Midterm Flashcards
Fixed ratio
Programmed to deliver reinforcement after a fixed number of responses is made.
There is a pause after reinforcement, then a few probe responses, followed by more and more rapid responding as the interval times out. This pattern is called ______
Scalloping
Fixed schedule
The response ratio of the time requirement remains constant.
Delivery of a reinforced is contingent on the correct response after a specific amount of correct responses have emitted or a specific allotted amount of time has passed. True or false
True
An operant is reinforced after a fixed amount of time has passed
Fixed interval schedule
Requires a number of responses before one response produces reinforcement
Ratio schedules
Subjects are exposed to a schedule of reinforcement and, following an acquisition period, behavior typically settles into a consistent of ___________
Steady-state performance
The periods of time before steady state performances are establishes are known as _____
Traditional-state performances
During transition-state performance behavior patterns are not consistent or regular. True or false
True
Schedules in which some, but not all occurrences of behavior are reinforced. Usually necessary for the progression to naturally occurring reinforcement.
Intermittent schedules of reinforcement
Used to teach new behaviors. Provides reinforcement for every occurrence of a behavior.
CRF schedules
INT (intermittent) schedules are used to teach new behaviors. True or false?
False. They are used primarily to maintain established behaviors
A schedules where the number of responses (ratio) increases or decreases after reinforcement
Progressive ratio (PR) schedule
In a PR schedule, the response requirements for reinforcement are increased systematically over time dependent of the participant’s behavior. True or false?
False. Independent of the participant’s behavior
Implies that the effects of reinforcement extend over species, reinforcement, and behavior.
Assumption of generality
When learning the most effective schedule of reinforcement is:
Continuous
A measure of persistence when reinforcement is discontinued
Resistance to extinction
A reinforcer is available for a set time after a variable interval
Limited-hold
Early performance on a schedule is referred to as
Transition-state performance
FR schedules produce a rapid __ __ ____, followed by reinforcement, then a pause of responding.
Run of responses
Continuous reinforcement is also known as
FR1
The flat part of the cumulative record is called the
Postreinforcement pause (PRP)
Schedules responses are reinforced after a variable amount of time has passed
Variable interval (VI)
Large and sudden increases in schedules may produce ___ and is why a slow progression to a higher schedule implemented and is more efficient.
Extinction
Events that organisms avoid or escape from
Avoidance
An aversive stimulus that has acquired its properties as a function of species history
Primary aversive stimuli
Stimuli that have become aversive based on history of conditioning
Conditioned aversive stimuli (S.A.V.E)
A behavioral contingency that results in a decrease in rate of response.
Punishment
Occurs when a stimulus is presented following an operant and the rate of response decreases
Positive punishment
Occurs when a stimulus is removed contingent on a response and the removal results in a decrease in rate of behavior.
Negative punishment
A lower frequency operant will punish a higher frequency behavior
Relativity of punishment: the Premack principle
Higher intensity of punishment results in greater response suppression, and severe values of the punisher may permanently change behavior. True or false?
True
Punishment is most effective at reducing responses when it is presented shortly after the behavior
Immediacy of punishment
Punishment delivered continuously is more effective versus intermittently. As the rate of punishment increases the response decreases.
Schedule of punishment
Punishment will be less effective if you give an organism another way to obtain reinforcement. True or false?
False. More effective
A response is made WHILE the punishing stimulus is occurring
Escape
When one person punishes another’s behavior, the punished individual may retaliate
Operant aggression
Occurs when painful stimuli are presented to 2 organisms and the organisms attack each other . This may also be known as pain-elicited aggression
Reflexive aggression
Not warning people of a punishment that may or may not occur
Abrupt introduction of punishment
Higher intensity of punishment results in greater response suppression.
Intensity of punishment
Behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences that in turn strengthen the behavior if it is reinforced.
Operant behavior.
Elicited by antecedent events
Respondent behavior
Responses that produce a change in the environment are called ___
Operants
Defines as any consequences that increases the probability of the operant that produced it.
Positive reinforcer
The process of increasing the frequency of a behavior/response
Reinforcement/punishment
The stimulus that behavior/response(s) strengthening is contingent upon.
Reinforcer/punisher
In the presence of S-delta, the probability of emitting and operant increases. True or false?
False decreases
Even a one second delay, can reinforce or punish the wrong behavior. True or false
True
Occurs when a stimulus change immediately following a response results in the increase in the frequency of that behavior.
Reinforcement
A decrease in the frequency of behavior presumed to be the result of the continued contact with or consumption of a reinforcer that has followed the behavior
Satiation
If you have a professor that ignores you every time you raise your hand, you will be less likely to ask questions in his class in the future. what is this an example of?
S-delta
A state of an organism with respect to how much time has elapsed since it consumed or contacted a particular reinforcer
Deprivation
An event that precedes an operant and alters its likelihood is said to se the occasion for behavior and is called a
Discriminative stimulus (SD)
Defines the relationship between the events that set the occassion for behavior, the operant class, and the consequences that follow this behavior.
Contingency of reinforcement
Variations in form or topography as extinction proceeds
Operant variability
A process in which a stimulus is presented contingent upon a response and there is a decrease in the probability of that response happening in the future.
