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ENVS 304 > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

environmentalists

A

originated 18-19thc. celebrated nature as a source of spiritual renewal.

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2
Q

preservationists vs. conservationists.

A

preservationists: want to set aside untouched land (ex: John Muir)
Conservationists: want “prudent use of natural resources” (ex: Gifford Pinochet)

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3
Q

Cornucopians

A

place preeminent value on economic growth.

futurist who believes that progress can be met with technology

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4
Q

Values vs. Facts

A

Values: subjective, can’t be measured, vary between people, non-negotiable, learned and socialized, env. issues are often value-based
Fact: backed by data, can be measured, a statement about some aspect of objective reality

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5
Q

Interests vs. positions

A

interests: desires/ goals, negotiable, occupation/social/political etc.
Positions: for/against, what do people say they want?

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6
Q

James Hansen

A

Climatologist from Columbia University.
Triggered media attention to climate change in US
Said human-induced global warming was imminent & we need to make a policy to address it

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7
Q

Christiana Figueres

A

Director of 5 COPs, leads the Secretariat
Oversees the FCCC
Advocate for a low-carbon economy

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8
Q

Iron Triangle

A

Powerful, three-way, mutually reinforcing policy making relationship
Alliance among bureaucrats, interest groups and congressional committees formed to promote a common cause

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9
Q

Iron Cage

A

Increasing rationalization of human experience
We’ve built ourselves into a cage of thinking/functioning
Threatens to individual liberty
contributes to loss of meaning

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10
Q

Beyond Coal

A

Sierra Club campaign that has been working to close down coal powered plants across the US using economic arguments
Has closed approx. 1 plant every 10 days for the past 5 years.

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11
Q

President G. W. Bush & Kyoto Protocol

A

2005
Undermined science of climate change
withdrew US from Kyoto Protocol on global climate change

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12
Q

Environmental Policy

A

Actions or code development to minimize human impact
Product of social conflict over use of public resources
All laws and agencies that deal with a society’s interactions with the environment

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13
Q

Policy window

A

Opportunities during which the likelihood of adopting a new policy or legislation is greater than usual.

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14
Q

Policy Process

A

Agenda setting-policy formulation, adoption, implementation and evaluation

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15
Q

Legislative Branch

A

Congress - Senate + House of Representatives
Law making body and representative of constituents
Policy making process

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16
Q

Executive Branch

A

President, VP and cabinet portion of the US government
President has role in agenda setting and policy formulation
President nominate heads of departments like EPA
Federal environmental policies/regulations developed by agencies

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17
Q

Judicial Branch

A

Supreme Court
Interpret laws
Determines if enforcing bodies within their given powers when implementing policy

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18
Q

Multi-lateral Institution

A

An institution in which multiple entities (ie: countries) work together to address a common issue

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19
Q

Cooperative Federalism

A

the concept of federalism in which national, state, local governments interact cooperatives and collectively to solve common problems
Clean Air Act 1970 = first cooperative federalism statute

20
Q

President Obama and Recovery and reinvestment act

A

2009 stimulus package passed by congress and signed into law by Obama
hundreds of millions of dollers were given towards investments in renewable energy

21
Q

Clean Power Plan

A

Policy aimed at combating anthropogenic climate change that was proposed by the EPA in june 2014 under Obama administration.

22
Q

Prescriptive Regulation

A

Most common form of environmental law
Uniform compliance
also called command and control - Mandates how a resource is to be used in the future
Sets limits on: number of animals may be grazed, minerals removed, fish caught etc

23
Q

Financial Penalties

A

Taxes, charges or liabilities (ie: carbon tax)

24
Q

Financial payments

A

Government subsidies to capture positive externalities

ie: paying farmers not to plant along waterways

25
Q

Tradable Permits

A

Property rights + prescriptive regulations = permits

26
Q

Property rights

A

private ownerships over recourses, incentivizes sustainable management (so your resource will last longer)

27
Q

Polluter Pays Principle

A

Proactive instead of reactive
theory that if an action may be detrimental for the environment /something else it should be halted before it causes larger issues

