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Psycholinguistics > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three branches of psycholinguistics:

A
  1. Language processing
  2. Language Acquisition
  3. Neuro-linguistics
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2
Q

Describe language processing:

A

-Understanding through use of speech production and comprehension

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3
Q

Describe Language Acquisition:

A

-Adapting a mother tongue via strategies and phases

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4
Q

Describe Neuro-Linguistics:

A
  • How language is represented in the brain…

- Brain centers and language disorders

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5
Q

Define Psycholinguistics:

A
  • The study of the storage, production and comprehension of a language
  • representations and processes
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6
Q

The Broca’s area of the brain deals more with ________ ____________.

A

Speech Production

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7
Q

The Weirnicke’s area of the brain deals more with ________ ______________.

A

Speech Comprehension

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8
Q

What are the two models of language?

A

Model 1 = Behaviorism

Model 2 = Nativism

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9
Q

Describe Behaviorism Model:

A

-It is a collection of reinforced verbal behavior (taught)

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10
Q

Describe Nativism Model:

A

-An innate mental grammar

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11
Q

Our thoughts can be described as being ________ because we think of a complete idea simultaneously, not _________________________-.

A
  • holistic

- one word at a time

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12
Q

We live in a world of _______ not ________.

A
  • Thoughts

- Language

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13
Q

Language units are _______ because we have to decode each sound and groups of words.

A

-Discrete

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14
Q

What is usually measured in a behavioral study?

A

-Usually measures reaction time in milliseconds

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15
Q

Reactions to individual words in English typically range from _____ to _____ milliseconds.

A

200 to 1000

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16
Q

List some examples of info we might need to know about our subjects in an experiment:

A
  • age
  • gender
  • race
  • education level
  • language
  • culture
  • background
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17
Q

Name the three types of stimuli found in a Priming Paradigm:

A
  • primer
  • fixation
  • target
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18
Q

Why is priming used?

A

-Because it activates the lexicon

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19
Q

Define Psychometrics:

A

-A branch of psychology that deals with the use and application of mental measurement

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20
Q

Name a few important points of the language production event:

A
  • It occurs in real time
  • Many processes take place at the same time
  • They occur simultaneously but we study them individually
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21
Q

Name the three stages of production in holistic thought:

A
  1. conceptualization
  2. formulation
  3. articulation
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22
Q

Describe conceptualization:

A
  • This stage is pre-linguistic
  • performed in “metalese”
  • this occurs in cycles
  • observed in pauses during speech
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23
Q

What are the four types of speech pauses?

A
  1. Articulatory
  2. Delimitative
  3. Physiological
  4. Filled
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24
Q

What is an Articulatory pause?

A

-A pause that occurs in the period of time between the articulation of one complex sound combo with another

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25
Q

What is a Delimitative pause?

A
  • This is a pause caused by punctuation

- Used to convey written pauses/sentences

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26
Q

What is a Physiological pause?

A

-This is a pause that is caused by something physical, for instance, taking a breath

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27
Q

What is a Filled pause?

A

-A pause that occurs while thinking

for example “uh” or “um”

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28
Q

What is considered to be the most important type of pause and why?

A
  • This would be Filled pauses because they demonstrate that there is a thinking process behind utterances
  • Speakers search for missing words, repair speech, and signal that their turn is not finished
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29
Q

What are the two aspects of the formulation process?

A
  1. Main Frame

2. Subordination index

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30
Q

Describe Main Frame:

A
  • This is language specific
  • follows subject, verb, object (SVO)
  • or Z X-es Y where Z is the Agent and Y is the Patient
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31
Q

Describe Subordination Index:

A

-The number of subordinate clauses divided by the total number of clauses

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32
Q

Describe what happens during articulation:

A

-During this process, once all the information is gathered, the brain sends electrical signals to the muscles within the articulatory system to generate sound

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33
Q

At this point in our evolution, we have an advanced _________ _______ that allows us to produce intricate sounds for speech.

A

-Articulatory system

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34
Q

The human brain is ____________.

