Midterm 5 Flashcards
Affirmative Action
The use of programs and policies designed to assist groups that have historically been subject to discriminate
Black codes
Laws passed immediately after the civil war that discriminated against freed slaves and other blacks and deprived them of their rights
Equal protection clause
A provision of the 14th amendment that requires the states to treat all residents equally under the law
Intermediate scrutiny
The standard used by the courts to decide cases of discrimination based on gender and sex
Brown v. Board of education
The 1954 Supreme Court ruling that struck down Plessy v. Ferguson and declared segregation and “separate but equal” to be unconstitutional in public education
Civil disobedience
An action taken in violation of the letter of the law to demonstrate that the law is unjust
De facto segregation
Segregation that results from the private choices of individuals
De jure segregation
Segregation that results from government discrimination
Direct action
Civil rights campaigns that directly confronted segregationist practices through public demonstrations
Disenfranchise
The revocation of someone’s right to vote
Grandfather clause
The provisions in some southern states that allowed illiterate whites to vote because their ancestors had been able to vote before the 15th amendment was ratified
Jim Crow laws
State and local laws that promoted racial segregation and undermined black voting rights in the south after reconstruction
Literacy tests
Tests that required the prospective voter in some states to be able to read a passage of text and answer questions about it
Plessy v. Ferguson
The 1896 Supreme Court ruling that allowed “separate but equal” racial segregation under the equal protection clause under the 14th amendment
Poll tax
Annual tax imposed by some states before a person was allowed to vote
Reconstruction
The period from 1865 to 1877during which the governments of confederate states were reorganized prior to being readmitted to the union
Understanding tests
Tests requiring prospective voters in some states to be able to explain the meaning of a passage of text or to answer questions related to citizenship.
White primary
A primary election in which only whites are allowed to vote
Comparable worth
A doctoring calling for the same pay for workers whose jobs require the same level of education, responsibility, training or working conditions
Coverture
A legal status of married women in which their separate legal identities were erased
Equal rights amendment (ERA)
The proposed amendment to the constitution that would have prohibited all discrimination based on sex
Glass ceiling
An invisible barrier caused by discrimination that prevents women from rising to the highest levels of an organization
Title IX
The section of the US Education Amendments of 1972 that prohibits discrimination in education on the basis of sex
American Indian Movement (AIM)
The Native American civil rights group responsible for the occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota in 1973
Trail of tears
The name given to the forced migration of the Cherokees from Georgia to Oklahoma in 1838-1839
Chicano
A term adopted by some Mexican American civil rights activists to describe themselves and those like them
Hate crime
Harassment, bulling or other criminal acts directed against someone because of bias against a persons sex, gender, sexual preference,, religion, race, ethnicity, or disability
Stone wall
A bar in Greenwich Village, New York where the modern Gay Pride movement began after rioters protested the police treatment of the LGBT community there
