midterm

Question 1

environmentalists

Answer 1

originated 18-19thc. celebrated nature as a source of spiritual renewal.

Question 2

preservationists vs. conservationists.

Answer 2

preservationists: want to set aside untouched land (ex: John Muir)
Conservationists: want “prudent use of natural resources” (ex: Gifford Pinochet)

Question 3

Cornucopians

Answer 3

place preeminent value on economic growth.

futurist who believes that progress can be met with technology

Question 4

Values vs. Facts

Answer 4

Values: subjective, can’t be measured, vary between people, non-negotiable, learned and socialized, env. issues are often value-based
Fact: backed by data, can be measured, a statement about some aspect of objective reality

Question 5

Interests vs. positions

Answer 5

interests: desires/ goals, negotiable, occupation/social/political etc.
Positions: for/against, what do people say they want?

Question 6

James Hansen

Answer 6

Climatologist from Columbia University.
Triggered media attention to climate change in US
Said human-induced global warming was imminent & we need to make a policy to address it

Question 7

Christiana Figueres

Answer 7

Director of 5 COPs, leads the Secretariat
Oversees the FCCC
Advocate for a low-carbon economy

Question 8

Iron Triangle

Answer 8

Powerful, three-way, mutually reinforcing policy making relationship
Alliance among bureaucrats, interest groups and congressional committees formed to promote a common cause

Question 9

Iron Cage

Answer 9

Increasing rationalization of human experience
We’ve built ourselves into a cage of thinking/functioning
Threatens to individual liberty
contributes to loss of meaning

Question 10

Beyond Coal

Answer 10

Sierra Club campaign that has been working to close down coal powered plants across the US using economic arguments
Has closed approx. 1 plant every 10 days for the past 5 years.

Question 11

President G. W. Bush & Kyoto Protocol

Answer 11

2005
Undermined science of climate change
withdrew US from Kyoto Protocol on global climate change

Question 12

Environmental Policy

Answer 12

Actions or code development to minimize human impact
Product of social conflict over use of public resources
All laws and agencies that deal with a society’s interactions with the environment

Question 13

Policy window

Answer 13

Opportunities during which the likelihood of adopting a new policy or legislation is greater than usual.

Question 14

Policy Process

Answer 14

Agenda setting-policy formulation, adoption, implementation and evaluation

Question 15

Legislative Branch

Answer 15

Congress - Senate + House of Representatives
Law making body and representative of constituents
Policy making process

Question 16

Executive Branch

Answer 16

President, VP and cabinet portion of the US government
President has role in agenda setting and policy formulation
President nominate heads of departments like EPA
Federal environmental policies/regulations developed by agencies

Question 17

Judicial Branch

Answer 17

Supreme Court
Interpret laws
Determines if enforcing bodies within their given powers when implementing policy

Question 18

Multi-lateral Institution

Answer 18

An institution in which multiple entities (ie: countries) work together to address a common issue

Question 19

Cooperative Federalism

Answer 19

the concept of federalism in which national, state, local governments interact cooperatives and collectively to solve common problems
Clean Air Act 1970 = first cooperative federalism statute

Question 20

President Obama and Recovery and reinvestment act

Answer 20

2009 stimulus package passed by congress and signed into law by Obama
hundreds of millions of dollers were given towards investments in renewable energy

Question 21

Clean Power Plan

Answer 21

Policy aimed at combating anthropogenic climate change that was proposed by the EPA in june 2014 under Obama administration.

Question 22

Prescriptive Regulation

Answer 22

Most common form of environmental law
Uniform compliance
also called command and control - Mandates how a resource is to be used in the future
Sets limits on: number of animals may be grazed, minerals removed, fish caught etc

Question 23

Financial Penalties

Answer 23

Taxes, charges or liabilities (ie: carbon tax)

Question 24

Financial payments

Answer 24

Government subsidies to capture positive externalities

ie: paying farmers not to plant along waterways

Question 25

Tradable Permits

Answer 25

Property rights + prescriptive regulations = permits

Question 26

Property rights

Answer 26

private ownerships over recourses, incentivizes sustainable management (so your resource will last longer)

Question 27

Polluter Pays Principle

Answer 27

Proactive instead of reactive theory that if an action may be detrimental for the environment /something else it should be halted before it causes larger issues