A

Lateralized

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35
Q

What is Hemispheric Specialization?

A
  • This is when each side of the brain has specialized tasks or abilities
  • In humans, the right side of the brain deals mostly with emotions and creativity while the left side deals with math and speech
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36
Q

Hemispheric Specialization allows us to:

A

Multitask

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37
Q

Name the four stages of language comprehension:

A
  1. Phonology
  2. Morphology
  3. Syntax
  4. Compositional Semantics
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38
Q

Phonology Stage:

A
  • During the language acquisition process, we memorize phonemic categories and try to map each sound we hear
  • we use contextual cues
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39
Q

What are the two contextual cues that we use to categorize phonemes?

A
  1. We identify the sounds of our language

2. We use visual stimuli to help determine what sound we are hearing

40
Q

Sound perception is _______, not gradual.

A

categorical

41
Q

Morphology/Word stage:

A
  • chain of sound
  • we use segmentation to understand
  • we try to map groups of sounds into lexicon
42
Q

When we listen to sounds, they are actually part of a _______ _____, and not individual sounds.

A

Phonetic chain

43
Q

About how many words does the average person store in their Lexicon?

A

About 40-60K words

44
Q

We typically find the word that we need within ____ of a second, despite storing so many words.

A

1/4

45
Q

What are the five main ideas that support how we store our Lexicon?

A
  • The frequency effect
  • The recency effect
  • Full listing hypothesis
  • Affix-stripping hypothesis
  • Cohort Model
46
Q

Describe the Frequency Effect:

A

-Words that are used more frequently are easier to access in the Lexicon

47
Q

Describe the Recency Effect:

A

-Words that are used more recently are easier to access in the Lexicon

48
Q

Describe the Full Listing Hypothesis:

A
  • A hypothesis that states that we store each word individually (with all of their different derivational affixes attached)
  • This would be faster but it would need more space
49
Q

Describe the Affix Stripping Hypothesis:

A
  • Hypothesis stating that morphemes are all stored individually and rebuilt into words each time
  • This would take more time but less space
50
Q

Describe the Cohort Model:

A
  • This proposes that we begin trying to identify a word immediately by narrowing down the lexicon based on the initial sounds
  • Each of these groups that we formed is known as a cohort
  • This process continues until the word is complete/identified
51
Q

Experiments show that it is easier to guess a word _____ rather than a word_______.

A
  • Ending

- Beginning

52
Q

Define Uniqueness point:

A
  • Until this point, there is no distinction

- At this point, the word is recognizable

53
Q

Define Homonyms:

A

-These do not have a uniqueness point

54
Q

Define deviation point:

A

-only found in non-words, refers to the point of the non-word in which it stops having competing words that look like it

55
Q

Syntax stage:

A
  • Here, the Parser is hyperactive, meaning every time you give it an item it tries to predict what comes next
  • The parser does not rely on what it perceives, but on what structures in anticipates
56
Q

Compositional Semantics stage:

A
  • once we categorize sounds and identify words within the structure, the parser examines global meaning
  • if the sentence is not plausible, the brain will reanalyze it to make is plausible
  • surge of electricity (p600)
  • if sentence is plausible, you have holistic thought
57
Q

Define Voice Onset Time (VOT):

A
  • The time it takes for your vocal folds to start vibrating after you pronounce a plosive
  • the space of time between a release and voicing
58
Q

If voicing starts 30ms after the VOT, it is perceived as ______ and if voicing starts before this time, it is perceived as _______.

A
  • voiceless

- voiced

59
Q

It has been discovered that we, as humans, are biased to hearing _________ so that we recognize words and speech sounds.

A

phonemes

60
Q

Describe Word Superiority:

A
  • words are recognized easier than non words
  • It takes 400ms to recognize a word and 600-900ms to recognize a non word
  • happens because we have to scan through our entire lexicon
61
Q

Words are stored via 2 processes:

A
  1. Affix stripping

2. full listing

62
Q

Define cognates:

A

-Words that are similar in many languages

63
Q

Define false cognates:

A

-Words from many languages that look similar but have completely different meanings

64
Q

We perceive sounds _____________.

