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Nature of Religion > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Metaphysics

A

meta = beyond, physica = physical / matter. Existence, cause & effect, time & space, potential

Enlightenment Times: scientific hypothesis and theorization

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2
Q

Ontology

A

Ontos = being (study of)

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3
Q

Teleology

A

Telos = design, purpose (study of)

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4
Q

Soul

A

psyche, emotional capacity

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5
Q

Body

A

soma, physical capacity

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6
Q

Mind

A

nous, intellectual capacity

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7
Q

Spirit

A

pneuma, spiritual capacity. Breath as a living capacity

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8
Q

Atman

A

self (e. metaphysics)

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9
Q

Anatman

A

no self (e. metaphysics)

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10
Q

Jiva

A

soul; living being

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11
Q

Chit

A

consiousness

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12
Q

Prana

A

breath; vital energy; life force

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13
Q

Manas

A

mind; thought

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14
Q

Brahman

A

self, soul… cosmic principle; eternal (monotheistic, one universal connecting force; circle of creation)

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15
Q

Nirguna

A

without attributes (won’t see anything physical)

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16
Q

Saguna

A

with attributes (physical manifestation)

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17
Q

Dvaita

A

dualistic view (ying, yang)

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18
Q

Advaita

A

‘not two’, nondualistic view (monism — brahman & atman one and the same)

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19
Q

Dao (Tao)

A

all-prevading essence of creation, cosmic lifeforce.

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20
Q

Epistemology

A

episteme = knowledge. Study of ‘knowing’, nature of knowing, limits of knowledge

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21
Q

Ethics

A

ethike - moral. Ethics (moral philosophy) explores conduct & virtue. Nature of good & evil

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22
Q

Aesthetics

A

aestheta = perceptible. Explores perception of beauty, nature of art / beauty… discriminating art from non-art.

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23
Q

Darshana

A

philosophical school, ‘to see’, each school is a ‘way to see’

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24
Q

Astika

A

orthodox, ‘there is’… orthodoxy

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25
Q

Nastika

A

not orthodox, ‘there is not’…. orthodoxy

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26
Q

Theology

A

theos = god / the divine, logia = study.
A) Study of nature of god / the gods / the divine
B) Study of beliefs / doctrines within a religious tradition
C) Systematizing normative doctrine within a religious tradition

Enlightenment Times: apologetics, struggling to reconcile spiritual teachings with a world / society now governed by science

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27
Q

Hermeneutics

A

interpretation of texts…

  • Prescriptive v.s. Descriptive
  • Cultural v.s. Universal
  • Literal v.s. Figurative
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28
Q

Theological Spectrum

A

Liberal - progressive (push supernaturalism aside)
Conservative - traditional view
Fundamentalist - literal interpretations
Puritanical - strict behaviour

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29
Q

Orthodoxy

A

correct teaching (what you believe)

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30
Q

Orthopraxy

A

correct practice (what you do)

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31
Q

Apologetics

A

defending theological positions

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32
Q

Anthropology

A

Study of humans (nature, condition), culture

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33
Q

Demonology / Angelology

A

study of demons / angels / celestial beings

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34
Q

Bibliology

A

study of sacred text

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35
Q

Ecclesiology

A

study of community (gathering)

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36
Q

Harmatology

A

study of sin (karma)

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37
Q

Soteriology

A

study of salvation (liberation)

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38
Q

Eschatology

A

study of end times

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39
Q

Yugas

A

cycle of time in Eastern thought. Western thought = linear time

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40
Q

Contextual Theology

A

Tends to be reactionary. Liberation, Black, Feminist, Womanist, Queer, Ecotheology, Child, Animal

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41
Q

Post-structuralism

A

meaning determined by reader, not author (from 1970 forward)

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42
Q

Culture

A

way of life, learned and shared behaviour, moral guidelines, foundational ethics, customs, way of thinking, arts. Events, festivals, holidays, food.

