Midterm Flashcards
What is adolescence?
A period of the life course between the time puberty begins and the time adult status us approached, when young people are in the process of preparing to take on the roles and responsibilities of adulthood in their culture
When was adolescence defined?
Late 19th century - early 20th century
Regarding education in Ancient Greece, Plato believed that during the infancy life stage (birth to age 7),
An infant’s mind was too underdeveloped to learn much
Plato believed that during the childhood life stage (7-14), education should
focus on sports and music
During the adolescent life stage (14-21), individuals have ____
the capacity for reason allowing them to study math and science
What did Saint Augustine believe about adolescence?
Believed that christianity is the key not only to eternal salvation but to the rule of reason over passion here on earth and within the individual
He wrote an autobiography, “Confessions” which described his reckless adolescence until his conversion to christianity
Describe the children’s crusade in 1212
Children from 13-15 crusaded from Germany to the Mediterranean coast where they believed the red sea would part for them as it did for Moses allowing them to walk over to the Holy Land, Jerusalem where they would appeal to the muslims to allow christian pilgrims to visit.
This crusade had already been attempted by military force and the children were raped, kidnapped and robbed when they arrived
Describe the life cycle service that occurred between 1500-1890
Life cycle service can be described as the period in which an adolescent between late teens and early 20s moves out of their home and into a “master’s” home where they help out with housework, cooking, agriculture etc.
It was typical in European and American households but began to disappear in the 18th and 19th century.
How did society regain social control over teens?
Created institutions such as YMCA, Religious groups etc. in order to keep teens busy and out of trouble
What changes occurred during 1890-1920 that benefited adolescent youth?
- The term adolescence became widely used
- Enactment of child labour laws
- Emerging of adolescence as a field of scholarly study
Describe G. Stanley Hall’s Theory of Adolescence
Hall believed adolescence was inevitably a period of storm and stress and one would experience 3 difficulties during their adolescent youth:
- Conflict with parents
- Mood disruptions
- Risky behaviour
Although discredited, describe Recapitulation Theory
Development of each individual recapitulates or reenacts the evolutionary development of the human species as a whole
In 1900, the adolescence period was between the ages of _____ and was marked by______ and continued until about _____
14-24 years of age
First Menstruation
1970s
In 2014, the adolescence period was between the ages of ___ and was marked by _____
10-18 years of age
Completion of high school
Describe Emerging Adulthood and the characteristics that are involved
- Between the ages of 18-25
- More common in industrialized countries
- Identity exploration
- Instability
- Self Focus
- Feeling in between
- Possibilities
In Israel, adulthood is achieved after
Completing military service
In Argentina, adulthood is achieved after
One is able to financially support a family
In India and China, adulthood is achieved after
One is able to support their parents financially
Describe Menarche
A girl’s first menstruation
Describe early adolescence
Between the ages of 10 - 14
Describe late adolescence
Between the ages of 15 - 18
Describe Individualism
Cultural beliefs system that emphasizes the desirability of independence, self-sufficiency and self expression
Describe Collectivism
A set of beliefs asserting that it is important for persons to mute their individual desires in order to contribute to the well being and success of the group
_____ is the web of commitments, attachments and obligations that exist in some human groups
Interdependence
Relate interdependence to marriage
When one leaves their nuclear family to join their partner’s family, they form interdependent relationships within their partner’s family and they continue to maintain the relationships in their own family ultimately connecting both parties.
Describe Validity
Refers to the truthfulness of a method
Describe Reliability
Refers to the consistency of the measurements
Describe monozygotic twins
Twins with exactly the same genotype. Also known as identical twins
Describe dizygotic twins
Twins with about half their genotype in common, the same as for other siblings. Also known as fraternal twins
Describe cross sectional research
Data is collected on a sample of people on a single occasion
Describe Patriarchal Authority
Cultural belief in the absolute authority of the father over the wife and children
Describe Filial Piety and where it is most common
Most common in Asian Societies
Children are obligated to respect, obey and revere their parents, especially their father
Describe Hindu Caste systems
Hindu belief that people are born into a particular caste based on their moral and spiritual conduct in their previous life. A person’s caste then determines their status in Indian Society
Describe Globalization
Increasing worldwide technological and economic integration, which is making different parts of the world increasingly connected and increasingly similar culturally
Describe Bicultural Identity
Having an identity that includes aspects of two different cultures
Describe Resilience
Overcoming adverse environmental circumstances to achieve healthy development
Which of the following is not a characteristic of Emerging adulthood?