A

categorically

65
Q

What is Bottom-Up processing?

A

-Processing based on information flow from lower levels to higher levels
-ex: from sensory input to lexicon
(speech signal to words)

66
Q

What is Top-Down processing?

A
  • Processing guided by information flow from higher levels to lower levels
  • Ex: sentence interpretation to words
67
Q

What is Interactive processing?

A

-Processing that involves a combination of both bottom-up and top-down processing as well as making links within the same level

68
Q

The birth of Psycholinguistics is linked to:

A

A seminar at Cornell University in 1951

69
Q

Psycholinguistics tends to blend _________ and ________ insights of linguistics to ___________ methodology of psychology.

A
  • theoretical and descriptive

- experimental

70
Q

Describe dichotic switch monitoring:

A

-when participants have to identify when speech sounds switch from one headphone to another

71
Q

Techniques that measure ________ ______ provide better temporal resolution but poor spatial resolution.

A

Electrical activity

72
Q

What is an fMRI?

A
  • Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • measures changes in neural activity in different brain areas via the difference in magnetic properties of oxygenated/deoxygenated blood
  • essentially, measures changes in blood flow
73
Q

What are PET scans?

A
  • Positron Emission Tomography

- measures radioactive emissions in the blood stream

74
Q

What are CAT scans?

A
  • Computed Axial Tomography

- a series of x rays at different angles

75
Q

Define Prosody:

A

-The melody and rhythm of speech

76
Q

Define Intonation:

A

-The melody or tonal modulation of speech

77
Q

Pauses are more frequent and longer in ___________ _______ than in ________.

A
  • spontaneous speech

- reading

78
Q

Define Lemmas:

A

-content based/semantic aspects of words

79
Q

Define Lexemes:

A

-the spoken shape or written forms of words

80
Q

Define double object constructions:

A
  • Sentences with two objects (usually one direct and one indirect)
  • indirect object also referred to as the prepositional phase
81
Q

Define Main Clause:

A

-The part of a sentence that conveys the main idea

82
Q

Define Subordinate Clause:

A

-A clause that is either dependent on the main clause or expresses additional/optional ideas

83
Q

Describe Right Ear Advantage (REA):

A
  • Since the left side of the brain deals mostly with speech/language processing, and it controls the right side of the body, usually the right ear is better at picking up speech
  • Demonstrated via dichotic listening
84
Q

Define Diphone:

A

-A sequence of two sounds

85
Q

Describe the McGurk Effect:

A

-When auditory information presents a certain sound that conflicts with visual stimuli and a new sound is perceived

86
Q

Define Co-articulation:

A

-When the articulation of one sound is influenced by the place/manner of an articulation of a neighboring sound

87
Q

What is the cocktail part effect?

A
  • How we are able to hone in on specific speech

- ex: in a crowded room we can focus on a convo and fade other sounds out

88
Q

Deep vs Shallow Orthography:

A
  • Deep orthography is when words/letters of language are not spelled or represented by symbols that match how that word is pronounced
  • Shallow orthography is when spelling does convey how something is pronounced (found more in romantic languages)
89
Q

Infants have been found to be able to discriminate categories as early as:

A

3 months

high amplitude sucking

90
Q

Describe the Gangong Effect:

A
  • How linguistic context can effect the boundaries between phonetic categories
  • ex: co-articulation
91
Q

The minimal unit of meaning is a:

A

-morpheme

92
Q

Pre-lexical analysis and then _______ ______.

A

contact phase

93
Q

True or False: In English we have left to right processing

A

true

94
Q

Inflectional vs derivational

A
  • Inflectional marks grammatical info

- Derivational adds affixes to make a different kind of word

95
Q

Morphological decomposition:

A
  • when you take apart a word to get to its meaning

ex: roots, affixes, etc.

96
Q

Zipf’s Law:

A

-high frequency words tend to be shorter than low frequency words

Psycholinguistics (1 decks)

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