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43
Q

Ethnography

A

Ethnic (cultural group) & graph (writing) = description of a culture. Information about a culture acquired by participant observation (observation)

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44
Q

Features of ethnicity (CCSADS)

A 
collective name
common myth of descent
shared history
distinctive shared culture
association with a specific territory
sense of solidarity
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45
Q

Ethnic identifiers (FCCC LPST)

A 
food / diet
clothes
community
customs
language
politics
territory
surname
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46
Q

Religion

A

seeking to explain, concern with powers / agents existing beyond the 5 senses or instrumental apparatus (logical understanding, science).

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47
Q

Religious education v.s. religious studies

A

Education - specialist teaching, subjective experience, teaching adherents about religious traditions (insider)
Studies -examine all aspects of religion without bias, neutral outlook (outsiders), objective.

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48
Q

Religion, an institution of people who have…

PCBRI

A 
a place of gathering
connection to (the) transcendence
belief (faith-based)
rituals, festivals, holidays
interest / explanation about afterlife
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49
Q

Idolatry

A

worshipping of an idol (false religion)

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50
Q

Dogmatic

A

cannot be changed, undeniable truth

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51
Q

R [Religious]

A

Respectful

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52
Q

E [rEligious]

A

Equality (methodology must be consistent in all studies)

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53
Q

L [reLigious}

A

Language (of sacred texts require translation & interpretation)

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54
Q

I [relIgious]

A

Interdisciplinary (archaeology, history, language, anthropology, sociology, psychology, theology, philosophy)

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55
Q

G [reliGious]

A

Geographical (each religion must be understood in its unique geographical context. Locations sacralized)

56
Q

I [religIous]

A

Independent (researcher / student can’t be predisposed to research results based on dependence of resources or affiliation)

57
Q

O [religiOus]

A

Observational (fieldwork, establish trust, watch rituals, how devotion is expressed)

58
Q

U [religioUs]

A

Utility (research provides useful information

59
Q

S [religiouS]

A

Spiritual (most religious traditions believe in a spiritual being distinct from physical being, survives physical death)

60
Q

Dichotomy

A

body & soul belief

61
Q

Trichotomy

A

body, soul & spirit belief

62
Q

S [Studies]

A

Soteriological (study of salvation. Religions provide answers to questions around the afterlife and have salvific truth claims)

63
Q

T [sTudies]

A

Theological (view of the divine, eternal, all-prevading)

64
Q

U [stUdies]

A

Understanding (of general religious traditions v.s. sectarian groups, see how insiders view things)

65
Q

D [stuDies]

A

Definitions (meanings of words, lost in translation, misinterpretation)

66
Q

Context of words

A

who is speaking to whom, from where, time period, faith base, gender…
Profile author & audience, put words in context!

67
Q

I [studIes]

A

Insider-Outsider

68
Q

Advocacy

A

problematic, not neutral research. Supporting something, structuring an argument – bias!

69
Q

Academic inquiry

A

not to harm / hurt, just to learn what is going on, to understand.

70
Q

E [studiEs]

A

Exegetical - ‘out from a text’, interpretation / explanation

  • out of a scripture, verse
  • Reading out from the text v.s. reading into (putting yourself into a book / movie)
71
Q

S [studieS]

A

Supernatural - religious traditions tend toward supernaturalism v.s. naturalism.

  • view of the world / cosmos
  • interventionism, guidance, revelation.
72
Q

Comparative approach

A

studies encompass traditions, texts, myths, rituals…

uses comparison to categorize, abstract & distill religious types, recurrent themes & diverse expressions
Unbiased

73
Q

Historical approach

A

time context, relationships among religions (in developmental stages), societal norms

74
Q

History

A

oral, written
strives for neutrality in presentation of facts
analyze events to illuminate relationships (cause / effect)

75
Q

Periodization

A

time span categorized as a whole, generalization

76
Q

Philosophical approach

A

analyze religious beliefs & practices intellectually (sans bias), study a foreign religion

77
Q

Philosophy

A

philia - love, sophia - wisdom
love / pursuit of wisdom
logical reasoning, rational thought (western)

wisdom deriving from full compass of human abilities (eastern)

