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Evaluative > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Efficacy

A

The extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service produces a beneficial result under ideal conditions

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2
Q

Effectivenes

A

A measure of the extent to which a specific intervention, procedure, regimen, or service when deployed in the field in routine circumstances, does what it is intended to do for a specified population

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3
Q

Where does the evidence come from?

A
  1. Research
  2. Textbooks
  3. Internet
  4. CE Courses
  5. Experts
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4
Q

Hierarchy of Evidence Quality

A
  1. Systematic reviews and meta-analysis
  2. Clinical trial (in humans)
  3. Longitudinal cohort study
  4. Case control study
  5. Descriptive and cross-sectional study
  6. Case report and Case series
  7. Personal opinion, subjective impressions, anecdotal accounts
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5
Q

ADA definition of evidence-based dentistry integrates 3 things

A
  1. Assessment of clinically relevant scientific evidence
  2. Clinical expertise
  3. Needs and preferences of the patient
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6
Q

Sponsoring agency for journals (4)

A
  1. Learned society
  2. Professional organization
  3. Scientific publisher
  4. Commercial publisher
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7
Q

Impact Factor =

A 
# citations to articles appearing in journal
------------------------------------------------------------
# articles published
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8
Q

3 kinds of papers published in primary journals

A
  1. Research reports
  2. Reviews of the literature
  3. Commentaries
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9
Q

Research report allows for 3 things

A
  1. Assess observations
  2. Repeat experiments
  3. Evaluate intellectual processes
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10
Q

The content of an article should be:

A

New, true, important, and comprehensible

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11
Q

Components of research report:

A
  1. Title
  2. Authors
  3. Date of submission/acceptance
  4. Abstract
  5. Intro
  6. Materials and Methods
  7. Results
  8. Discussion
  9. Conclusion
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12
Q

Clinical trial in humans allows you to see

A

Cause and Effect

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13
Q

Cohort Studies

A

Group is defined based on their exposure to a suspected risk factor for disease (no cause/effect)

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14
Q

Case-Control Studies

A

Group is defined based on whether they do or do not have a disease

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15
Q

Cross-sectional Surveys

A

“Snapshot” in time. Disease and exposure are assessed together.

Can tell prevalence, not incidence

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16
Q

Case Reports and Case Series

A

Describe a single patient

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17
Q

Variable

A

An element, feature, or factor that is liable to vary or change

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18
Q

Mathematics

A

A quantity that during a calculation is assumed to vary or be capable of varying in value

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19
Q

Computing

A

A data item that may take on more than one value during the runtime of a program

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20
Q

Nominal Data

A

The classification of an observation according to the group to which it belongs. Ex: gender, political party, marital status, state of residency

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21
Q

Ordinal Data

A

A measurement scale based on the classification of an observation according to its relationship or other observations. Ex: poor-fair-good scale

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22
Q

Continuous Data

A

Real Numbers. Interval (temperature) or ratio (mass/time)

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23
Q

Mode

  1. What is it
  2. What data is best with it
A
  1. Most frequent measurement

2. Nominal data

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24
Q

Median

  1. What is it
  2. What data is best with it
A
  1. Middle

2. Ordinal data

25
Q

Mean

  1. What is it
  2. What data is best with it
  3. Affected by?
A
  1. Average
  2. Continuous
  3. Outliers
26
Q

IQR

A

How spread out the data is

27
Q

Variance

A

Average value of distance from the mean of all of the variables. Square of SD

28
Q

SD

A

Positive square root of the variance

29
Q

Coefficient of variation

A

Measures the percentage of the spread

100 x SD/mean

30
Q

Standard Error of the Mean

A

Several samples
Calculate mean
Calculate SD of the means

31
Q

SD is used to measure

A

Variability of individual subjects/entities

32
Q

SE is used to assess

A

How accurately a sample mean reflects a population

33
Q

Bar charts are good for

A

Nominal and ordinal (categorical)

34
Q

Histograms are good for

A

Continuous data

35
Q

Box and Whisker

  1. Box represents
  2. Line in the box represents
  3. Whiskers extend to
  4. Circles represent
A
  1. IQR
  2. Median
  3. The remaining data
  4. Outliers
36
Q

Dot plots

A

Continuous data in groups

37
Q

Scatter plots

A

Two continuous variables

38
Q

Probability

A

The relative likelihood of an event occurring, measured on a scale from 0-1. Sometimes discussed in %

39
Q

Normal Probability Distribution

A

A density function assuming a bell shaped curve

40
Q

For a small sample use:

A

T-distribution

41
Q

For a bigger sample use:

A

Z-score

42
Q

Central limit theorem and normal probability function allow us to

A

Infer about the population

43
Q

Z-score percents of population

A
  1. 3% in 1 SD
  2. 5% in 2 SD
  3. 7% in 3 SD
44
Q

Research hypothesis

A

A prediction based on the theory being tested. Language based statement that we are trying to prove

45
Q

Null hypothesis

A

There is no difference. We are trying to disprove this with research

46
Q

Alternate hypothesis

A

All possibilities that the null doesn’t cover. There is a difference.

47
Q

Dependent Variable

A

What we measure

48
Q

Independent Variable

A

What we think affects the outcome

49
Q

Type I error

A

Rejecting the null when it is true

50
Q

Type I error is also called

A

alpha or p-value

51
Q

Type II error

A

Accepting the null when it is false

52
Q

Type II error is also called

A

beta

53
Q

Alpha and beta are

A

Inversely proportional

54
Q

If we increase sample size, what happens to alpha and beta?

A

They go down

55
Q

Power

A

The chance that we will find significance

56
Q

Power and sample size are

A

Directly related

57
Q

Methods to increase power (6)

A
  1. Increase the type I error
  2. Increase the sample size
  3. Increase the deviation from the null hypothesis you are willing to tolerate
  4. Decrease variability
  5. Use a directional alternate hypothesis
  6. Use the most efficient statistical test
58
Q

Statistical Decision Making

A
  1. Research question
  2. Define variables
  3. State null and alternate
  4. Choose statistical test
  5. Determine type I error that you will tolerate
  6. Conduct the experiment
  7. Calculate the experiment
  8. Calculate the test statistic
  9. Determine the type 1 error (p value)
  10. Conclude

Evaluative (1 decks)

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