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Human Sexual Biology > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sex?

A

Biological sex/gender

Method of reproduction

Human behavior

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2
Q

Gender Identity

A

Internal sense of self

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3
Q

Gender Expression

A

How we communicate our gender

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4
Q

Margaret Mead

A

Anthropologist

Studied binary gender roles in New Guinea

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5
Q

Sexual Orientation

A

To whom you are attracted to

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6
Q

Indifferent Stage

A

7 weeks fertilization, all reproductive structures are same in male/female embryos

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7
Q

If not menstruating regularly

A

Not ovulating regularly

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8
Q

3 layers of Fallopian Tubes

A

Outer covering

Middle muscular layer (peristalses to propel egg)

Inner mucosal layer (ciliated cells wave egg to uterus)

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9
Q

3 layers of uterus

A

Perimetrium

Myometrium (muscular, contractions expel blood/babies)

Endometrium (thickens/sheds monthly)

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10
Q

3 layers of vagina

A

Outer fibrous layer

Middle muscular layer

Inner mucosal layer

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11
Q

3 parts of clitoris

A

Glans, body, crura

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12
Q

3 Regions of Fallopian Tubes

A

(Out to in)

Infundibulum (before fimbriae)

Ampulla (curve)

Isthmus (neck)

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13
Q

3 regions of uterus

A

Fundus (top

Body (main)

Cervix (neck)

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14
Q

5-Alpha Reductase Deficiency

A

Normal testes/testosterone

Inability to convert it to DHT (active form)

MIS = no internal genitalia
Can’t sense (T) = externally female

Puberty: testosterone skyrockets, develop male characteristics

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15
Q

Andenomyosis

A

Growth of endometrial tissue in myometrium

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16
Q

Amenorrhea

A

Absence of menses for 3+ months

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17
Q

Ampulla

A

Widening of vas deferens where it meets seminal vesicle

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18
Q

Anal Anatomy

A

Epithelium (cell lining)

Sphincters
(External = voluntary)
(Internal = involuntary)

Hemorrhoidal Plexus (network of veins)

Nerve supply from pudendal nerve

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19
Q

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

A

Testosterone made but not seen

Make and see MIS (no internal genitals)

Externally female

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20
Q

Chromosomes

A

Humans have 23 pairs, 46 total

Contain multiple genes made of DNA

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21
Q

External Breast Anatomy

A

Areola

Nipple

Montgomery Gland (little dots)

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22
Q

Internal Breast Anatomy

A

Alveolar glands (produce milk)

Alveolar ducts (carry milk toward nipple)

Lactiferous duct (brings milk out of nipple)

Adipose tissue (determines breast size)

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23
Q

Bulbourethral gland

A

Before exiting urethra

Secretes mucosa fluid during emission in response to sexual stimulation

Pre-cum

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24
Q

Cervical stenosis

A

Cervical opening is small, menstruating is difficult

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25
Q

Cervix

A

Internal/external is

Glandular cells make mucus

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26
Q

Circumcision

A

Optional procedure detaching prepuce from glans

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27
Q

Cisgender

A

Gender identity matches bio sex/gender

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28
Q

Clitoris

A

Equal to (glans) penis in males. Highly sensitive erectile tissue

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29
Q

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

A

Normal female development until adrenal gland makes abnormally high levels of testosterone

Begin to masculinize

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30
Q

Corona Radiata

A

Granulosa cells form a halo around oocyte

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31
Q

Corpus Luteum

A

Secretes high levels of progesterone

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32
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

Undescended testicle

Treatment: surgery (orchiopexy)

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33
Q

Cycle Day 1

A

First day of menstrual bleeding

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34
Q

Cycle duration

A

Number of days of menstrual bleeding

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35
Q

Cycle length

A

Time from start of one cycle to start of next cycle

Average 28 days

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36
Q

Cystadenomas

A

Usually benign, mucous or fluid filled

Can become large

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37
Q

Dartos Muscle

A

Raises and lowers scrotum to regulate temp to keep sperm healthy

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38
Q

Dermoid Cyst

A

Form from an egg cell and contain hair, skin, and teeth

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39
Q

Dysmenorrhea

A

Extreme pain from menstrual cramps

Inherited or genetic
Sometimes due to other disorder

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40
Q

Dysmenorrhea Treatment

A

Anti-prostaglandin meds (ibuprofen), hormonal birth control, narcotic pain meds

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41
Q

Ejacualtion

A

Expelling sen from penis

Contractions in columns of penis force semen out through urethral meatus

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42
Q

Ejaculatory Duct

A

Fusion of vas deferens with ducts from seminal vesicle (drain into urethra)