28
Q

Persuasion

A

Voluntary measures
info/education
softer,reflexive laws
ie: naming and shaming

29
Q

Renewable Portfolio standard (RPS)/ Renewable Energy Standard (RES)

A

Regulatory mandate on a state level to increase production of energy from renewable sources

30
Q

Renewable Fuel Standards

A

4 categories:

1: biomass based diesel
2: cellulosic biofuel
3: Advanced biofuel
4: total renewable fuel

31
Q

President Reagan & Montreal Protocol

A

Montreal Protocol: required reductions in use of CFCs and later almost all ozone depleting substances
Was a big deal b/c Reagan was considered the “King of Deregulation”

32
Q

UNEP

A

United Nations Environmental Programme

33
Q

NIMBY

A

not in my backyard “syndrome”

Unwillingness to bear the cost of one’s own lifestyle

34
Q

NARA

A

Northwest Advanced Renewables Alliance program through WSU that is building a supply chain through out the PNW based on using forest residuals to make aviation biofuel

35
Q

CFCs

A

Chloroflourocarbon
linked to Ozone depletion
still present in atmosphere b/c of delayed reaction
mass produced in 1950’s - non-flammable, non-toxic, good insulator & inexpensive

36
Q

Montreal Protocol (1987)

A

Most successful international agreement and first to address global climate change
Precautionary principle
common but differentiated responsibility
Ban on CFCs to save the natural ozone layer
benefit beyond CFC ban: directly engaged society and industry, technological advancements, better employment (esp. women), increased capacity building, decrease global warming effect.
So successful b/c there was scientific basis, political will, and trust between governments

37
Q

Kyoto Protocol

A 
Enforced in 2005 
37 countries 
international enforcement 
emissions quotas agreed on by participating countries 
G.W. Bush redacted US participation
38
Q

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

A

Leading international body for the assessment of climate change
800 scientists from 80 countries, 30,000 scientific papers
“human influence on climate system is clear”

39
Q

Production Tax Credit (PTC)

A

Federal-level incentive
unreliable - continually being changed/re-evaluated
a federal incentive providing financial support for the development of renewable energy facility

40
Q

President Clinton & Kyoto Protocol

A

With Gore, supported the Kyoto Treaty (but never presented it for ratification)

41
Q

Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC)

A

International agreement that set goal to stabilize the GHGs to a level that would prevent human interference
Debate that led to the Kyoto protocol, set a non-binding goal to limit GHGs

42
Q

Biofuels

A

A fuel that is produced through hydrolysis or anaerobic digestion rather than a fuel produced by a geological process such as fossil fuels formed from prehistoric biological matter
Liquified Organic matter (most expensive)
Most efficient use of biomass

43
Q

Woody Biomass

A 
the accumulated mass, above and below ground, of the roots, wood, bark and leaves living and dead woody shrubs and trees. Can be used for heat, power, and electricity generation; biofuels production; and biochemicals production 
Organic Matter (least expensive)
44
Q

Bioenergy

A

a renewable energy derived from biological sources. biomass is any organic material which has stored sunlight in the form of chemical energy. as a fuel it may include wood, wood waste, straw, manure, sugarcane, and many other byproducts from a variety of agricultural processes.
Burned Organic Matter
Heat/ or electricity produced from biomass energy

45
Q

Organizations that deny climate change

A

Americans for Prosperity
American Enterprise Institute
Global Climate Coalition (GCC)

46
Q

Renewable Energy

A

Cape Wind
Neg:
-NIMBYism, Kennedys, financially well off, fishermen were strongly against building of wind farm, Senator Ted Kennedy was against the project even though he was for green energy, claims that it would economically hurt the area due to - falling tourism & interfering with fishing through habitat destruction, “an eye sore”
project never happened
Pos:
-Majority of Mass population supported construction of Cape Wind, funding was originally there, federal gov supported the construction originally, tourism would actually increase

47
Q

EIS

A

Environmental impact statement
required by NEPA for certain actions “significantly affection the quality of the human environment”
researches the positive and negative environmental effects of a proposed action and it also lists alternative actions

ENVS 304 (1 decks)

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