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Behavioral Analysis Midterm > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Fixed ratio

A

Programmed to deliver reinforcement after a fixed number of responses is made.

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2
Q

There is a pause after reinforcement, then a few probe responses, followed by more and more rapid responding as the interval times out. This pattern is called ______

A

Scalloping

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3
Q

Fixed schedule

A

The response ratio of the time requirement remains constant.

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4
Q

Delivery of a reinforced is contingent on the correct response after a specific amount of correct responses have emitted or a specific allotted amount of time has passed. True or false

A

True

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5
Q

An operant is reinforced after a fixed amount of time has passed

A

Fixed interval schedule

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6
Q

Requires a number of responses before one response produces reinforcement

A

Ratio schedules

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7
Q

Subjects are exposed to a schedule of reinforcement and, following an acquisition period, behavior typically settles into a consistent of ___________

A

Steady-state performance

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8
Q

The periods of time before steady state performances are establishes are known as _____

A

Traditional-state performances

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9
Q

During transition-state performance behavior patterns are not consistent or regular. True or false

A

True

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10
Q

Schedules in which some, but not all occurrences of behavior are reinforced. Usually necessary for the progression to naturally occurring reinforcement.

A

Intermittent schedules of reinforcement

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11
Q

Used to teach new behaviors. Provides reinforcement for every occurrence of a behavior.

A

CRF schedules

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12
Q

INT (intermittent) schedules are used to teach new behaviors. True or false?

A

False. They are used primarily to maintain established behaviors

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13
Q

A schedules where the number of responses (ratio) increases or decreases after reinforcement

A

Progressive ratio (PR) schedule

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14
Q

In a PR schedule, the response requirements for reinforcement are increased systematically over time dependent of the participant’s behavior. True or false?

A

False. Independent of the participant’s behavior

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15
Q

Implies that the effects of reinforcement extend over species, reinforcement, and behavior.

A

Assumption of generality

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16
Q

When learning the most effective schedule of reinforcement is:

A

Continuous

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17
Q

A measure of persistence when reinforcement is discontinued

A

Resistance to extinction

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18
Q

A reinforcer is available for a set time after a variable interval

A

Limited-hold

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19
Q

Early performance on a schedule is referred to as

A

Transition-state performance

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20
Q

FR schedules produce a rapid __ __ ____, followed by reinforcement, then a pause of responding.

A

Run of responses

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21
Q

Continuous reinforcement is also known as

A

FR1

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22
Q

The flat part of the cumulative record is called the

A

Postreinforcement pause (PRP)

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23
Q

Schedules responses are reinforced after a variable amount of time has passed

A

Variable interval (VI)

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24
Q

Large and sudden increases in schedules may produce ___ and is why a slow progression to a higher schedule implemented and is more efficient.

A

Extinction

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25
Q

Events that organisms avoid or escape from

A

Avoidance

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26
Q

An aversive stimulus that has acquired its properties as a function of species history

A

Primary aversive stimuli

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27
Q

Stimuli that have become aversive based on history of conditioning

A

Conditioned aversive stimuli (S.A.V.E)

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28
Q

A behavioral contingency that results in a decrease in rate of response.

A

Punishment

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29
Q

Occurs when a stimulus is presented following an operant and the rate of response decreases

A

Positive punishment

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30
Q

Occurs when a stimulus is removed contingent on a response and the removal results in a decrease in rate of behavior.

A

Negative punishment

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31
Q

A lower frequency operant will punish a higher frequency behavior

A

Relativity of punishment: the Premack principle

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32
Q

Higher intensity of punishment results in greater response suppression, and severe values of the punisher may permanently change behavior. True or false?

A

True

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33
Q

Punishment is most effective at reducing responses when it is presented shortly after the behavior

A

Immediacy of punishment

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34
Q

Punishment delivered continuously is more effective versus intermittently. As the rate of punishment increases the response decreases.

A

Schedule of punishment

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35
Q

Punishment will be less effective if you give an organism another way to obtain reinforcement. True or false?

A

False. More effective

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36
Q

A response is made WHILE the punishing stimulus is occurring

A

Escape

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37
Q

When one person punishes another’s behavior, the punished individual may retaliate

A

Operant aggression

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38
Q

Occurs when painful stimuli are presented to 2 organisms and the organisms attack each other . This may also be known as pain-elicited aggression

A

Reflexive aggression

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39
Q

Not warning people of a punishment that may or may not occur

A

Abrupt introduction of punishment

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40
Q

Higher intensity of punishment results in greater response suppression.

