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Patho/Pharm > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptation

A

trait with a current functional role in the life history of an organism that is maintained and evolved by means of natural selection; refers to both the current state of being adapted and to the dynamic evolutionary process that leads to the adaptation. Adaptations contribute to the fitness and survival of individuals.

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2
Q

Allostasis

A

process of achieving stability, or homeostasis, through physiological or behavioral change; usually in a short amount of time

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3
Q

Epidemiology

A

the study of patterns of disease among human populations for the purpose of establishing programs to prevent and control their spread

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4
Q

Etiology

A

study of assignment of causes or reasons for a phenomena

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5
Q

Homeostasis

A

a dynamic, steady state representing the net effect of all the turnover reactions

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6
Q

Iatrogenic

A

resulting from activity of a medical intervention

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7
Q

Idiopathic

A

without known cause

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8
Q

Primary Prevention

A

prevention of disease by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals

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9
Q

Secondary Prevention

A

early detection, screening and management of the disease

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10
Q

Tertiary prevention

A

rehabilitative and supportive care and attempts to alleviate disability and restore effective functioning

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11
Q

Pathogenesis

A

development or evolution of disease; everything that happens in the body from the initial stimulus to the ultimate expression of manifestations of the disease

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12
Q

Pathophysiology

A

study of the etiology(cause), pathogenesis (evolution), and clinical manifestations of the disease

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13
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

study of how the body responds to drugs

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14
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

study of how drugs are handled by the body

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15
Q

Pharmacology

A

study of medicines; how drugs improve or maintain health

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16
Q

Risk Factor

A

characteristics related to the probability of a certain outcome; may be shown to cause an outcome or correlated to cause an outcome

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17
Q

Stressors

A

agent or condition capable of producing stress; physical or psychological forces that an individual may experience

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18
Q

Aerobic

A

Relating to, involving or requiring free oxygen

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19
Q

Anaerobic

A

Relating to, involving or requiring an absence of free oxygen

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20
Q

Apoptosis

A

The death of cells that occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or development; a type of cell death in which the cell uses specialized cellular machinery to kill itself; a cell suicide mechanism that enables metazoans to control cell number and eliminate cells that threaten the animal’s survival

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21
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate; organic molecule that stores and releases chemical energy in body cells

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22
Q

Atrophy

A

reduction in size or wasting away of an organ or cell resulting from disease or lack of use

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23
Q

Cachexia

A

weakness and wasting of the body due to severe chronic illness

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24
Q

Cancer

A

a malignant, invasive cellular neoplasm that has the capability of spreading throughout the body or body parts

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25
Q

carcinogenesis

A

the initiation of cancer formation

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26
Q

dysplasia

A

abnormality of development

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27
Q

Free radical

A

uncharged molecule (typically highly reactive and short-lived) having an unpaired valence electron

28
Q

Glycogen

A

main carbohydrate stored in animal cells

29
Q

Glycolysis

A

breakdown of glucose to pyretic acid; an anaerobic process

30
Q

Hydropic

A

containing an excess of water or watery fluid

31
Q

Hydropic swelling

A

intracellular edema of keratinocytes, often seen with viral infection

32
Q

Hyperplasia

A

accelerated growth. Ex. In anemia, the bone marrow produces red blood cells at a faster rate

33
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increase in size of a tissue or organ independent of the body’s general growth

34
Q

Hyperuricemia

A

Unusually high concentration of uric acid in the body

35
Q

Intracellular

A

within a cell

36
Q

Infarction

A

The obstruction of the blood supply to an organ or region of tissue, typically by a thrombus or embolus, causing local death of the tissue.

37
Q

Ischemia

A

An inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, esp. the heart muscles.

38
Q

Malignant

A
  1. (of a disease) Very virulent or infectious.

2. (of a tumor) Tending to invade normal tissue or to recur after removal; cancerous.

39
Q

Metaplasia

A

abnormal change in nature of the tissue

40
Q

Necrosis

A

death or disintegration of a cell or tissues caused by disease or injury

41
Q

Neoplasm

A

an abnormal mass of proliferating cells. Benign neoplasms remain localized; malignant neoplasms are cancers, which can spread to other organs

42
Q

Lactic acid

A

product of anaerobic metabolism, especially in muscle

43
Q

Oncogene

A

a gene that can in certain circumstances transform a cell into a tumor cell

44
Q

Proto-oncogene

A

a normal gene that has the potential to become an oncogene

45
Q

Oncogenesis

A

the formation and development of tumors

46
Q

Tumor

A

an abnormal growth of body tissue. Tumors can be cancerous (malignant) or noncancerous (benign). Symptoms depend on the type and location of the tumor

47
Q

Angiogenesis

A

formation of new blood vessels

48
Q

Antagonist

A

receptor ligand or drug that does not provoke a biological response itself upon binding to a receptor, but blocks or dampens agonist-mediated responses

49
Q

Antiplatelet

A

member of a class of pharmaceuticals that decrease platelet aggregation and inhibit thrombus formation

50
Q

Antipyretic

A

drug that lowers body temperature

51
Q

bradykinin

A

chemical released by cells during inflammation that produces pain and side effects similar to those of histamine

52
Q

Chemokines

A

family of small cytokines or proteins secreted by cells; induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells

53
Q

Chemotaxis

A

movement of cells according to chemical gradients (chemotaxins) that attract them

54
Q

Complement

A

group of proteins that participate in a cascade of reactions resulting in inflammation and cell lysis. Complement activation can occur by the classical or the alternative pathways.

55
Q

Cytokines

A

chemical produced by white blood cells, such as interleukins, leukotrienes, interferon, and tumor necrosis factor, that guides the immune response

56
Q

Fibroblasts

A

cell that produces components of collagen fibres, which compose the bulk of the dermis

57
Q

Histamine

A

chemical released by mast cells in response to an antigen that causes dilation of blood vessels, bronchoconstriction, tissue swelling, and itching

58
Q

Inflammation

A

the body’s protective response at the site of injury or tissue destruction. Although infectious agents can produce inflammation, infection is not synonymous w/ inflammation

59
Q

Kinins

A

vasoactive peptide produced during inflammation and injury

60
Q

Leukotriene

A

chemical mediator of inflammation stored and released by mast cells with effects similar to those of histamine

61
Q

Nociceptive

A

receptor connected w/ nerves that receive and transmit pain signals to the spinal cord and brain

62
Q

Opioid

A

substance obtained from the unripe seeds of the poppy plant; natural or synthetic morphine-like substance

63
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Ingestion and destruction of pathogens by leukocytes

64
Q

Prostaglandin

A

class of local hormones that promote local inflammation and pain when released by cells in the body

65
Q

What are 4 pertinent infos you should know before medical administration?

A

Health history information
Physical assessment data
Lab values
Assessment of medication

66
Q

What should you document about medication administration?

A

When, where, and how
Therapeutic and adverse effects
Client statements
Objective assessment data

Patho/Pharm (2 decks)

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