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43
Q

Embryogenesis

A

First 8 weeks of fetal development

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44
Q

Emission

A

Getting sperm and fluids ready to go

Muscular contractions move sperm from testes, to epididymis, to vas deferens, to ejacualtory duct

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45
Q

Endocrine disrupting chemicals

A

Chemicals that act like hormones found in plastics, cosmetics, and pesticides

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46
Q

endocrine hormones

A

Travel via bloodstream

From gland to organ
long distance

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47
Q

Endometriomas

A

Blood-filled cysts from endometriosis

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48
Q

Endometriosis

A

Growth of endometrial tissue inside body where it doesn’t belong

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49
Q

Epididymis

A

Long coiled tube behind testes

Nourish/ transport sperm

Site of final maturation of sperm

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50
Q

Wolfian Ducts

A

Testosterone tells wolffian ducts to persist

MIS tells Müllerian ducts to disappear

Develop male

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51
Q

Genital tubercle in females

A

Becomes clitoris

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52
Q

Labioscrotal swelling in female

A

Becomes labia majora

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53
Q

Urogenital folds in female

A

Becomes labia minora

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54
Q

Urogenital sinus in female

A

Becomes lower 2/3 of vagina

Urethra

Bladder

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55
Q

Female gamete production

A

Have all oogonia at birth, but only produce one perfect gamete per month

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56
Q

Flow

A

Quantity/ heaviness of bleeding

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57
Q

Follicular Phase

A

Days 1-14

Hypothalamus: secretes GnRH

Anterior Pituitary: secretes LH and FSH

Uterus: lining sheds and starts to thicken again

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58
Q

Fordyce Spots

A

Visible sebaceous glands

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59
Q

Free vs Bound Hormones

A

Bound hormones need carrier protein (chaperone)

Testosterone and estrogen are both bound by SHBG

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60
Q

FSH

A

Tells gonads to make gametes

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61
Q

Gamete

A

Sex cell (sperm or ovum)

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62
Q

Cloacal Exstrophy

A

XY chromosome, normal testes/testosterone, no penis

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63
Q

Gender Neutrality Theory

A

Dr. John Money

Says intersex people could be nurtured into gender

Wrong

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64
Q

Graffenberg “G” Spot

A

Rigid tissue palpable on lower anterior wall of vagina

Can be pleasurable when stimulated

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65
Q

Granulosa Cells

A

Cells that line follicles

Convert androtenedione into testosterone

Converted into estradiol (estrogen) by aromatase enzyme

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66
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

Dilation of veins in Hemorrhoidal plexus

Caused by trauma

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67
Q

Hormone production in ovaries

A

Granulosa cells make estrogen

Corpus luteum makes progesterone

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68
Q

Hormone production in testes

A

Leydig cells produce testosterone in testicles

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69
Q

Hormone receptors

A

Hormones need specific receptors to be seen and put to work

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70
Q

Hymen

A

Thin to thick membrane covering vaginal orifice

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71
Q

Annular Hymen

A

Normal (one hole)

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72
Q

Remnant Hymen

A

Structure goes in a bit

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73
Q

Separate hymen

A

Band down the middle

Need surgery

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74
Q

Hydrocele

A

Accumulation of fluid around testicle

Uncomfortable, but doesn’t require treatment

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75
Q

Hypospadias

A

Failure of fusion of urogenital folds

Urethra opens on underside of penis

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76
Q

Hypothalamic amenorrhea

A

No ovulation (can bleed irregular)

Risks: stress, diet, high exercise

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77
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Decision maker of hormones

Sends GnRH (chemical messenger) to say more sex hormones are needed

Negative feedback system

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78
Q

Gonads

A

Future ovaries or testes (from week 5)

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79
Q

Inguinal Canal

A

Passage from abdomen into scrotal sac

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80
Q

Inguinal hernia

A

Inguinal canal fails to close off completely, abdominal organs move into groin or scrotum

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81
Q

Intersex

A

XX or XY but have both ovarian and testicular tissue

82
Q

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

A

XXY male

Develop breasts, small male genitals, undescended testes, intellectual disability

