Midterm

Question 1

What is classified by activity?

Answer 1

white spot, brown spot , initial, incipient, and active caries lesion (progressive)

Question 2

white spot

Answer 2

noncavitated caries/carious lesion, with enough mineral loss to change the appearance of enamel (loss of translucency). Not all white spot lesions are incipient, some may have been there for a long time and could involve the enamel and dentin

Question 3

active caries lesion

Answer 3

progressive develops fast, will not cause recession

Question 4

arrested or inactive lesion

Answer 4

lesion not undergoing net mineral loss

Question 5

brown spot

Answer 5

noncavitated caries/carious lesion where net mineral loss and acquisition of pigments lead to loss of translucency and a brown discoloration

Question 6

How do you classify an active caries lesion?

Answer 6

visual appearance, tactile feeling, and potential for plaque accumulation:

likely active if enamel is whitish/yellowish opaque and chalky (with loss of luster); feels rough when the tip of the probe is moved gently across the surface; lesion is in a plaque stagnation area. In dentin, lesion is likely active when the dentin is soft or leathery on gently probing.

Question 7

How do you evaluate a carious lesion?

Answer 7

Three Step Evaluation Process:

1. In a plaque stagnation area?
2. Visual appearance?
3. Gentle Tactile feeling with ball ended probe

more predictors indicating activity then lesion is active

Question 8

rampant caries

Answer 8

multiple active carious lesions in the same patient; may also involve unusual teeth surfaces, ex. mandibular incisors

sometimes classified by their causality

Question 9

early childhood caries

Answer 9

the presence of one or more decayed (non-cavitated or cavitated lesions), missing (due to caries) or filled tooth surfaces in any primary tooth in a preschool-age child between birth and 71 months of age

Question 10

Bottle caries or nursing caries

Answer 10

caused by the frequent and long-term exposure of a child’s teeth to liquids containing sugars

Question 11

What are the 3 different plaque hypothesis?

Answer 11

1. specific plaque hypothesis
2. non-specific plaque hypothesis
3. ecological plaque hypothesis

Question 12

Specific plaque hypothesis

Answer 12

proposed that only a few organisms out of the diverse collection in the plaque flora were actively involved in the disease. Preventive measures targeting specific bacteria (e.g. immunization) would be a logical consequence of this hypothesis.

Question 13

nonspecific hypothesis

Answer 13

considered the carious process to be caused by the overall activity of the total plaque microflora. A consequence of this approach is that all plaque should be disturbed by mechanical plaque control (toothbrushing).

Question 14

ecological plaque hypothesis

Answer 14

proposes that the organisms associated with disease may be present at sound sites. Demineralization will result from a shift in the balance of these resident microflora driven by a change in the local environment. Frequent sugar intake (or decreased sugar clearance if salivary secretion is low) encourages the growth of acidogenic and aciduric species, thus predisposing a site to caries. The consequence of this hypothesis is that both mechanical cleaning and some restriction of sugar intake are important in controlling caries progression.

Question 15

Primary Prevention

Answer 15

Includes those measures that prevent the development of the clinical signs of caries in the absence of disease, that is, prevent the initiation of the disease.

Question 16

Secondary Prevention

Answer 16

Centers on the prompt and efficacious treatment of disease at an early stage and includes measures that arrest and/or reverse the caries process after initiation of clinical signs.

Question 17

Tertiary Prevention

Answer 17

Involves measures that remove irreversibly damaged tooth tissue and replace it in such a way as to prevent further progress of the caries process. (Note: some secondary and tertiary preventive options involve a ‘‘hybrid’’ interaction
of nonoperative and operative procedures).

Question 18

Dental fluorosis

Answer 18

too much fluoride

Question 19

Dental erosion

Answer 19

can be dietary, occupational, intrinsic;

physical result of a pathologic, chronic, localized, loss of dental hard tissue chemically etched away from the tooth surface by acid and/or chelation without bacterial involvement.

Question 20

dental erosion (simple term)

Answer 20

acid hits tooth, gets rid of enamel

Question 21

abrasion

Answer 21

loss of tooth due to a foreign element, brushing too hard, piercing

Question 22

demastication

Answer 22

wearing away of tooth substance during food chewing , influenced by abrasiveness of individual food

Question 23

attrition

Answer 23

loss of tooth due to opposing teeth

Question 24

abfraction

Answer 24

loss of tooth structure due to occlusion due to bite

Question 25

What causes fluorosis

Answer 25

caused by too much fluoride ingestion during tooth development; can occur in primary and permanent teeth; in severe cases tooth enamel can be damaged; intrinsic, permanent stain, usually white but can be dark brown or orange even w/ very low fluoride intake from water a certain level of dental fluorosis will be found