- Identity Exploration
- Self Determination
- Feeling in between
- Instability
- Self determination
** Self Focus is the correct term
Define Puberty and the changes that occur in_____
Comes from the Latin word Pubescere which means to grow hairy
Physiology
Anatomy
Physical Functioning
Physical Appearance
Describe the Endocrine System and how hormones carry out it’s function
A network of glands in the body that uses hormones to coordinate their functioning in order to affect the function and development of the body
Hormones are _____
Chemicals released by the glands of the endocrine system that affect the development and functioning of the body including development during puberty
What part of the brain initiates puberty
Hypothalamus
Describe the hypothalamus
The master gland located in the lower part of the brain beneath the cortex that affects a wide range of physiological and psychological functioning and stimulates and regulates the production of hormones by other glands including the ones involved in the initiation of puberty
How does the Hypothalamus initiate puberty
It begins to increase the production of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone, releasing impulses at intervals of about 2 hours beginning in middle childhood or at least a year or two before the first bodily changes of puberty
Describe Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
A hormone released by the hypothalamus that causes gonadotropin’s to be released by the pituitary gland
Describe 1 explanation as to why the hypothalamus increases it’s production of GnRH to initiate puberty
The increase can occur once the body reaches a certain fat threshold. Fat cells produce a protein called Leptin that signals the hypothalamus to initiate puberty
Name the two Gonadotropins that are released during the initiation of puberty and their function
- Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
- Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
They stimulate the development of Gametes (Egg cells in ovaries and sperm in testes). Also influence the production of sex hormones
Name the two classes of sex hormones
- Estrogens
2. Androgens
Name the most important Estrogen in the pubertal development of girls
Estradiol
Name the most important Androgen in the pubertal development of boys
Testosterone
Describe the Feedback loop
System of hormones involving the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland and the gonads which monitors and adjusts the levels of sex hormones in the body
Describe the Set Point and what happens when it is reached
Optimal level of sex hormones in the body. When this point is reached, responses in the glands of the feedback loop cause the production of hormones to be reduced
Describe the adolescent growth spurt
The rapid increase in height that takes place at the beginning of puberty
Do males or females growth spurt start two years earlier than the other
Females
What is Peak Height Velocity
The point at which adolescent growth spurt is at its maximum rate
Describe asynchronicity in adolescent growth and how it relates to the extremities of the body
Uneven growth of different parts of the body during puberty. Usually the extremities like the feet, hands and head are the first to hit the growth spurt followed by the arms and legs
Describe how the heart grows in adolescence
The weight of the heart almost doubles, heart rate drops and boys hearts grow more
Prior to adolescence, boys and girls are very similar in ______
Muscle Mass
During puberty, body fat increases more in _____
Girls
What are primary sex characteristics
The production of eggs (Ova) and sperms and the development of sex organs
What are secondary sex characteristics and list examples
Bodily changes of puberty not directly related to reproduction
- Hair growth
- Breast Development
- Sweat Glands
Describe Spermarche and when it occurs and what happens after
Beginning of development in boys’ testicles at puberty
Occurs around 12 years of age
After, sperm is produced in astonishing quantities
Describe Ovum and when it occurs
Mature eggs that develops from follicle in ovaries about every 28 days. This occurs when a girl reaches menarche
Describe the order of Pubertal Events in Girls
- Pubic Hair
- Appearance of breast buds
- Growth spurt
- Growth of sexual reproductive organs
- Menarche
- Development of underarm hair
- Secretion of increased skin oil and sweat
Describe the order of Pubertal Events in Boys
- Growth of Testes
- Appearance of pubic hair
- growth spurt
- Increased growth of penis
- Deepening of the voice
- Development of facial hair
- Secretion of increased skin oil and sweat
The average menarche is ________ every 10 years
2 months earlier
Does a mother’s age of first menarche determine the daughter’s first menarche?
No, it does however set a reaction range in which the daughter can expect her first menarche
How do parent-adolescent relations change during puberty?