May have Hypospadias

83
Q

Leydig Cells

A

Make testosterone

84
Q

LH

A

Tells gonads to make more sex hormones

85
Q

LMP

A

1st day of bleeding of last menstrual period

86
Q

Luteal phase

A

Days 14-28

High LH from ovulation

Tells empty follicle to become corpus luteum

If egg not fertilized, corpus luteum dies, progesterone falls, uterine lining sheds

87
Q

Labioscrotal swelling in male

A

Fuse and become scrotum

88
Q

Urogenital folds

A

Corpus spongiosum (underside of penis)

89
Q

Urogenital sinus in male

A

Prostate and Bulbourethral glands,

Bladder

Urethra

90
Q

Wolffian ducts become

A

Epididymis

Vas deferens

Seminal vesicle

Ejacualtory duct

91
Q

Mammary glands

A

Produce milk

92
Q

Mature/Graafian follicles

A

Oocyte completed first meiotic division and becomes secondary oocyte

93
Q

Meiosis

A
  1. ) Duplicate
  2. ) Crossover
  3. ) 1st Division
  4. ) 2nd Division
  5. ) 4 halfsie cells
94
Q

Menorrhagia

A

Heavy menstrual bleeding

>270 ml

95
Q

Irregular menstruation

A

Length carries significantly from month to month

96
Q

Metorrhagia

A

Long menses (10+ days)

97
Q

Microppillomatosis

A

Finger like projections on vulva

98
Q

Mitosis

A

Complete exact replica of parent cell, diploid (2 of each chromosome)

99
Q

Mons Pubis

A

Cushion of fatty tissue

100
Q

Bicornuate Uterus

A

Partial failure of fusion

101
Q

Uterus Didelphys

A

No fusion, 2 separate uteruses

102
Q

Oligomenorrhea

A

Infrequent cycles, <9 per year

103
Q

Oogenesis

A

Gametogenesis in ovary

104
Q

Outer cortex

A

Follicles form in cortex of ovary

105
Q

Functional ovarian cyst

A

Common, normal ovarian structures considered cysts

106
Q

Ovarian ligament

A

Connects ovary to uterus

107
Q

Suspensory ligament and ovarian artery and vein

A

Connect to ovary

108
Q

Ovulation

A

Day 14

Follicle is fully mature, bulging at surface of ovary

Positive feedback loop of LH with estrogen

109
Q

Paracrine hormones

A

Travel short distance to nearby cell of target organ

110
Q

External anatomy of penis

A

Base

Shaft

Glans

111
Q

Internal anatomy of penis

A

Two corpora cavernosa (+ deep artery)

One corpus spongiosum (+ urethra)

Superficial and deep veins, nerves and arteries

112
Q

Perimenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

A

Severe PMS cause impairment to normal functioning

113
Q

Perineum

A

Between genitals and anus

114
Q

Physical indicators of ovulation

A

Rise in basal body temp

Cervical mucus becomes more elastic

115
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Recieves GnRH

Sends messengers LH and FSH to gonads

116
Q

PCOS

A

Theca Cells make androgens, but Granulosa can’t convert to estrogen

117
Q

Polymenorrhea

A

Frequent cycles, more often than 28 days

118
Q

Polythelia

A

More than 2 nipples

119
Q

Premature ovarian failure

A

Premature menopause, ovary shuts down, low estrogen levels

120
Q

PMS

A

3-10 days before menses

121
Q

Primary follicles

A

Primary oocyte enlarges
Surrounding cells divide
Granulosa cell -> layer made zona pellucid -> theca cells surround Granulosa and make hormones

122
Q

Primordial follicles

A

Surround oogonia

Layer of flattened epithelial cells

123
Q

Prostate

A

Glad surrounding urethra

Secretes fluid into urethra during emission

Alkaline, enhances sperm mobility

124
Q

Secondary follicles

A

Granulosa cells proliferate (several layers thick)

Fluid filled spaces join and form antrum

Takes 4 months

125
Q

Seminal vesicle

A

Paired glands, secrete fluid into ejacualtory duct during emission

126
Q

Seminiferous tubules

A

Where sperm is produced, tiny coils packed into testes

127
Q

Sertoli cells

A

Nurture / protect sperm

Encourage development

Make MIS

128
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

23rd chromosome pair

129
Q

Skenes gland

A

Located on both sides of urethra

Like male prostate

Can secret fluid for female ejacualtion

130
Q

Spermatic cord

A

Testes, blood vessels, vas deferens = bundle

131
Q

Spetmatid

A

Large fat cell without tail

132
Q

Spermatocele

A

Cyst that forms off epididymis

Uncomfortable, but harmless

133
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Creation of immature Spetmatids by meiosis

