pregnancy >40 days

A

Transvaginal u/s-guided aspirate
Cranio-cervical dislocation (60% success)
Transabdominal u/s-guided cardiac puncture

56
Q

Equine pregnancy day 60-65

A

Vesicle expands into uterine body
Child-sized football shaped
Less tone in gravid horn, non-gravid horn is toned
Fetal sexing

57
Q

Fetal sexing of equine fetus

A

Day 59-68
Female- clitoris is at tail head
Male- prepuce and penis are by umbilicus

58
Q

Equine pregnancy day 75-120

A

Uterus is pulled ventrally
Basketball shaped
Need to differentiate from bladder (palpate to cervix)
Difficult to image transrectal

59
Q

Equine pregnancy day 150-200

A

Uterine descent is complete
Fetal ballotment is consistent
Transabdominal u/s is best approach

60
Q

Most common site of infection in equine pregnancy

A

Cervical star

61
Q

Hormonal assays in equine pregnancy detection

A

May detect progesterone, equine chorionic gonadotropin, estrogens

MINIMALLY USEFUL

62
Q

Sensitive indicators of pregnancy (mare)

A

Transrectal U/S (BEST!)

Transrectal palpation

63
Q

Insensitive indicators of pregnancy (mare)

A

Behavior
Cervical changes
Hormonal assays

64
Q

Ideal bull: cow ratio

A

1:25

65
Q

Requirements for breeding bulls

A
  1. Physically sound and in good health
  2. Functional reproductive system
  3. Strong libido and fertile sperm
  4. Free of venereal diseases
66
Q

What accessory sex glands does a bull have?

A

All

Vesicular glands
Ampulla
Prostate
Bulbourethral glands

67
Q

What accessory sex glands does a stallion have?

A

All

Vesicular glands
Ampulla
Prostate
Bulbourethral glands

68
Q

Seminal vesiculitis (bull)

A

ONLY frequently diagnosed disease of bovine accessory sex glands

Caused by A. Pyogenes, Brucella abortus, H. Somni, Mycobacterium sp.

69
Q

Penile fibropapilloma

A

Warts

Most cases clear after excision

Pox virus

70
Q

Example of a (morphological) penile abnormality (bull)

A

Corkscrew penis

71
Q

Penile hematoma (bull)

A

Caused by a break in the tunica albuguinea with escape of blood from corpus cavernosum

72
Q

Prolapsed prepuce (bull)

A

Most common in Bos indicus
Congenital
Tx: clean, antibiotics, sling. If not healed in 2 weeks -> Sx (“Reefing” aka circumscision)

73
Q

What three factors are highly correlated in bull reproductive physiology?

A

Scrotal circumference

Testicular size

Sperm production

74
Q

Effects of large scrotal circumference on offspring (bulls)

A

Earlier puberty of sons and daughters

75
Q

Effects of large scroll circumference on offspring of litter-bearing animals

A

Daughters with more active ovaries

76
Q

Satisfactory semen quality in bulls requires

A

> 30% motility

> 70% morphology

77
Q

“Deferred” classification of breeding potential in bulls means

A

Need re-evaluation at a later date

Substandard, but has the ability to improve

78
Q

Venereal disease pathogens of bulls

A

Tritrichomonas foetus

Campylobacter fetus spp. Venerealis

79
Q

Paraphymosis

A

Most common penile abnormality in stallions
Can’t retract penis
Causes: trauma, inflammation, phenothiazine tranquilizers
Tx: Hydrotherapy, massage, local ointment, Abx, NSAIDS

80
Q

Priapism

A

Penile abnormality of stallion
Prolonged erection
May lead to paraphimosis

81
Q

Habronemiasis

A

Skin disease on penis of stallion that is causes by spiruid stomach worm larvae

82
Q

Most common pathogens that cause local bacterial infection in stallion reproductive tract

A
  1. Pseudomonas aerguinosa
  2. Klebsiella pneumoruae
  3. Taylorella equigenitalis (CEM)
83
Q

Stallion semen collection (How many samples? When do you collect?)

A

Two samples approximately 1 hour apart

84
Q

Methods/equipment of stallion semen collection

A

Artificial vagina
Condom
Manual stimulation
Pharmacologically induced (last resort)

85
Q

What is a jump mare?

