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Issues in Learning & Teaching > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What does Standardized Ed emphasize?

A
  • common programs of study
  • age-based grade levels
  • uniform performance outcomes
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2
Q

Where does Standardized Ed draw its inspiration & content?

A

Ancient traditions and religion

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3
Q

What are the main influences?

A
  • Industry

- The physical sciences

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4
Q

When did it emerge

A

1700s and 1800s

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5
Q

What events triggered its emergence?

A
  • rise of modern science
  • industrialization
  • urbanization
  • European expansionism
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6
Q

How is knowledge viewed?

A
  • Commodity

- (Constructable) Object

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7
Q

How is learning viewed?

A
  • acquisition

- internalization

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8
Q

How is teaching viewed?

A
  • delivery
  • training
  • instruction
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9
Q

What did teaching mean originally?

A

means ‘to point’, ergo ‘gesturing toward relevant signs’

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10
Q

synonyms that arose ~ 400years ago

A

-demonstrate
-instruct
-train
-assign
-prescribe
-persuade
-inform
-edify
-supervise
-indoctrinate
-discipline
(concept = education is standardizable)

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11
Q

What was the precursor for formal education

A

writing

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12
Q

Where did formal education begin?

A

Egypt, 3000 BCE

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13
Q

What are some pre-1600s synonyms for teaching and what is their common thread?

A

-educator
-pedagogue
-nurturing
-fostering
-cultivating
-tutoring
NOTE - organic! +deep spiritual knowledge
(metaphors with imagery about nurturing, feeding and protecting)

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14
Q

Where does the word ‘school’ come from?

A

Greek skhole - spare time, leisure, learned discussion

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15
Q

What are the 2 main types of knowledge (that have different words in many languages, but are just called ‘knowledge’ in English)?

A

gnosis vs episteme; mythos and logos; connaitre vs savoir (hear/see, deep knowing vs practical binary facts)

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16
Q

What is academic education (prior to standardized ed)?

A

Ancient Greek (skole)

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17
Q

What is Scholastic Education

A

Style of education in medieval europe - blend of church and ancient greek tradition (1100 - 1700)

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18
Q

What is the Epistemic Turn

A
  • FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE IN THE BELIEF ABOUT WHAT EDUCATION IS FOR
  • emphasis in education shifted from gnosis (unity, deep meaning) to episteme (division, practical know-how, facts), polyhistor/polymath, hear/see
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19
Q

What is the subconscious assumption about planar geometry in Standardized Education?

A

Planar geometry is an appropriate model for all of reality.

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20
Q

What was the conceptual progression to standardized schooling?

A

Ancient religions (order) -> Scientific revolution (linearity) -> Industrialization (standardization) -> business and stats (normalism)

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21
Q

How did pedagogy change with Standardized Education?

A

Industry-rooted concerns with standards were imposed on teachers

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22
Q

What is one of the most common visual metaphors for the structure of knowledge in Standardized Education?

A

The tree

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23
Q

Talk about the Western/Eastern bifurcation

A

Western philosophy and teaching were grounded on an assumption that the real/material/earthly/bodily is separate from the ideal/pure/heavenly/mental

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24
Q

What are the 2 big branches of Western epistemology?

A

Correspondence vs coherence

25
What is correspondence theory?
- objective knowledge is external, subjective knowledge is internal - learning means slowly constructing a model of reality in your head
26
How is truth viewed in correspondence theory?
Truth can be measured by comparing objective to subjective (how well does the model match up?)
27
What was the original meaning of secondary school?
Similar to post-secondary now: only for higher elites, focuses on gnosis. Middle class demanded it and it became mandatory in mid-1900s
28
How did planar geometry become such a big deal?
Group of thinkers in 1500s and 1600s decided that all valid knowledge should be objective and thus should align with planar or Euclidean geometry
29
What is the logic behind Euclidean geometry representing knowledge? How do you rationalize it?
Makes sense if knowledge is an object
30
Are testing and evaluation the same?
No...but in Standardized Education they are.
31
What are the 2 types of correspondence theory?
Mentalisms and Behaviourisms
32
What is the difference between Mentalisms and Behaviourisms?
Mentalisms -focus on what happens in the mind | Behaviourisms - observable and measurable behaviours
33
What is the default model in Western Culture - Mentalisms or Behaviourisms?
Mentalisms
34
What is cognitivism?
Subtype of mentalisms - brain as computer - always uses cutting-edge tech as analogy
35
How do Behaviourist theories define learning?
Changes in behaviour due to environmental circumstances
36
According to Behaviourist theories, how should we teach?
Manipulate and control environmental conditions
37
What are some characteristics of a learner in Correspondence theory?
- radical indiviualism (inner self is totally isolated and sealed off from reality) - learner is deficient - learner can be understood in terms of norms (bell curve, etc)
38
What is a normal distribution?
Mathmatical model for plotting data which shows that most data points cluster around the mean. Was originally used to plot errors in astronomy, then manufacturing.
39
What is the inherent assumption behind the normal distribution?
Variance is linked with error
40
How long has secondary school been mandatory?
Since mid-1900s
41
What are the ideas of intelligence present in Standardized Education?
- It follows a normal distribution - It is a measurable, limited capacity (if knowledge is an object, the learner is a container for the object and containers have capacities)
42
What ideas about teaching come from medieval universities?
-Teaching as Lecturing -Teaching as Professing (idea of relaying expert knowledge orally
43
Is 'teaching as telling' a new idea?
No, but using this method for young children was a new idea
44
What is a synonym for Coherence Model?
Conduit Model
45
What are some synonyms for teaching that come from church-based schools (for young kids)
- edifying - enlightening - disciplining
46
What are some synonyms of teaching in Standardized Education?
- explaining - directing - training - drilling - instructing (instructions for building a constructible object)
47
What were teacher education schools originally called?
Normal Schools
48
What structured element of teaching comes from Standardized Education?
Lesson plans
49
What are some other terms for 'learning styles'?
'strengths-based learning' | 'personalized learning'
50
what is the metaphor behind 'learning styles'?
Learning = 'taking things in' and different people take things in from different 'ports' (i.e. some through their ears, some through eyes etc)
51
Where do the words for 'evaluation' come from?
commercial goods appraisals (i.e. what is a product worth?)
52
What are the two main types of evaluation?
Norms-based and Standards-based
53
What is a 'norms-based grade'
'grading on the curve' - students are compared to each other and ranked
54
What is a 'standards-based grade'?
students' performance is compared to a rubric instead of to other students
55
What is Bloom's Taxonomy?
A pyramid-shaped model for classifying questions according to difficulty & frequency (the simplest are the most frequent)
56
Why do students sit in rows?
It's a surveillance model that was borrowed from prisons/asylums and used for classroom management
57
Where do we get most classroom management concepts from?
Management metaphor and behaviourist techniques
58
What qualifies a teacher in the Standardized Education model?
More advanced study in the same field (and that's about it!)
59
What is 'best practices'?
A business idea that has migrated to education: the systems and routines employed by the top performers

Issues in Learning & Teaching (3 decks)

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