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Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptation

A

trait with a current functional role in the life history of an organism that is maintained and evolved by means of natural selection; refers to both the current state of being adapted and to the dynamic evolutionary process that leads to the adaptation. Adaptations contribute to the fitness and survival of individuals.

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2
Q

Allostasis

A

process of achieving stability, or homeostasis, through physiological or behavioral change; usually in a short amount of time

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3
Q

Epidemiology

A

the study of patterns of disease among human populations for the purpose of establishing programs to prevent and control their spread

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4
Q

Etiology

A

study of assignment of causes or reasons for a phenomena

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5
Q

Homeostasis

A

a dynamic, steady state representing the net effect of all the turnover reactions

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6
Q

Iatrogenic

A

resulting from activity of a medical intervention

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7
Q

Idiopathic

A

without known cause

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8
Q

Primary Prevention

A

prevention of disease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals

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9
Q

Secondary Prevention

A

early detection, screening and management of the disease

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10
Q

Tertiary prevention

A

rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disability and restore effective functioning

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11
Q

Pathogenesis

A

development or evolution of disease; everything that happens in the body from the initial stimulus to the ultimate expression of manifestations of the disease

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12
Q

Pathophysiology

A

study of the etiology(cause), pathogenesis (evolution), and clinical manifestations of the disease

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13
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

study of how the body responds to drugs

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14
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

study of how drugs are handled by the body

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15
Q

Pharmacology

A

study of medicines; how drugs improve or maintain health

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16
Q

Risk Factor

A

characteristics related to the probability of a certain outcome; may be shown to cause an outcome or correlated to cause an outcome

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17
Q

Stressors

A

agent or condition capable of producing stress; physical or psychological forces that an individual may experience

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18
Q

Aerobic

A

Relating to, involving or requiring free oxygen

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19
Q

Anaerobic

A

Relating to, involving or requiring an absence of free oxygen

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20
Q

Apoptosis

A

The death of cells that occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or development; a type of cell death in which the cell uses specialized cellular machinery to kill itself; a cell suicide mechanism that enables metazoans to control cell number and eliminate cells that threaten the animal’s survival

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21
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate; organic molecule that stores and releases chemical energy in body cells

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22
Q

Atrophy

A

reduction in size or wasting away of an organ or cell resulting from disease or lack of use

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23
Q

Cachexia

A

weakness and wasting of the body due to severe chronic illness

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24
Q

Cancer

A

a malignant, invasive cellular neoplasm that has the capability of spreading throughout the body or body parts

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25
carcinogenesis
the initiation of cancer formation
26
dysplasia
abnormality of development
27
Free radical
uncharged molecule (typically highly reactive and short-lived) having an unpaired valence electron
28
Glycogen
main carbohydrate stored in animal cells
29
Glycolysis
breakdown of glucose to pyretic acid; an anaerobic process
30
Hydropic
containing an excess of water or watery fluid
31
Hydropic swelling
intracellular edema of keratinocytes, often seen with viral infection
32
Hyperplasia
accelerated growth. Ex. In anemia, the bone marrow produces red blood cells at a faster rate
33
Hypertrophy
increase in size of a tissue or organ independent of the body's general growth
34
Hyperuricemia
Unusually high concentration of uric acid in the body
35
Intracellular
within a cell
36
Infarction
The obstruction of the blood supply to an organ or region of tissue, typically by a thrombus or embolus, causing local death of the tissue.
37
Ischemia
An inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, esp. the heart muscles.
38
Malignant
1. (of a disease) Very virulent or infectious. | 2. (of a tumor) Tending to invade normal tissue or to recur after removal; cancerous.
39
Metaplasia
abnormal change in nature of the tissue
40
Necrosis
death or disintegration of a cell or tissues caused by disease or injury
41
Neoplasm
an abnormal mass of proliferating cells. Benign neoplasms remain localized; malignant neoplasms are cancers, which can spread to other organs
42
Lactic acid
product of anaerobic metabolism, especially in muscle
43
Oncogene
a gene that can in certain circumstances transform a cell into a tumor cell
44
Proto-oncogene
a normal gene that has the potential to become an oncogene
45
Oncogenesis
the formation and development of tumors
46
Tumor
an abnormal growth of body tissue. Tumors can be cancerous (malignant) or noncancerous (benign). Symptoms depend on the type and location of the tumor
47
Angiogenesis
formation of new blood vessels
48
Antagonist
receptor ligand or drug that does not provoke a biological response itself upon binding to a receptor, but blocks or dampens agonist-mediated responses
49
Antiplatelet
member of a class of pharmaceuticals that decrease platelet aggregation and inhibit thrombus formation
50
Antipyretic
drug that lowers body temperature
51
bradykinin
chemical released by cells during inflammation that produces pain and side effects similar to those of histamine
52
Chemokines
family of small cytokines or proteins secreted by cells; induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells
53
Chemotaxis
movement of cells according to chemical gradients (chemotaxins) that attract them
54
Complement
group of proteins that participate in a cascade of reactions resulting in inflammation and cell lysis. Complement activation can occur by the classical or the alternative pathways.
55
Cytokines
chemical produced by white blood cells, such as interleukins, leukotrienes, interferon, and tumor necrosis factor, that guides the immune response
56
Fibroblasts
cell that produces components of collagen fibres, which compose the bulk of the dermis
57
Histamine
chemical released by mast cells in response to an antigen that causes dilation of blood vessels, bronchoconstriction, tissue swelling, and itching
58
Inflammation
the body’s protective response at the site of injury or tissue destruction. Although infectious agents can produce inflammation, infection is not synonymous w/ inflammation
59
Kinins
vasoactive peptide produced during inflammation and injury
60
Leukotriene
chemical mediator of inflammation stored and released by mast cells with effects similar to those of histamine
61
Nociceptive
receptor connected w/ nerves that receive and transmit pain signals to the spinal cord and brain
62
Opioid
substance obtained from the unripe seeds of the poppy plant; natural or synthetic morphine-like substance
63
Phagocytosis
Ingestion and destruction of pathogens by leukocytes
64
Prostaglandin
class of local hormones that promote local inflammation and pain when released by cells in the body
65
What are 4 pertinent infos you should know before medical administration?
Health history information Physical assessment data Lab values Assessment of medication
66
What should you document about medication administration?
When, where, and how Therapeutic and adverse effects Client statements Objective assessment data

Patho/Pharm (2 decks)

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