- Conflict increases
- Less comfort in each other’s presence
Describe the distancing hypothesis and name 1 reason why it may not be credible
Children with less contact with parents during sexual maturation are less likely to commit incest
Not a cross cultural finding, found in 2 parent white household
Describe the possible negative effects of early maturation on girls
- Eating disorders
- Depression
- Risky behaviour
- Low self esteem
Describe how early maturation can be positive or negative for boys
- More popular
- Successful
- NEGATIVE: Increased risk of drug use
Describe the deviance hypothesis relating to early/late maturation
Noticeable differences can cause stress
Describe the Stage Termination Hypothesis relating to early/late maturation
Psychological age is a lot younger than mental age for girls
Boys who mature late may continue their adolescence in adulthood in order to make up for lost time
Describe the Resemblance Hypothesis relating to early/late maturation
More adult like kids will receive more positive reactions from adults
When does the maximum oxygen uptake (V02 max) peak?
In the early twenties
When does the cardiac output (blood flow quantities) peak?
About age 25
When are you the least susceptible to physical illness
Emerging adulthood
Describe some factors that can negatively impact physical functioning in emerging adulthood
- Poor nutrition
- Lack of sleep
- Stress
- Automobile accidents
- Higher rates of suicide
- STI’s
- Substance abuse
Describe the theory of the genotype-environmental Interactions
Both genetics and environment make essential contributions to human development but are difficult to unravel because our genes actually influence the kind of environment we experience
Describe the passive genotype
Occur in biological families when parents provide both genes and environment
ex. dad is good at drawing so he buys daughter art supplies to increase her capabilities
Describe the Evocative Genotype
Occur when a person’s inherited characteristics evoke responses from others in their environment
ex. Realizing your 3 year old son loves to read so you buy him more books
Describe the Active Genotype
Occur when people seek our environments that correspond to their genotypic characteristics
ex. Child who loves to read asks for books for a birthday present
The two classes of sex hormones are:
- Estrogens and Estradiols
- Androgens and testosterones
- Gonadotropins and androgens
- Estrogens and Androgens
- Estrogens and Androgens
Describe Cognitive Development
Changes over time in how people think, how they solve problems and his their capacities for memory an attention change
Describe the Cognitive-Developmental Approach
- Cognition changes with age
- Development proceeds in stages
- Abilities are organized into a mental structure
Describe maturation relating to cognitive development
Process by which abilities develop through genetically based development with limited influence from the environment
Describe Schemas
A mental structure for organizing and interpreting information
Describe assimilation
The cognitive process that occurs when new information is altered to fit into an existing scheme
ex. Child sees zebra for the first time and calls it a horse
Describe accommodation
The cognitive process that occurs when a scheme is changed to adapt to the new information
ex. Child realizes that a zebra and horse are different
Describe Piaget’s Sensorimotor stage
Occurs between 0-2
involves learning how to coordinate the activities of the senses with motor activities
Describe Piaget’s Preoperational Stage
Occurs between 2-7
The child begins to represent the world symbolically
Describe Piaget’s Concrete Operational Stage
Occurs between 7-11
Use mental operations regarding concrete experiences
ex. Law of conservation: The amount of water is consistent whether it is poured from a small short glass or into a tall thin glass
Describe Piaget’s Formal Operational Stage
Occurs between 11-on
Capable of thinking logically and abstractly while applying reason
Describe Hypothetic-Deductive reasoning
Piaget’s term for the process by which the formal operational thinker systematically tests possible solutions to a problem and arrives at an answer that can be defended and explained
What is abstract thinking and how is it different than concrete thinking?
Thinking in terms of symbols, ideas and concepts
Children in concrete operations can apply logic only to things they experience directly while formal operations includes the ability to think abstractly and logically about mental operations
Describe Complex thinking and provide examples
Thinking that takes into account multiple connections and interpretations such as in the use of a metaphor, satire or sarcasm
What is metacognition?