Stimulated by FSH and helped by sertoli cells

134
Q

Spermiogenesis

A

Process of turning Spetmatid into mature spermatocyte

135
Q

Squamocolumnar Junction

A

Where two cell types mere
(Stratified squamous and columnar epithelium)

Bacteria thrive here

136
Q

SRY Gene

A

Sex determining region

If present:
indifferent gonads become testes

Male development

137
Q

Testicular torsion

A

Emergency

Twisting it spermatic cord, cuts off blood supply to testicle

138
Q

Theca Cells

A

Surround follicles

Turn cholesterol into weak androgen called androtenedione (much like testosterone)

139
Q

Tunica albugenia

A

Outer ovary

Or
Tough outer white capsule of testicle

140
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

XO female

Only one sex chromosome

Broad chest, webbed neck, short, infertile

141
Q

Uterine fibroids

A

Leiomyomas, common

Benign tumors in uterus

142
Q

Uterus ligaments

A

Broad ligament

Round ligament

143
Q

Vaginal environment

A

Acidic

Bacteria live here to keep it healthy

144
Q

Vaginal nerve supply

A

Upper vagina: visceral nerve from pelvic plexus (general signals rather than fine sensation)

Lower vagina: somatic nerve branches from pudendal nerve (specific sensation like skin)

145
Q

Varicocele

A

Varicose veins in scrotum

Enlargement of pampiniform plexus of veins in spermatic cord

Discomfort but no treatment required

146
Q

Vas deferens

A

Two muscular tubes that bring sperm up/out of scrotum

147
Q

Vestibular/Bartholin’s glands

A

Secrete lubricating fluid in response to sexual arousal

Located on both sides of vaginal orifice

148
Q

Vestibular bulbs

A

Two masses of erectile tissue on either side of vestibule, behind labia

149
Q

Vestibule

A

Area between labia minora, contains opening to urethra, vagina, and glands

150
Q

Vulva nerve supply

A

Pudendal nerve supplies external genitalia, anus, and lower 1/3 of vagina

151
Q

X chromosome

A

Has tons of important info for life

Can’t live without it

152
Q

Xenoestrogens

A

Atrizine (weed killer)

BPA (plastics, can lining)

Philatates (plasticizers, cosmetics)

153
Q

XX males

A

Abnormally present SRY gene on another chromosome

SRY turns on gonads, testes;

Leydig make testosterone
Sertoli make MIS

154
Q

Y chromosome

A

Smallest chromosome

Not necessary for life

SRY gene, genes for sperm production

Physical features: tooth size, height, hand/foot size

155
Q

XX

A

Female

No SRY gene

156
Q

XY

A

Male

SRY gene present

157
Q

Screening

A
  • common
  • accurate test
  • a symptomatic condition
  • treatable condition
  • morbidity
158
Q

Acute HIV

A
  • rapid replication
  • most screenings will be negative
  • sometimes flu symptoms
159
Q

Clinical Latency (HIV)

A
  • no symptoms
  • virus is in immune cells
  • lasts about 8 years if HIV is untreated
160
Q

AIDS

A
  • immune system loses battle
  • opportunistic infections
  • unimpeded viral replication
161
Q

Parasitic infections

A

Caused by fomites

-underwear, towels, sheets

162
Q

Trichomonas

A
  • unicellular
  • asymptomatic
  • women: causes vaginitis, green discharge, discomfort
  • in men, usually asymptomatic, can cause urethritis
  • can be latent for years and suddenly become symptomatic
  • treated with antibiotics
163
Q

Pubic Lice

A
  • multicellular
  • cause itching
  • treated with topical cream
164
Q

Scabies

A
  • technically not STI, but often transmitted this way
  • burrow under skin and multiply
  • treated with topical cream
165
Q

Primary Syphilis

A
  • 10-90 days after exposure
  • painless chancre
  • 30-50% transmission rate
  • resolved spontaneously in 4-6 weeks
166
Q

Secondary Syphilis

A
  • 1-6 months later
  • rash, fatigue, body aches
  • condyloma lata, waxy looking warts
  • highly infectious (30%)
167
Q

Latent Syphilis

A
  • no signs/symptoms

- still infectious, especially early in this phase

168
Q

Tertiary Syphilis

A
  • 1-10 to 50 years after infection
  • Gummas, soft tumors
  • neurological symptoms
  • cardiovascular problems
  • can be fatal
169
Q

