Midterm Flashcards
What are circadian rhythms?
Daily behavioral or physiological cycles that involve the sleep/wake cycle, body temperature, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels.
What is an example of circadian rhythm?
Body temperature fluctuates about 3 degrees in a 24-hour day, peaking in the afternoon and reaching its lowest point between 2am-5am.
What can happen when your biological clocks are desynchronized?
This can cause you difficulty in falling asleep and/or staying awake.
What’s an example of what can happen when our biological clocks are desynchronized?
Night-shift workers who never fully adjust to sleeping during the day may fall asleep at work.
What are the 4 possible reasons we need sleep?
- Evolution
- Energy conservation
- Restoration
- Plasticity of the brain
What happens when people are sleep deprived?
Lack of sleep is stressful and has a negative impact on the brain and body. It’s difficult to pay attention, solve problems, retain memories, and make sound moral decisions when we are sleep deprived.
What is classical learning?
The learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elect a similar response.
What is an example of classical learning?
Albert began to associate all white and furry animals as the culprit of a loud noise, which in turn caused him to bawl.
What is operant learning?
A form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behaviors occurrence.
What is an example of operant learning?
If you spontaneously decide to take a different route to class and end up discovering it’s a quicker and more efficient way, you would repeat your behavior again because it yielded a positive result.
What is observational learning?
Learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates behavior.
What is an example of observational learning?
A child sees their mother apply makeup, so the child is prompted to also apply makeup to themselves.
What are two tips to organize information?
- Review notes routinely to ensure there are no errors or ambiguities
- Organize material in a way that will commit it to memory effectively, i.e. Arrange, rework, and structurize notes.
What are two tips to encode information?
- Pay attention and stay focused on the task at hand (avoid divided attention)
- Elaborate on points to be remembered by making associates from you life to the material.
What are two tips to rehearse information?
- Rewrite, type, or retype notes
2. Ask yourself questions while reading and studying like “What is the meaning of what I just read?”
What are two tips for retrieval of information?
- Use retrieval cues: sitting in the same seat you learned the material.
- Sit comfortably, take a deep breath, and stay calm.
What is critical thinking?
Thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating the evidence. It’s composed of mindfulness and open-mindedness.
Mindfulness
The state of being alert and mentally present for one’s everyday activities.
Open-mindedness
The state of being receptive to other ways of looking at things.
What is creative thinking?
The ability to think about something in a novel and unusual way, and to devise unconventional solutions to problems.
Individuals who think creatively show what 4 characteristics?
- Flexibility and playful thinking.
- Inner motivation.
- Willingness to face risk.
- Objective evaluation of work.
Why is it important to develop both critical and creative thinking?
It allows us to make better predictions about the future, evaluation situations objectively, and to effect appropriate changes.
What are the 5 guidelines for encountering psychology in everyday life?
- overgeneralization,
- distinguishing between group results and individual needs,
- looking for answers beyond one study,
- avoiding attributing causes where none have been found
- considering the source of psychological information.
