Midterm Flashcards
What is sex?
Biological sex/gender
Method of reproduction
Human behavior
Gender Identity
Internal sense of self
Gender Expression
How we communicate our gender
Margaret Mead
Anthropologist
Studied binary gender roles in New Guinea
Sexual Orientation
To whom you are attracted to
Indifferent Stage
7 weeks fertilization, all reproductive structures are same in male/female embryos
If not menstruating regularly
Not ovulating regularly
3 layers of Fallopian Tubes
Outer covering
Middle muscular layer (peristalses to propel egg)
Inner mucosal layer (ciliated cells wave egg to uterus)
3 layers of uterus
Perimetrium
Myometrium (muscular, contractions expel blood/babies)
Endometrium (thickens/sheds monthly)
3 layers of vagina
Outer fibrous layer
Middle muscular layer
Inner mucosal layer
3 parts of clitoris
Glans, body, crura
3 Regions of Fallopian Tubes
(Out to in)
Infundibulum (before fimbriae)
Ampulla (curve)
Isthmus (neck)
3 regions of uterus
Fundus (top
Body (main)
Cervix (neck)
5-Alpha Reductase Deficiency
Normal testes/testosterone
Inability to convert it to DHT (active form)
MIS = no internal genitalia
Can’t sense (T) = externally female
Puberty: testosterone skyrockets, develop male characteristics
Andenomyosis
Growth of endometrial tissue in myometrium
Amenorrhea
Absence of menses for 3+ months
Ampulla
Widening of vas deferens where it meets seminal vesicle
Anal Anatomy
Epithelium (cell lining)
Sphincters
(External = voluntary)
(Internal = involuntary)
Hemorrhoidal Plexus (network of veins)
Nerve supply from pudendal nerve
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
Testosterone made but not seen
Make and see MIS (no internal genitals)
Externally female
Chromosomes
Humans have 23 pairs, 46 total
Contain multiple genes made of DNA
External Breast Anatomy
Areola
Nipple
Montgomery Gland (little dots)
Internal Breast Anatomy
Alveolar glands (produce milk)
Alveolar ducts (carry milk toward nipple)
Lactiferous duct (brings milk out of nipple)
Adipose tissue (determines breast size)
Bulbourethral gland
Before exiting urethra
Secretes mucosa fluid during emission in response to sexual stimulation
Pre-cum
Cervical stenosis
Cervical opening is small, menstruating is difficult
Cervix
Internal/external is
Glandular cells make mucus
Circumcision
Optional procedure detaching prepuce from glans
Cisgender
Gender identity matches bio sex/gender
Clitoris
Equal to (glans) penis in males. Highly sensitive erectile tissue
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Normal female development until adrenal gland makes abnormally high levels of testosterone
Begin to masculinize
Corona Radiata
Granulosa cells form a halo around oocyte
Corpus Luteum
Secretes high levels of progesterone
Cryptorchidism
Undescended testicle
Treatment: surgery (orchiopexy)
Cycle Day 1
First day of menstrual bleeding
Cycle duration
Number of days of menstrual bleeding
Cycle length
Time from start of one cycle to start of next cycle
Average 28 days
Cystadenomas
Usually benign, mucous or fluid filled
Can become large
Dartos Muscle
Raises and lowers scrotum to regulate temp to keep sperm healthy
Dermoid Cyst
Form from an egg cell and contain hair, skin, and teeth
Dysmenorrhea
Extreme pain from menstrual cramps
Inherited or genetic
Sometimes due to other disorder
Dysmenorrhea Treatment
Anti-prostaglandin meds (ibuprofen), hormonal birth control, narcotic pain meds
Ejacualtion
Expelling sen from penis
Contractions in columns of penis force semen out through urethral meatus
Ejaculatory Duct
Fusion of vas deferens with ducts from seminal vesicle (drain into urethra)
Embryogenesis
First 8 weeks of fetal development
Emission
Getting sperm and fluids ready to go
Muscular contractions move sperm from testes, to epididymis, to vas deferens, to ejacualtory duct
Endocrine disrupting chemicals
Chemicals that act like hormones found in plastics, cosmetics, and pesticides
endocrine hormones
Travel via bloodstream
From gland to organ
long distance
Endometriomas
Blood-filled cysts from endometriosis
Endometriosis
Growth of endometrial tissue inside body where it doesn’t belong
Epididymis
Long coiled tube behind testes
Nourish/ transport sperm
Site of final maturation of sperm
Wolfian Ducts
Testosterone tells wolffian ducts to persist
MIS tells Müllerian ducts to disappear