Question 28

Persuasion

Answer 28

Voluntary measures info/education softer,reflexive laws ie: naming and shaming

Question 29

Renewable Portfolio standard (RPS)/ Renewable Energy Standard (RES)

Answer 29

Regulatory mandate on a state level to increase production of energy from renewable sources

Question 30

Renewable Fuel Standards

Answer 30

4 categories: 1: biomass based diesel 2: cellulosic biofuel 3: Advanced biofuel 4: total renewable fuel

Question 31

President Reagan & Montreal Protocol

Answer 31

Montreal Protocol: required reductions in use of CFCs and later almost all ozone depleting substances Was a big deal b/c Reagan was considered the "King of Deregulation"

Question 32

UNEP

Answer 32

United Nations Environmental Programme

Question 33

NIMBY

Answer 33

not in my backyard "syndrome" | Unwillingness to bear the cost of one's own lifestyle

Question 34

NARA

Answer 34

Northwest Advanced Renewables Alliance program through WSU that is building a supply chain through out the PNW based on using forest residuals to make aviation biofuel

Question 35

CFCs

Answer 35

Chloroflourocarbon linked to Ozone depletion still present in atmosphere b/c of delayed reaction mass produced in 1950's - non-flammable, non-toxic, good insulator & inexpensive

Question 36

Montreal Protocol (1987)

Answer 36

Most successful international agreement and first to address global climate change Precautionary principle common but differentiated responsibility Ban on CFCs to save the natural ozone layer benefit beyond CFC ban: directly engaged society and industry, technological advancements, better employment (esp. women), increased capacity building, decrease global warming effect. So successful b/c there was scientific basis, political will, and trust between governments

Question 37

Kyoto Protocol

Answer 37

``` Enforced in 2005 37 countries international enforcement emissions quotas agreed on by participating countries G.W. Bush redacted US participation ```

Question 38

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)

Answer 38

Leading international body for the assessment of climate change 800 scientists from 80 countries, 30,000 scientific papers "human influence on climate system is clear"

Question 39

Production Tax Credit (PTC)

Answer 39

Federal-level incentive unreliable - continually being changed/re-evaluated a federal incentive providing financial support for the development of renewable energy facility

Question 40

President Clinton & Kyoto Protocol

Answer 40

With Gore, supported the Kyoto Treaty (but never presented it for ratification)

Question 41

Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC)

Answer 41

International agreement that set goal to stabilize the GHGs to a level that would prevent human interference Debate that led to the Kyoto protocol, set a non-binding goal to limit GHGs

Question 42

Biofuels

Answer 42

A fuel that is produced through hydrolysis or anaerobic digestion rather than a fuel produced by a geological process such as fossil fuels formed from prehistoric biological matter Liquified Organic matter (most expensive) Most efficient use of biomass

Question 43

Woody Biomass

Answer 43

``` the accumulated mass, above and below ground, of the roots, wood, bark and leaves living and dead woody shrubs and trees. Can be used for heat, power, and electricity generation; biofuels production; and biochemicals production Organic Matter (least expensive) ```

Question 44

Bioenergy

Answer 44

a renewable energy derived from biological sources. biomass is any organic material which has stored sunlight in the form of chemical energy. as a fuel it may include wood, wood waste, straw, manure, sugarcane, and many other byproducts from a variety of agricultural processes. Burned Organic Matter Heat/ or electricity produced from biomass energy

Question 45

Organizations that deny climate change

Answer 45

Americans for Prosperity American Enterprise Institute Global Climate Coalition (GCC)

Question 46

Renewable Energy

Answer 46

Cape Wind Neg: -NIMBYism, Kennedys, financially well off, fishermen were strongly against building of wind farm, Senator Ted Kennedy was against the project even though he was for green energy, claims that it would economically hurt the area due to - falling tourism & interfering with fishing through habitat destruction, "an eye sore" project never happened Pos: -Majority of Mass population supported construction of Cape Wind, funding was originally there, federal gov supported the construction originally, tourism would actually increase

Question 47

EIS

Answer 47

Environmental impact statement required by NEPA for certain actions "significantly affection the quality of the human environment" researches the positive and negative environmental effects of a proposed action and it also lists alternative actions