A

Intensity of punishment

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41
Q

Behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences that in turn strengthen the behavior if it is reinforced.

A

Operant behavior.

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42
Q

Elicited by antecedent events

A

Respondent behavior

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43
Q

Responses that produce a change in the environment are called ___

A

Operants

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44
Q

Defines as any consequences that increases the probability of the operant that produced it.

A

Positive reinforcer

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45
Q

The process of increasing the frequency of a behavior/response

A

Reinforcement/punishment

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46
Q

The stimulus that behavior/response(s) strengthening is contingent upon.

A

Reinforcer/punisher

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47
Q

In the presence of S-delta, the probability of emitting and operant increases. True or false?

A

False decreases

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48
Q

Even a one second delay, can reinforce or punish the wrong behavior. True or false

A

True

49
Q

Occurs when a stimulus change immediately following a response results in the increase in the frequency of that behavior.

A

Reinforcement

50
Q

A decrease in the frequency of behavior presumed to be the result of the continued contact with or consumption of a reinforcer that has followed the behavior

A

Satiation

51
Q

If you have a professor that ignores you every time you raise your hand, you will be less likely to ask questions in his class in the future. what is this an example of?

A

S-delta

52
Q

A state of an organism with respect to how much time has elapsed since it consumed or contacted a particular reinforcer

A

Deprivation

53
Q

An event that precedes an operant and alters its likelihood is said to se the occasion for behavior and is called a

A

Discriminative stimulus (SD)

54
Q

Defines the relationship between the events that set the occassion for behavior, the operant class, and the consequences that follow this behavior.

A

Contingency of reinforcement

55
Q

Variations in form or topography as extinction proceeds

A

Operant variability

56
Q

A process in which a stimulus is presented contingent upon a response and there is a decrease in the probability of that response happening in the future.

A

Positive punishment

57
Q

A measure of the elapsed time between the onset of a stimulus and the initiation of the response that follows.

A

Latency

58
Q

An increase or decrease in operant behavior as a function of a contingency of reinforcement

A

Operant conditioning.

59
Q

Occurs when a stimulus change immediately following a response results in the DECREASE in the frequency of that behavior.

A

Punishment

60
Q

A stimulus, event, activity, or condition that will decrease the future frequency of the responding that it has immediately followed

A

Punisher

61
Q

A higher frequency behavior will function as reinforcement for a lower frequency behavior

A

Premack’s principle (grandma’s law)

62
Q

When extinction is started, operant behavior tends to increase in frequency

A

Extinction burst

63
Q

Reinforcement may be made contingent on the force of response, resulting in ________

A

Response differentiation

64
Q

One important kind of emotional behavior that occurs during extinction is ______

A

Aggression

65
Q

A low rate of operant behavior that occurs as a function of s-delta

A

Discriminated extinction

66
Q

As extinction proceeds, emotional behavior subsides and rate of response declines.

A

Resistance to extinction.

67
Q

The process of withholding reinforcement for a previously reinforced response is called ___

A

Extinction

68
Q

The procedure of extinction is a ___ __ _____

A

Contingency of reinforcement

69
Q

A zero probability of reinforcement for the operant response is defined as

A

The contingency

70
Q

The baseline rate of response or the rate of response before any known conditioning

A

Operant level

71
Q

A schedule of reinforcement that produces a reinforcer for every individual response

A

Continuous reinforcement (CRF)

72
Q

The response ratio or the time requirement can change from on reinforced response to another

A

Variable schedules.