Develop male
Genital tubercle in females
Becomes clitoris
Labioscrotal swelling in female
Becomes labia majora
Urogenital folds in female
Becomes labia minora
Urogenital sinus in female
Becomes lower 2/3 of vagina
Urethra
Bladder
Female gamete production
Have all oogonia at birth, but only produce one perfect gamete per month
Flow
Quantity/ heaviness of bleeding
Follicular Phase
Days 1-14
Hypothalamus: secretes GnRH
Anterior Pituitary: secretes LH and FSH
Uterus: lining sheds and starts to thicken again
Fordyce Spots
Visible sebaceous glands
Free vs Bound Hormones
Bound hormones need carrier protein (chaperone)
Testosterone and estrogen are both bound by SHBG
FSH
Tells gonads to make gametes
Gamete
Sex cell (sperm or ovum)
Cloacal Exstrophy
XY chromosome, normal testes/testosterone, no penis
Gender Neutrality Theory
Dr. John Money
Says intersex people could be nurtured into gender
Wrong
Graffenberg “G” Spot
Rigid tissue palpable on lower anterior wall of vagina
Can be pleasurable when stimulated
Granulosa Cells
Cells that line follicles
Convert androtenedione into testosterone
Converted into estradiol (estrogen) by aromatase enzyme
Hemorrhoids
Dilation of veins in Hemorrhoidal plexus
Caused by trauma
Hormone production in ovaries
Granulosa cells make estrogen
Corpus luteum makes progesterone
Hormone production in testes
Leydig cells produce testosterone in testicles
Hormone receptors
Hormones need specific receptors to be seen and put to work
Hymen
Thin to thick membrane covering vaginal orifice
Annular Hymen
Normal (one hole)
Remnant Hymen
Structure goes in a bit
Separate hymen
Band down the middle
Need surgery
Hydrocele
Accumulation of fluid around testicle
Uncomfortable, but doesn’t require treatment
Hypospadias
Failure of fusion of urogenital folds
Urethra opens on underside of penis
Hypothalamic amenorrhea
No ovulation (can bleed irregular)
Risks: stress, diet, high exercise
Hypothalamus
Decision maker of hormones
Sends GnRH (chemical messenger) to say more sex hormones are needed
Negative feedback system
Gonads
Future ovaries or testes (from week 5)
Inguinal Canal
Passage from abdomen into scrotal sac
Inguinal hernia
Inguinal canal fails to close off completely, abdominal organs move into groin or scrotum
Intersex
XX or XY but have both ovarian and testicular tissue
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
XXY male
Develop breasts, small male genitals, undescended testes, intellectual disability
May have Hypospadias
Leydig Cells
Make testosterone
LH
Tells gonads to make more sex hormones
LMP
1st day of bleeding of last menstrual period
Luteal phase
Days 14-28
High LH from ovulation
Tells empty follicle to become corpus luteum
If egg not fertilized, corpus luteum dies, progesterone falls, uterine lining sheds
Labioscrotal swelling in male
Fuse and become scrotum
Urogenital folds
Corpus spongiosum (underside of penis)
Urogenital sinus in male
Prostate and Bulbourethral glands,
Bladder
Urethra
Wolffian ducts become
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Seminal vesicle
Ejacualtory duct
Mammary glands
Produce milk
Mature/Graafian follicles
Oocyte completed first meiotic division and becomes secondary oocyte
Meiosis
- ) Duplicate
- ) Crossover
- ) 1st Division
- ) 2nd Division
- ) 4 halfsie cells
Menorrhagia
Heavy menstrual bleeding
>270 ml
Irregular menstruation
Length carries significantly from month to month
Metorrhagia
Long menses (10+ days)
Microppillomatosis
Finger like projections on vulva
Mitosis
Complete exact replica of parent cell, diploid (2 of each chromosome)
Mons Pubis
Cushion of fatty tissue
Bicornuate Uterus
Partial failure of fusion
Uterus Didelphys
No fusion, 2 separate uteruses
Oligomenorrhea
Infrequent cycles, <9 per year
Oogenesis
Gametogenesis in ovary
Outer cortex
Follicles form in cortex of ovary
Functional ovarian cyst
Common, normal ovarian structures considered cysts
Ovarian ligament
Connects ovary to uterus
Suspensory ligament and ovarian artery and vein
Connect to ovary
Ovulation
Day 14
Follicle is fully mature, bulging at surface of ovary
Positive feedback loop of LH with estrogen
Paracrine hormones
Travel short distance to nearby cell of target organ
External anatomy of penis
Base
Shaft
Glans
Internal anatomy of penis
Two corpora cavernosa (+ deep artery)
One corpus spongiosum (+ urethra)