Positive punishment
A measure of the elapsed time between the onset of a stimulus and the initiation of the response that follows.
Latency
An increase or decrease in operant behavior as a function of a contingency of reinforcement
Operant conditioning.
Occurs when a stimulus change immediately following a response results in the DECREASE in the frequency of that behavior.
Punishment
A stimulus, event, activity, or condition that will decrease the future frequency of the responding that it has immediately followed
Punisher
A higher frequency behavior will function as reinforcement for a lower frequency behavior
Premack’s principle (grandma’s law)
When extinction is started, operant behavior tends to increase in frequency
Extinction burst
Reinforcement may be made contingent on the force of response, resulting in ________
Response differentiation
One important kind of emotional behavior that occurs during extinction is ______
Aggression
A low rate of operant behavior that occurs as a function of s-delta
Discriminated extinction
As extinction proceeds, emotional behavior subsides and rate of response declines.
Resistance to extinction.
The process of withholding reinforcement for a previously reinforced response is called ___
Extinction
The procedure of extinction is a ___ __ _____
Contingency of reinforcement
A zero probability of reinforcement for the operant response is defined as
The contingency
The baseline rate of response or the rate of response before any known conditioning
Operant level
A schedule of reinforcement that produces a reinforcer for every individual response
Continuous reinforcement (CRF)
The response ratio or the time requirement can change from on reinforced response to another
Variable schedules.
The time between any 2 responses
Inter Response time
Time between reinforcement
Interreinforcement interval
A reinforcer is available for a set time after a variable interval
Limited hold contingency
Producing longer and longer pauses after reinforcement
Ratio strain
A comprehensive approach to the study or organisms, focuses on environment-behavior relationships
Behavioral analysis
Synonym of learning
Conditioning
Philosophy of the science of behavior
Behaviorism
Natural science approach to behavior
Experimental analysis of behavior
Three categories of behavior analysis
- Behaviorism
- Experimental analysis of behavior
- Applied behavioral analysis
Everything happens for a reason
Determinism
Information collected by objective observations; all scientific knowledge is based on this
Empiricism
Conclusions of science are tentative and can be revised as new data and discoveries come to light
Philosophical doubt
When possible, the simplest explanation of behavior should be provided, all else being equal
Law of parsimony
To see if an event affects behavior, that event is systematically manipulated and the effects on behavior are noted
Scientific manipulation
Assumptions of science (5)
- Determinism
- Empiricism
- Philisophical doubt
- Law of parsimony
- Scientific manipulation
Refers to the acquisition, maintenance, and charge of an organism’s behavior as a result of lifetime events.
Learning
An environmental event of energy change that affects an organism through any of its receptors
Stimulus
The entire constellation of stimuli that can affect a person and change behavior. This includes both internal psychological events and external stimuli.
Environment
Everything an organism does, including private and covert actions
Behavior
If a dead man can do it, it probably is not behavior
Dead man’s test
Attempting to explain a behavior by merely naming it or classifying it.
Nominal fallacy
Explaining behavior by appealing to future, inexperienced events
Teleology
Explaining behavior by appealing to some entity, the evidence for which lies in the behavior itself
Circular reasoning
Calling a behavior or process a thing. Giving physical status to an intangible concept. For example: depression is not a thing. Can it exist independently of you? What is depressed?
Reification
Explanations that appeal to mental, observable processes
Mentalistic explanations of behavior
The behavior is determined by its forms
Structural approach
2 types of behavior
Operant and respondent
Reliably occurs when the stimulus is presented
Respondent, elicited
3 types of stimulus functions
- Conditioned stimulus functions
- Reinforcement
- Discriminative
How can we create stimulus functions
Using either respondent or operant conditioning
Simply adding or increasing in stimuli
Positive
Removing or decreasing a stimulus
Negative
Does the action that is desired occur again when presented with or without the stimulus after being trained with the stimulus? What is this referring to?
Positive reinforcers
Measures behavior before the researcher includes environmental changes
A-phase/baseline
Making changes to the environment to see how behavior changes
B-phase
4 basic trends of behavior change
- Stable
- Increasing
- Decreasing
- Variable
Behavior relations that are based on the genetic endowment of an organism is called ____. Behavior that aids survival or procreation. often unlearned
Phylogenetic behavior
Sequences of behavior that are phylogenetic in origin
Fixed action patterns
If the US reportedly elicits an UR, the repeated presentation of the US results in a gradual decline in the UR
Habituation
Each organism has a unique history or lifetime of conditioning and behavior can change based on learning.
Ontogenetic behavior
The transfer of the control of behavior from one stimulus to another
Respondent conditioning
Involves the process of repeatedly presenting the CS in the absence of the US
Extinction
Increase in CR after respondent extinction has occurred
Spontaneous recovery
Occurs when an organism shows a continuous response to one stimulus but not to other similar events. Opposite of generalization
Respondent discrimination
Involves the presentation of a CS a few seconds before the US occurs. The most effective way to condition simple autonomic reflexes like salivation
Delayed conditioning
Know the difference between negative and positive reinforcement and punishment
Positive reinforcement is when a stimulant follows behavior as a result, the rate of that behavior increases.
Negative reinforcement is when a response results in the removal of an event, and this procedure increases the rate of the response.