A

Ovarihysterectomized mare that still displays estrus but cannot get pregnant

Used to excite stallion

86
Q

Total sperm number

A

Volume (mL) x concentration (10^6 sperm/mL)

87
Q

Satisfactory sperm requirements (stallion)

A

> 60% morphology
60% motility
1 billion progressively motile, morphological normal sperm

Can inseminate 40 mares via natural service and 120 via AI

88
Q

Total scrotal width in stallions is correlated with

A

Sperm production

89
Q

Torsion of spermatic cord

A

Problematic when >180 degrees

Will cause: severe colic, scrotal swelling, testicular ischemia, and a negative effect on the contralateral testis

Tx: Sx

90
Q

Inguinal/scrotal hernia

A

Scrotal abnormality of stallion
Intestines enter vaginal cavity through vaginal ring
Predisposing factors: enlarged vaginal ring, breeding, exercise, transport
Tx: castration recommended

91
Q

Occluded ampulla

A

Issue with stallions
Caused by low frequency of ejaculation
Signs: azoospermia, tailless sperm heads
Dx: U/S will show prominent, enlarged lumen of ampulla with hyperchoic content in terminal part of ductus deferens
Tx: massage, oxytocin, frequent ejaculation

92
Q

Seminal Vesiculitis (stallions)

A

Rare
Bacterial infection
Causes infertility, poor semen quality, pyospermia, hemospermia
LARGE #S INFLAMMATORY CELLS IN SEMEN
Tx: endoscopic lavage, infusion of Abx, systemic Abx

93
Q

BSE does not measure actual fertility, it only measures _______

A

Fertility potential

Results are only valid for the day of the exam and cannot guarantee what an animal will do in the future

94
Q

Main causes of equine abortions

A

Twin pregnancies
Umbilical cord torsion
Viral/bacterial/fungal infections
Digestion of a large amount of Eastern Tent Caterpillars

95
Q

Umbilical torsion in equine pregnancy

A

Umbilicus >85cm
>5 twists
Blood flow restriction causes fetal death/abortion

96
Q

Equine Rhinopneumonitis (Equine Herpes Virus 1)

A

Respiratory disease that causes neuro signs and abortion
Transmission: respiratory, contact
*Viable for several weeks in environment
Endemic to USA
No clinical signs until late term (>7 mo) abortion
Dx: necropsy: necrotic foci of liver and edema of lungs. Histopathology: eosinophilic inclusions
Also- virus isolation, PCR
Tx: supportive care
Prevention: vaccines, separate pregnant mares from other animals

97
Q

Equine Viral Arteritis

A

Global distribution, last case in USA: Idaho 2007
Caused by equine arteritis virus
Respiratory or venereal transmission
Only stallions can be carriers
Virus can survive in frozen semen
Clinical signs: fever, lacrimation, nasal d/c, edema

*Non-pregnant mare that is bred to infected male will contract virus, but will not abort her own fetus. If she spread the virus to other pregnant mares via respiratory route, they will abort their fetuses.

Aborted fetus is partially autolysed
Dx: semen neutralization test, virus isolation, PCR, test breed stallions
Prevention: test all breeding stallions once per year, vaccinate

98
Q

Bacterial placentitis (mares)

A

*Most common cause of equine abortions in US
Types: Ascending, nocardiform, hematogenous
Dx: avillous areas
Tx: systemic antibiotics, altrenogest (regumate), NSAIDs, Pentoxyfylline

99
Q

What is the most common cause of equine abortions in US?

A

Bacterial placentitis

100
Q

Ascending bacterial placentitis

A

Caused by Strep, E.coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas
Clinical signs: vaginal d/c, premature mammary gland development, abortion
Dx: U/S will show increased CTUP and placental separation

101
Q

Nocardiaform Bacterial Placentitis

A

Caused by Nocardiaform actinomyces

102
Q

Hematogenous Bacterial Placentitis

A

Rare

Caused by Leptospira

103
Q

Most common ovarian tumor

A

Granulosa cell tumor

104
Q

Clinical signs of granulosa cell tumor

A

Behavioral changes: mare will have stallion-like responses, aggression, anestrus or persistent estrus (nymphomania)

105
Q

Contagious Equine Metritis

A

Taylorella equigenitalis
Venereal disease of horses
Causes high rate of infertility (40%)
Mares: neutrophilic endometritis, gray-white vaginal discharge, short term infertility, mares & foals may become carriers
Stallions: no clinical signs, are carriers
Dx: culture swabs, test breed stallions
Tx: only under state veterinarian, 4% chlorhex, 0.2% nitrofurazone, 21d quarantine

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