Enlightenment Times: associated with pure and natural sciences in the West, clear distinction between philosophy and religions (tension, defensive…)

78
Q

Western Enlightenment

A

separation of philosophy from religion
Introduction of scientific method (Creationism and christianity suffer)

Religion = unprovable by science, nonsensical beliefs, supersticions

79
Q

Darshana

A

viewpoint, perspective, worldview. How one approaches acquisition of understanding to gain wisdom about oneself and the world

80
Q

Hesoid “ages of humanity”

A

golden - iron (degeneration of morals / values, respect for elders…)

81
Q

Monotheism

A

one god

82
Q

Pantheism

A

many different gods

83
Q

Henotheism

A

primary tribal god you worship of your tribe, recognize that other tribe’s gods exist

84
Q

a theism

A

does not believe in a god

85
Q

anti theist

A

don’t believe in god, think religions are harmful, against all of them

86
Q

Anaximander - Greek

A

aperion - single formless essence, all things emerge as dualities, opposites (hot / cold)
interact with each other to generate fullness of creation
monotheistic

87
Q

Brahman

A

vast, expansive, singular power of all. Equated with ultimate divinity (India)

88
Q

Dao

A

ineffable mystery, all dualities emerge & return to this (yin, yang - China)

89
Q

Xenophanes - Greek

A

critical of polytheistic ideas, advocate for single, overarching power. Early speculation on origins of myths and religions

90
Q

Aristotle - Greek

A

Metaphysics.
Student of Plato, early relationship between religion & politics (advised leader to be devout to prevent an uprising)

91
Q

Abrahamic religions

A

Judaism, christianity, islam (missionary, evangelical).
Jesus of Nazareth…
Prophet Abraham a founding father (ideas from God)

92
Q

Soteriologies

A

missionary religion’s teachings on ‘saving’ from eternal damnation / hell.

93
Q

Eschatologies

A

teachings on end-times

94
Q

Philo Judeaus & Christian Bishop Augustine of Hippo

A

Allegorical method of reading scripture. Unreasonable contents should not be taken literally; language symbolic, tales allegorical.
Interpret with common sense, natural law & evident explanations of the world.

95
Q

Literalists

A

don’t use allegorical method to read scripture.

Religious fundamentalism – offended by historical contexts method of interpretation

96
Q

Scholasticism

A

ended with rise of modern Western philosophy: attempts to reconcile Aristotelian philosophical traditions with theology (explanations for apologetics in response to scrutiny or contradiction due to intro of scientific method)

97
Q

Descartes

A

cogito ero sum (I think; therefore I am)
Thought & thinking as foundation of personal existence and analysis of reality.
Offered (unconvincing) proofs of the existence of God.

98
Q

Immanuel Kant

A

reality, our understanding of it, is restricted by our conscienceness.
Human mind processing limits capacity to know Truth.
If one cannot grasp something intellectually, it might as well not exist (no firm knowledge of it)

99
Q

Occam’s Razor theory

A

theory with least assumptions, that seems logical / right is usually right.

100
Q

Ludwig Wittgenstien

A

argued that “god exists” in a religious context is not the same statement made in a philosophical argument. Different contexts and purposes

101
Q

Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

A

inability to know what certainty, minute features of things we attempt to observe because we accept ‘the observed’ through the very act of observation

102
Q

Metaphysical adaptation

A

holistic worldview, more encompassing than narrow confines of science

103
Q

Alfred North Whitehead

A

worldview that there is a fundamental interconnectedness between everything in existence, all are in a condition of change.
‘Process philosophy’

104
Q

Nagarjuna

A

logical arguments that nothing exists independently and reality is conditioned / influenced by our thoughts

105
Q

Shankara

A

overarching power / reality called Brahman

Rational thought handicapped in capacity to know Absolute Reality… reality interconnected

106
Q

Philosophy of Religion

A

Distinction between philosophy and religion
Western, reason - centred philosophical scrutiny of religious notions
Analyze rational arguments put forward to justify the existence of God