Superficial and deep veins, nerves and arteries
Perimenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
Severe PMS cause impairment to normal functioning
Perineum
Between genitals and anus
Physical indicators of ovulation
Rise in basal body temp
Cervical mucus becomes more elastic
Pituitary gland
Recieves GnRH
Sends messengers LH and FSH to gonads
PCOS
Theca Cells make androgens, but Granulosa can’t convert to estrogen
Polymenorrhea
Frequent cycles, more often than 28 days
Polythelia
More than 2 nipples
Premature ovarian failure
Premature menopause, ovary shuts down, low estrogen levels
PMS
3-10 days before menses
Primary follicles
Primary oocyte enlarges
Surrounding cells divide
Granulosa cell -> layer made zona pellucid -> theca cells surround Granulosa and make hormones
Primordial follicles
Surround oogonia
Layer of flattened epithelial cells
Prostate
Glad surrounding urethra
Secretes fluid into urethra during emission
Alkaline, enhances sperm mobility
Secondary follicles
Granulosa cells proliferate (several layers thick)
Fluid filled spaces join and form antrum
Takes 4 months
Seminal vesicle
Paired glands, secrete fluid into ejacualtory duct during emission
Seminiferous tubules
Where sperm is produced, tiny coils packed into testes
Sertoli cells
Nurture / protect sperm
Encourage development
Make MIS
Sex chromosomes
23rd chromosome pair
Skenes gland
Located on both sides of urethra
Like male prostate
Can secret fluid for female ejacualtion
Spermatic cord
Testes, blood vessels, vas deferens = bundle
Spetmatid
Large fat cell without tail
Spermatocele
Cyst that forms off epididymis
Uncomfortable, but harmless
Spermatogenesis
Creation of immature Spetmatids by meiosis
Stimulated by FSH and helped by sertoli cells
Spermiogenesis
Process of turning Spetmatid into mature spermatocyte
Squamocolumnar Junction
Where two cell types mere
(Stratified squamous and columnar epithelium)
Bacteria thrive here
SRY Gene
Sex determining region
If present:
indifferent gonads become testes
Male development
Testicular torsion
Emergency
Twisting it spermatic cord, cuts off blood supply to testicle
Theca Cells
Surround follicles
Turn cholesterol into weak androgen called androtenedione (much like testosterone)
Tunica albugenia
Outer ovary
Or
Tough outer white capsule of testicle
Turner’s syndrome
XO female
Only one sex chromosome
Broad chest, webbed neck, short, infertile
Uterine fibroids
Leiomyomas, common
Benign tumors in uterus
Uterus ligaments
Broad ligament
Round ligament
Vaginal environment
Acidic
Bacteria live here to keep it healthy
Vaginal nerve supply
Upper vagina: visceral nerve from pelvic plexus (general signals rather than fine sensation)
Lower vagina: somatic nerve branches from pudendal nerve (specific sensation like skin)
Varicocele
Varicose veins in scrotum
Enlargement of pampiniform plexus of veins in spermatic cord
Discomfort but no treatment required
Vas deferens
Two muscular tubes that bring sperm up/out of scrotum
Vestibular/Bartholin’s glands
Secrete lubricating fluid in response to sexual arousal
Located on both sides of vaginal orifice
Vestibular bulbs
Two masses of erectile tissue on either side of vestibule, behind labia
Vestibule
Area between labia minora, contains opening to urethra, vagina, and glands
Vulva nerve supply
Pudendal nerve supplies external genitalia, anus, and lower 1/3 of vagina
X chromosome
Has tons of important info for life
Can’t live without it
Xenoestrogens
Atrizine (weed killer)
BPA (plastics, can lining)
Philatates (plasticizers, cosmetics)
XX males
Abnormally present SRY gene on another chromosome
SRY turns on gonads, testes;
Leydig make testosterone
Sertoli make MIS
Y chromosome
Smallest chromosome
Not necessary for life
SRY gene, genes for sperm production
Physical features: tooth size, height, hand/foot size
XX
Female
No SRY gene
XY
Male
SRY gene present
Screening
- common
- accurate test
- a symptomatic condition
- treatable condition
- morbidity
Acute HIV
- rapid replication
- most screenings will be negative
- sometimes flu symptoms
Clinical Latency (HIV)
- no symptoms
- virus is in immune cells
- lasts about 8 years if HIV is untreated
AIDS
- immune system loses battle
- opportunistic infections
- unimpeded viral replication
Parasitic infections
Caused by fomites
-underwear, towels, sheets
Trichomonas