Syphilis

A
  • transmitted via exposure to chancre or lesion

- Treated with penicillin

170
Q

Chlamydia

A
  • vaginal and anal transmission
  • very contagious (30-40% transmission rate)

-75% of women and 50% of men have no symptoms

  • single dose antibiotics
  • no sex 7 days
  • recheck in 3 months
171
Q

Gonorrhea

A
  • vaginal, anal, AND oral sex
  • very contagious, 70% vaginal receptive, 30% penile insertive

-only 10% have NO symptoms (unless rectal)

  • treated with antibiotic injection and oral
  • no sex 7 days
  • recheck in 3 months
172
Q

Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Symptoms

A
  • epididymis, urethritis, vaginitis, cervicitis, PID, Proctitis
  • Pharyngitis and disseminated disease in gonorrhea only
173
Q

PID

A
  • infection of uterus, Fallopian tubes, ovaries
  • fever, pelvic pain
  • can cause infertility
174
Q

Folliculutis

A
  • bacterial infection of hair follicles
  • redness, bumps, itching, sometimes look like pimples
  • from rubbing/friction, shaving
  • treated with cleansing, exfoliating, ointment
175
Q

Fungal Infections of Skin

A
  • itching, rash, can have pain
  • treated with anti fungal creams
  • keep skin cool and dry
176
Q

Molluscum Contagiosum

A
  • technically not sti, but often acquired that way by college students
  • viral infection transmitted by skin/skin contact
  • small bumps with dimple (central umbilication)
  • can be treated with cryotherapy or curette (scraping)
177
Q

Urethritis

A
  • infection of urethra
  • most commonly caused by STIs, sometimes by irritants or bacterial infections
  • burning w/urination, blood/pus
178
Q

Cystitis

A
  • bacterial infection of bladder
  • 30% of females will have one in their lifetime
  • pain/blood with urination, urgency and frequency, abdominal pain
  • treated with antibiotics
179
Q

Pylonephritis

A
  • bladder infection moves up into kidney
  • same causes as cystitis, morse severe infection
  • fever, back pain, nausea
  • long term antibiotics, sometimes via IV
180
Q

Spontaneous abortion (miscarriage)

A
  • due to genetic effect

- 50% of fertilized eggs

181
Q

PBDE

A
  • flame retardants

- lower physical and intellectual abilities

182
Q

DES

A
  • synthetic estrogen

- vaginal cancer

183
Q

1st trimester

A
  • fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite
  • tender breasts
  • high HCG
184
Q

2nd trimester

A
  • fetal movement
  • start to “show”
  • estrogen/progesterone secreted by placenta
185
Q

3rd trimester

A
  • placenta makes lactogen (breasts ready for milk)

- and relaxin (helps childbirth)

186
Q

Labor

A
  • oxytocin released, contractions
  • cervix thins, dilates
  • 3-36 hours
187
Q

Induction of Labor

A
  • pitocin, causes contractions
  • misoprostol
  • nipple stim (release oxytocin)
188
Q

Pushing

A
  • takes 5 mins to 3 hours
  • engage abdominal muscles and relax pelvic floor
  • pelvis separates slightly
  • fetal expulsion
189
Q

Fontanels

A

Soft spot on baby’s head

190
Q

Shoulder dystocia

A

Shoulders can’t fit through mother’s pelvis

Life threatening

191
Q

Delivery

A

Cord is clamped/cut

Stimulated to cry

Baby is dried

192
Q

Epistomy

A

Cut vulvar skin for delivering baby

Uncommon practice now

193
Q

Delivery of placenta

A

1-30 mins post fetus delivery

Signified by gush of blood

194
Q

Vasectomy

A

Vas deferens cut

195
Q

Ella

A

Delay ovulation up to 5 days post sex

No weight limit

Can interfere w/ birth control

196
Q

Plan B

A

Up to 72 hours post sex

Not effective if over 165 lbs

197
Q

Medical abortion

A

16% before 8 weeks

Induce miscarriage

198
Q

Row v Wade

A

1973, woman’s right to privacy and personal liberty

Abortion must be legal before viability (24-28 weeks)

199
Q

Surgical abortion

A

Use of suction to evacuate products of conception

200
Q

Yeast infection

A

Overgrown organisms
Itching, rash, pain

Treated with cream

Human Sexual Biology (1 decks)

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