107
Q

Friedrich Nietzsche - author

A

‘The Antichrist’ book, “God is dead”

108
Q

Bertrand Russell - author

A

“Why I am not a Christian”

109
Q

Kant

A

refutes “because we can imagine a concept of God, He must exist”

Concepts of God beyond human experience, attempts to use judgements of rational thought are only suited to deal with content of experience

110
Q

David Hume

A

cosmic order not from a God, can be explained by laws of nature.
Inconsistencies in God being omnipotent, claims that he is ‘all good’
Evil exists, God is not omnipotent if he doesn’t / can’t intervene, he is malovent if he can and won’t

111
Q

Theodicy

A

counterarguments for existence of evil in face of God’s omnipotence & goodness
Theos - God, dike - Justice

112
Q

Moksha

A

liberation
Goodness & evil are relative and related, seeming tension between is resolved when one obtains a complete realization about one’s true nature

113
Q

Soteriology

A

study of religion referring to a doctrine of salvation

114
Q

Augustine of Hippo

A

historical christian theologist
established authoritative creedal statement about core Christian beliefs. Importance of orthodoxy, correct belief in Christianity. Used reason and faith for insights and analysis

Reason not in conflict of faith, used to prove and defend faith

115
Q

Averroes

A

muslim philosopher & theologan

Helped reintegrate Aristotle into western theology & philosophy by his extensive writings

116
Q

Ibn Sina

A

model for Averroes. Commentaries on Aristotle, influenced muslim theologans and Christian scholastics

117
Q

Rambam

A

jewish. Used reason to argue God’s existence and unity, set norms for Jewish practice.
Supporter of Aristotle

118
Q

Karl Barth

A

moved away from liberal theology. Biblical revelation is the only way to know God. Too-human images of God don’t appreciate His transcendence

119
Q

Liberal Theology

A

incorporated reason, skepticism about dogmatic claims with revelations, miracles
Biblical criticism investigated: age, authorship, variant readings of bible…

120
Q

Existentialism

A

philosophical approach, emphasizes individual’s choices and responsibility to create meaningful existence
(atheists)

121
Q

Sutras

A

summaries of doctrines (religious)

122
Q

Tsong Khapa

A

instituted rigorous standards of virtue, practice, textual study
Influencial Gelupga sect (head is Dalai Lama)… arose out of his reforms & systemization
1st teacher of the first Dalai Lama

123
Q

Magnum Opus

A

great work (book)

124
Q

Herbert Spencer

A

evolution of societies, social Darwinism (anthropological approaches)

125
Q

Franz Boas

A

father of American cultural anthropology

126
Q

Bronislaw Malinowski

A 
promoting indispensable value of field work, living in a foreign society 
Participant Observation (anthropology)
127
Q

Ethnographies

A

systematic study of people & cultures

128
Q

Edward Bunett Tylor

A

animism

Early ideas of spirits of animals… spirits removed from a body to explain or embrace ideas of supernatural things

129
Q

Philologist

A

philos = love, logos = word

130
Q

Sallekhna

A

dying through starvation, like Mahavira did. Most noble way to die, in Jainism, sacrificing yourself through extreme and rigid aestheticism.

131
Q

Mahavira

A

24th Tirthankara (fordmaker) avatar-like (come from celestial realm take human form and teach)
Calls for practice of extreme asceticism (denying yourself something)
He denied himself clothes
Pulled all his hair out (long hair indicated spiritualism)

Eventually dies of fasting

132
Q

Vow of sannyasin

A

4th stage of life – you seek enlightenment, go to the forests
People take care of them, feed them, they are world renouncers (not many people take the vow)

133
Q

Dharma (jainism)

A

philosophy of rest and movement

134
Q

Three jewels of Jainism

A 
Right Knowledge (jnana)
Right vision (darshana)
Right conduct (caritra)
135
Q

Digambara Jains

A

Sky-clad (go naked)
no bowls (depend on others to feed)
male liberation

136
Q

Svetambara Jains

A

white-clad (wear clothes)
begging bowls
male & female liberation

Nature of Religion (1 decks)

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