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Issues in Learning & Teaching > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What does Standardized Ed emphasize?

A
  • common programs of study
  • age-based grade levels
  • uniform performance outcomes
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2
Q

Where does Standardized Ed draw its inspiration & content?

A

Ancient traditions and religion

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3
Q

What are the main influences?

A
  • Industry

- The physical sciences

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4
Q

When did it emerge

A

1700s and 1800s

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5
Q

What events triggered its emergence?

A
  • rise of modern science
  • industrialization
  • urbanization
  • European expansionism
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6
Q

How is knowledge viewed?

A
  • Commodity

- (Constructable) Object

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7
Q

How is learning viewed?

A
  • acquisition

- internalization

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8
Q

How is teaching viewed?

A
  • delivery
  • training
  • instruction
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9
Q

What did teaching mean originally?

A

means ‘to point’, ergo ‘gesturing toward relevant signs’

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10
Q

synonyms that arose ~ 400years ago

A

-demonstrate
-instruct
-train
-assign
-prescribe
-persuade
-inform
-edify
-supervise
-indoctrinate
-discipline
(concept = education is standardizable)

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11
Q

What was the precursor for formal education

A

writing

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12
Q

Where did formal education begin?

A

Egypt, 3000 BCE

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13
Q

What are some pre-1600s synonyms for teaching and what is their common thread?

A

-educator
-pedagogue
-nurturing
-fostering
-cultivating
-tutoring
NOTE - organic! +deep spiritual knowledge
(metaphors with imagery about nurturing, feeding and protecting)

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14
Q

Where does the word ‘school’ come from?

A

Greek skhole - spare time, leisure, learned discussion

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15
Q

What are the 2 main types of knowledge (that have different words in many languages, but are just called ‘knowledge’ in English)?

A

gnosis vs episteme; mythos and logos; connaitre vs savoir (hear/see, deep knowing vs practical binary facts)

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16
Q

What is academic education (prior to standardized ed)?

A

Ancient Greek (skole)

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17
Q

What is Scholastic Education

A

Style of education in medieval europe - blend of church and ancient greek tradition (1100 - 1700)

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18
Q

What is the Epistemic Turn

A
  • FUNDAMENTAL CHANGE IN THE BELIEF ABOUT WHAT EDUCATION IS FOR
  • emphasis in education shifted from gnosis (unity, deep meaning) to episteme (division, practical know-how, facts), polyhistor/polymath, hear/see
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19
Q

What is the subconscious assumption about planar geometry in Standardized Education?

A

Planar geometry is an appropriate model for all of reality.

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20
Q

What was the conceptual progression to standardized schooling?

A

Ancient religions (order) -> Scientific revolution (linearity) -> Industrialization (standardization) -> business and stats (normalism)

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21
Q

How did pedagogy change with Standardized Education?

A

Industry-rooted concerns with standards were imposed on teachers

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22
Q

What is one of the most common visual metaphors for the structure of knowledge in Standardized Education?

A

The tree

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23
Q

Talk about the Western/Eastern bifurcation

A

Western philosophy and teaching were grounded on an assumption that the real/material/earthly/bodily is separate from the ideal/pure/heavenly/mental

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24
Q

What are the 2 big branches of Western epistemology?

A

Correspondence vs coherence

25
Q

What is correspondence theory?

A
  • objective knowledge is external, subjective knowledge is internal
  • learning means slowly constructing a model of reality in your head
26
Q

How is truth viewed in correspondence theory?

A

Truth can be measured by comparing objective to subjective (how well does the model match up?)

27
Q

What was the original meaning of secondary school?

A

Similar to post-secondary now: only for higher elites, focuses on gnosis. Middle class demanded it and it became mandatory in mid-1900s

28
Q

How did planar geometry become such a big deal?

A

Group of thinkers in 1500s and 1600s decided that all valid knowledge should be objective and thus should align with planar or Euclidean geometry

29
Q

What is the logic behind Euclidean geometry representing knowledge? How do you rationalize it?

A

Makes sense if knowledge is an object

30
Q

Are testing and evaluation the same?

A

No…but in Standardized Education they are.

31
Q

What are the 2 types of correspondence theory?

A

Mentalisms and Behaviourisms

32
Q

What is the difference between Mentalisms and Behaviourisms?

A

Mentalisms -focus on what happens in the mind

Behaviourisms - observable and measurable behaviours

33
Q

What is the default model in Western Culture - Mentalisms or Behaviourisms?

A

Mentalisms

34
Q

What is cognitivism?

A

Subtype of mentalisms

  • brain as computer
  • always uses cutting-edge tech as analogy
35
Q

How do Behaviourist theories define learning?

A

Changes in behaviour due to environmental circumstances

36
Q

According to Behaviourist theories, how should we teach?

A

Manipulate and control environmental conditions

37
Q

What are some characteristics of a learner in Correspondence theory?

A
  • radical indiviualism (inner self is totally isolated and sealed off from reality)
  • learner is deficient
  • learner can be understood in terms of norms (bell curve, etc)
38
Q

What is a normal distribution?

A

Mathmatical model for plotting data which shows that most data points cluster around the mean. Was originally used to plot errors in astronomy, then manufacturing.

39
Q

What is the inherent assumption behind the normal distribution?

A

Variance is linked with error

40
Q

How long has secondary school been mandatory?

A

Since mid-1900s

41
Q

What are the ideas of intelligence present in Standardized Education?

A
  • It follows a normal distribution
  • It is a measurable, limited capacity (if knowledge is an object, the learner is a container for the object and containers have capacities)
42
Q

What ideas about teaching come from medieval universities?

A

-Teaching as Lecturing
-Teaching as Professing
(idea of relaying expert knowledge orally

43
Q

Is ‘teaching as telling’ a new idea?

A

No, but using this method for young children was a new idea

44
Q

What is a synonym for Coherence Model?

A

Conduit Model

45
Q

What are some synonyms for teaching that come from church-based schools (for young kids)

A
  • edifying
  • enlightening
  • disciplining
46
Q

What are some synonyms of teaching in Standardized Education?

A
  • explaining
  • directing
  • training
  • drilling
  • instructing (instructions for building a constructible object)
47
Q

What were teacher education schools originally called?

A

Normal Schools

48
Q

What structured element of teaching comes from Standardized Education?

A

Lesson plans

49
Q

What are some other terms for ‘learning styles’?

A

‘strengths-based learning’

‘personalized learning’

50
Q

what is the metaphor behind ‘learning styles’?

A

Learning = ‘taking things in’ and different people take things in from different ‘ports’ (i.e. some through their ears, some through eyes etc)

51
Q

Where do the words for ‘evaluation’ come from?

A

commercial goods appraisals (i.e. what is a product worth?)

52
Q

What are the two main types of evaluation?

A

Norms-based and Standards-based

53
Q

What is a ‘norms-based grade’

A

‘grading on the curve’ - students are compared to each other and ranked

54
Q

What is a ‘standards-based grade’?

A

students’ performance is compared to a rubric instead of to other students

55
Q

What is Bloom’s Taxonomy?

A

A pyramid-shaped model for classifying questions according to difficulty & frequency (the simplest are the most frequent)

56
Q

Why do students sit in rows?

A

It’s a surveillance model that was borrowed from prisons/asylums and used for classroom management

57
Q

Where do we get most classroom management concepts from?

A

Management metaphor and behaviourist techniques

58
Q

What qualifies a teacher in the Standardized Education model?

A

More advanced study in the same field (and that’s about it!)

59
Q

What is ‘best practices’?

A

A business idea that has migrated to education: the systems and routines employed by the top performers

Issues in Learning & Teaching (3 decks)

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