73
Q

The time between any 2 responses

A

Inter Response time

74
Q

Time between reinforcement

A

Interreinforcement interval

75
Q

A reinforcer is available for a set time after a variable interval

A

Limited hold contingency

76
Q

Producing longer and longer pauses after reinforcement

A

Ratio strain

77
Q

A comprehensive approach to the study or organisms, focuses on environment-behavior relationships

A

Behavioral analysis

78
Q

Synonym of learning

A

Conditioning

79
Q

Philosophy of the science of behavior

A

Behaviorism

80
Q

Natural science approach to behavior

A

Experimental analysis of behavior

81
Q

Three categories of behavior analysis

A
  1. Behaviorism
  2. Experimental analysis of behavior
  3. Applied behavioral analysis
82
Q

Everything happens for a reason

A

Determinism

83
Q

Information collected by objective observations; all scientific knowledge is based on this

A

Empiricism

84
Q

Conclusions of science are tentative and can be revised as new data and discoveries come to light

A

Philosophical doubt

85
Q

When possible, the simplest explanation of behavior should be provided, all else being equal

A

Law of parsimony

86
Q

To see if an event affects behavior, that event is systematically manipulated and the effects on behavior are noted

A

Scientific manipulation

87
Q

Assumptions of science (5)

A
  1. Determinism
  2. Empiricism
  3. Philisophical doubt
  4. Law of parsimony
  5. Scientific manipulation
88
Q

Refers to the acquisition, maintenance, and charge of an organism’s behavior as a result of lifetime events.

A

Learning

89
Q

An environmental event of energy change that affects an organism through any of its receptors

A

Stimulus

90
Q

The entire constellation of stimuli that can affect a person and change behavior. This includes both internal psychological events and external stimuli.

A

Environment

91
Q

Everything an organism does, including private and covert actions

A

Behavior

92
Q

If a dead man can do it, it probably is not behavior

A

Dead man’s test

93
Q

Attempting to explain a behavior by merely naming it or classifying it.

A

Nominal fallacy

94
Q

Explaining behavior by appealing to future, inexperienced events

A

Teleology

95
Q

Explaining behavior by appealing to some entity, the evidence for which lies in the behavior itself

A

Circular reasoning

96
Q

Calling a behavior or process a thing. Giving physical status to an intangible concept. For example: depression is not a thing. Can it exist independently of you? What is depressed?

A

Reification

97
Q

Explanations that appeal to mental, observable processes

A

Mentalistic explanations of behavior

98
Q

The behavior is determined by its forms

A

Structural approach

99
Q

2 types of behavior

A

Operant and respondent

100
Q

Reliably occurs when the stimulus is presented

A

Respondent, elicited

101
Q

3 types of stimulus functions

A
  1. Conditioned stimulus functions
  2. Reinforcement
  3. Discriminative
102
Q

How can we create stimulus functions

A

Using either respondent or operant conditioning

103
Q

Simply adding or increasing in stimuli

A

Positive

104
Q

Removing or decreasing a stimulus

A

Negative

105
Q

Does the action that is desired occur again when presented with or without the stimulus after being trained with the stimulus? What is this referring to?

A

Positive reinforcers

106
Q

Measures behavior before the researcher includes environmental changes

A

A-phase/baseline

107
Q

Making changes to the environment to see how behavior changes

A

B-phase

108
Q

4 basic trends of behavior change

A
  1. Stable
  2. Increasing
  3. Decreasing
  4. Variable
109
Q

Behavior relations that are based on the genetic endowment of an organism is called ____. Behavior that aids survival or procreation. often unlearned

A

Phylogenetic behavior

110
Q

Sequences of behavior that are phylogenetic in origin

A

Fixed action patterns

111
Q

If the US reportedly elicits an UR, the repeated presentation of the US results in a gradual decline in the UR

A

Habituation

112
Q

Each organism has a unique history or lifetime of conditioning and behavior can change based on learning.

A

Ontogenetic behavior

113
Q

The transfer of the control of behavior from one stimulus to another

A

Respondent conditioning

114
Q

Involves the process of repeatedly presenting the CS in the absence of the US

A

Extinction

115
Q

Increase in CR after respondent extinction has occurred

A

Spontaneous recovery

116
Q

Occurs when an organism shows a continuous response to one stimulus but not to other similar events. Opposite of generalization

A

Respondent discrimination

117
Q

Involves the presentation of a CS a few seconds before the US occurs. The most effective way to condition simple autonomic reflexes like salivation

A

Delayed conditioning

118
Q

Know the difference between negative and positive reinforcement and punishment

A

Positive reinforcement is when a stimulant follows behavior as a result, the rate of that behavior increases.
Negative reinforcement is when a response results in the removal of an event, and this procedure increases the rate of the response.

Behavioral Analysis Midterm (1 decks)

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