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STS > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

logical positivism

A

a form of positivism that considers that the only meaningful philosophical problems are those that can be solved through logical analysis

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2
Q

falsification

A

inherent testability of any scientific process

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3
Q

essentialist

A

idea that certain traditional concepts ideals and skills are essential to society and should be taugh to all studnets

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4
Q

antiessentialist

A

the non belief in the essence of any given thing idea or metaphysical entitiy

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5
Q

duhem quine thesis

A

it is impossible to test a scientific hypothesis in isolation

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6
Q

realism

A

the attitude or practice of accepting a situation as it is and being prepared to deal with it accordingly

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7
Q

underdetermination

A

thesis explaining that for any scientifically based theory there will always be at least one rival theory that is also supported by the evidence given

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8
Q

monotechnic

A

of or offering instruction in a single scientifictchnique

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9
Q

degrasse tysons beliefs

A

we should draw lines between what is and isnt science

theories should make predictions that are testable and if the prediction fails the theory fails

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10
Q

karl popper beliefs

A

falsification

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11
Q

sismodo beliefs

A

anti essentialist

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12
Q

mumford beliefs

A

polytechnics and monotechnics

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13
Q

realism

A

the understanding of science and technology

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14
Q

positivism

A

focuses on the scientific method to distinguish what is true and what is not

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15
Q

what is science?

A

study of how things interact
study of the natural world
an approach to answer a question

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16
Q

what goes wrong in science

A 
observation limitations
priority limitations
hypothesis limitations
experimental limitiations
data bias
conclusion bias
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17
Q

whig histroy

A

the history of science before kuhn

the assumption that there is a direct route from the material world to beliefs around it

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18
Q

foundationalism

A

the thesis that knowledge can be traced back to firm foundations

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19
Q

normal science

A

science done when the memebers of a field share a recognition of key past achievements in their field, beliefs about which theories are right, an understanding of the important problems in the field, and methods for solving those prolems

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20
Q

paradigm

A

a scientific achievement that serves as an example for others to follow

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21
Q

theory dependence of observation

A

people working with a paradigm see things differently because the paradigm shapes their understanding of their observation

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22
Q

incommensurability

A

lacking a common measure

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23
Q

trading zone

A

an area in whch scientific and or technical practices can fruitfully interact via these simplified languages or pidgins without requiring full assimilation

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24
Q

pidgins

A

the simplified languages used to faciliate trading zones

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25
Q

boundary objects

A

objects that can transcend social worlds and still maintain a strict meaning in each

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26
Q

black box

A

facts that are taken for granted. These do not need to be explored; they are automatically assumed

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27
Q

experimenters regress

A

shows how there can be tractable controversies over experiments

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28
Q

what is thomas kuhn’s book

A

the structure of scientific revolutions

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29
Q

functionalism

A

the structure of society that consists of separate groups, each of which performs an important role in society as a whole

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30
Q

four norms of science

A

universalism
disinterestedness
communism
organized skepticism

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31
Q

universalism

A

claims dont depend on the identity of the person making them

32
Q

disinterestedness

A

scientests are disengaged fromresults

33
Q

communism

A

knowledge belongs to everyone

34
Q

organized skepticism

A

new claims are challanged

no automatic acceptance

35
Q

counter-norms for universalism

A

claims are judged by the people making them

36
Q

counter norm for disinterestedness

A

if you were truly objective then you wouldnt care about esults

37
Q

counter norm for communism

A

but science lives in competition

38
Q

counter norm for organized skepticism

A

you want to use the results from others for your own work

39
Q

empiricist

A

defending your work

40
Q

contingent

A

criticizing others

41
Q

cumulative advantage

A

people who get stuff get more stuff

42
Q

standpoint theory

A

a theory of the privelege that particular perspectives can generate

43
Q

difference feminism

A

masculine and feminine perspectives and styles of knowing can be mapped onto those of men and women

44
Q

the strong programme

A

beliefs treated as objects

45
Q

casual

A

conditions that bring about beliefs

46
Q

impatial

A

end of debate is not a consideration

47
Q

symmetrical

A

can explain true and false beliefs

48
Q

reflexive

A

applies to sociology too

49
Q

finitism

A

rules are extended to new cases where extension is a process

50
Q

interest explanations

A

rational choice making

51
Q

social capital

A

based on beliefs.. hierchy based on network

52
Q

cultural capital

A

based on position..

53
Q

social construction

A

construction of facts and knowledge

54
Q

realism

A

claim that many or most truths are dependent on the natural world

55
Q

empiricist argument against truth

A

given two theories with the same prediction, there can be no empirical evidence to tell the difference between the two

56
Q

attributional model of discoveries

A

discoveries are not events but rather events retrospectively recognized as origins

57
Q

heterogenous engineering

A

simultaneously build artifacts and build environments in which those artifacts can function- and typically neither of these activities can be done on their own (electricity)

58
Q

nominalism

A

believe that kinds are human impositions, even if people find it easy to classify objects similarly

59
Q

actor network theory

A

objects are a part of social networks

60
Q

technoscience

A

science and technology involve importantly similar processes

61
Q

actant

A

things made to act

62
Q

engine science

A

highlights the centrality of engineering practices to scientific advancement

63
Q

inscription devices

A

transforms matter into text, graphs, pictures

64
Q

immutable mobiles

A

texts graphs pictures

65
Q

centers of calculation

A

summary of texts graphs and pictures

66
Q

relational materiality

A

objects are defined by their places in a network

67
Q

ant central ideas

A

concrete actors
everything is connected
human and nonhumans are equal

68
Q

technology determinism

A

the idea that tech controls history; eras are named after the tech that caused them

69
Q

interpretive flexibility

A

no tech or object has one use

70
Q

ideologies of tech

A

does tech deskill workers

71
Q

tacit knowledge

A

difficult to transfer to another person verbally

72
Q

linear model of science

A

innovation can be traced from basic research to applied research to development and
finally, to production of technology

73
Q

sociotech ensembles

A

theory that attempts to outline the thorough intertwining of the social and
technological

74
Q

technological frame

A

the set of practices and the material and social infrastructure built up around an
artifact or a collection of similar artifacts

75
Q

formal objectivity

A

standardized knowledge

STS (1 decks)

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