- unicellular
- asymptomatic
- women: causes vaginitis, green discharge, discomfort
- in men, usually asymptomatic, can cause urethritis
- can be latent for years and suddenly become symptomatic
- treated with antibiotics
Pubic Lice
- multicellular
- cause itching
- treated with topical cream
Scabies
- technically not STI, but often transmitted this way
- burrow under skin and multiply
- treated with topical cream
Primary Syphilis
- 10-90 days after exposure
- painless chancre
- 30-50% transmission rate
- resolved spontaneously in 4-6 weeks
Secondary Syphilis
- 1-6 months later
- rash, fatigue, body aches
- condyloma lata, waxy looking warts
- highly infectious (30%)
Latent Syphilis
- no signs/symptoms
- still infectious, especially early in this phase
Tertiary Syphilis
- 1-10 to 50 years after infection
- Gummas, soft tumors
- neurological symptoms
- cardiovascular problems
- can be fatal
Syphilis
- transmitted via exposure to chancre or lesion
- Treated with penicillin
Chlamydia
- vaginal and anal transmission
- very contagious (30-40% transmission rate)
-75% of women and 50% of men have no symptoms
- single dose antibiotics
- no sex 7 days
- recheck in 3 months
Gonorrhea
- vaginal, anal, AND oral sex
- very contagious, 70% vaginal receptive, 30% penile insertive
-only 10% have NO symptoms (unless rectal)
- treated with antibiotic injection and oral
- no sex 7 days
- recheck in 3 months
Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Symptoms
- epididymis, urethritis, vaginitis, cervicitis, PID, Proctitis
- Pharyngitis and disseminated disease in gonorrhea only
PID
- infection of uterus, Fallopian tubes, ovaries
- fever, pelvic pain
- can cause infertility
Folliculutis
- bacterial infection of hair follicles
- redness, bumps, itching, sometimes look like pimples
- from rubbing/friction, shaving
- treated with cleansing, exfoliating, ointment
Fungal Infections of Skin
- itching, rash, can have pain
- treated with anti fungal creams
- keep skin cool and dry
Molluscum Contagiosum
- technically not sti, but often acquired that way by college students
- viral infection transmitted by skin/skin contact
- small bumps with dimple (central umbilication)
- can be treated with cryotherapy or curette (scraping)
Urethritis
- infection of urethra
- most commonly caused by STIs, sometimes by irritants or bacterial infections
- burning w/urination, blood/pus
Cystitis
- bacterial infection of bladder
- 30% of females will have one in their lifetime
- pain/blood with urination, urgency and frequency, abdominal pain
- treated with antibiotics
Pylonephritis
- bladder infection moves up into kidney
- same causes as cystitis, morse severe infection
- fever, back pain, nausea
- long term antibiotics, sometimes via IV
Spontaneous abortion (miscarriage)
- due to genetic effect
- 50% of fertilized eggs
PBDE
- flame retardants
- lower physical and intellectual abilities
DES
- synthetic estrogen
- vaginal cancer
1st trimester
- fatigue, nausea, loss of appetite
- tender breasts
- high HCG
2nd trimester
- fetal movement
- start to “show”
- estrogen/progesterone secreted by placenta
3rd trimester
- placenta makes lactogen (breasts ready for milk)
- and relaxin (helps childbirth)
Labor
- oxytocin released, contractions
- cervix thins, dilates
- 3-36 hours
Induction of Labor
- pitocin, causes contractions
- misoprostol
- nipple stim (release oxytocin)
Pushing
- takes 5 mins to 3 hours
- engage abdominal muscles and relax pelvic floor
- pelvis separates slightly
- fetal expulsion
Fontanels
Soft spot on baby’s head
Shoulder dystocia
Shoulders can’t fit through mother’s pelvis
Life threatening
Delivery
Cord is clamped/cut
Stimulated to cry
Baby is dried
Epistomy
Cut vulvar skin for delivering baby
Uncommon practice now
Delivery of placenta
1-30 mins post fetus delivery
Signified by gush of blood
Vasectomy
Vas deferens cut
Ella
Delay ovulation up to 5 days post sex
No weight limit
Can interfere w/ birth control
Plan B
Up to 72 hours post sex
Not effective if over 165 lbs
Medical abortion
16% before 8 weeks
Induce miscarriage
Row v Wade
1973, woman’s right to privacy and personal liberty
Abortion must be legal before viability (24-28 weeks)
Surgical abortion
Use of suction to evacuate products of conception
Yeast infection
Overgrown organisms
Itching, rash, pain
Treated with cream