The capacity for thinking about thinking the allows adolescents an adults to reason about their thought processes and monitor them
Describe post formal thinking
Types of thinking beyond formal operations involving greater awareness of the complexity if real life situations such as the use of pragmatism and reflective judgement
Describe Pragmatism
Adapting logical thinking to the practical constraints of real life situations
Describe reflective judgement
Capacity to evaluate the accuracy and logical coherence of evidence and arguments
Describe dialectical thought
type of thinking that develops in emerging adulthood involving a growing awareness that most problems do not have a single solution and that problems must be addressed with crucial pieces of information missing
Describe Dualistic Thinking
Cognitive tendency to see situations and issues in absolute black and white terms
Describe multiple thinking
Cognitive approach entailing recognition that there is more than one legitimate view of things and that it can be difficult to justify one position as the true or accurate one
Describe Relativism
Cognitive ability to recognize the legitimacy if competing points of view but also compare the relative merits of competing views
Describe Commitment
Cognitive status in which persons commit themselves to certain points of view they believe to be the most valid while at the same time being open to reevaluating their views if new evidence is presented to them
Describe information-processing approach
An approach to understanding cognition that seeks to delineate the steps involved in the thinking process and how each step is connected to the next
Describe discontinuous
a view of development as taking place in stages that are distinct from one another rather than as one gradual continuous process
Describe continuous
A view of development as a gradual, steady process rather than as taking place in distinct stages
Describe selective attention
The ability to focus on relevant information while screening out information that irrelevant
Describe divided attention
The ability to focus on more than one task at a time
Describe short term memory
memory for information that is the current focus of attention
Describe long term memory
Memory for information that is committed to longer term storage so that it can be drawn upon after a period when attention has not been focused on it
Working memory
An aspect of short term memory that refers to where information is stored as it is comprehended and analyzed
Mnemonic devices
Memory strategies
Describe automaticity
Degree of cognitive effort a person needs to devote to processing a given set of information
Describe reductionism
Breaking up a phenomenon into separate parts to such an extent that the meaning and coherence of the phenomenon as a whole becomes lost
Describe critical thinking and how it is developed
Thinking that involves not merely memorizing information but analysis it, making judgements about what it means, relating it to other information and considering ways in which it might be valid or invalid
- More knowledge
- Education
Describe the Behavioural Decision Theory and process
- Identifying the range of possible choices
- Identifying the consequences that would result from each choice
- Evaluating the desirability of each consequence
- Assessing the likelihood of each consequence
- Integrating the information into a decision
Describe the dual processing theory
Decision making is based on two different cognitive processes: Analytic (reasoning of formal operations) and Heuristic (Intuitive factors: past experiences, emotions)
What develops first, the emotional brain or the actual thinking brain
Emotional brain which can cause teens to seek out stimulation through risky behaviour
Describe Social Cognition
How we think about other people, social relationships and social institutions
Describe perspective taking
Ability to understand thoughts and feelings of other people
In early adolescence, it’s the attempt to reach a mutual; ground or understanding while in late adolescence it’s the ability to put yourself in someone else’s shoes
Theory of mind is the ability to attribute mental states to one’s self and others
Describe Adolescent Egocentrism
Difficulty distinguishing your own thoughts about yourself and other people.
Imaginary audience: Believe everybody is always watching them
Personal Fable: There is something unique about them that causes them to be different
Optimistic Bias: Belief that negative things are more likely to happen to others rather than them
*** These diminish with age but never quite disappear
Describe fluid intelligence
Mental abilities that involve analyzing, processing and reacting to information
Describe Crystallized intelligence
Accumulated knowledge and enhance judgement based on experience
Describe the Flynn effect and possible explanations
IQ scores are steadily increasing (3 points per 10 years)
- Laws to stay in school
- Access to education
- parental, economy, society influence
Howard Gardner developed the _______
Theory of multiple intelligences where there are 8 categories in which someone can be high in one category and low in another while everybody has potential through education, training etc.
At what age is the brain 95% of adult size
age 6
When do synaptic connections thicken?
18 months and beginning of puberty
What is synaptic pruning
Overproduction is whittled down allowing the brain pathways to become more specialized
What increases the speed of the electrical signals in the brain?
Myelination
When does the Cerebellum develop and what is it’s function?
Adolescence
related to higher functions such as math, social skills and humour
What is the prefrontal cortex related to and when does it develop?
Planning, evaluating consequences
One of the last areas to develop
Describe Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory
Cognitive development is social and cultural
Social: Children learn through interactions with parents, peers and educators
Cultural: Rules and practices
Describe the zone of proximal development
The gap between what adolescence can do on their own and what the learner can do with guidance
Describe scaffolding
The degree of assistance provided to the learner in the zone of proximal development, gradually decreasing as the learner’s skills develop
Guided participation is
The teaching interaction between two people (Usually adult and child/adolescent) as they participate in a culturally valued activity
Which theory may offer an explanation for adolescent’s struggling with decision making?
Dual processing theory
What is culture?
Shared norms, beliefs, values, practices, roles
Why is it important to study culture in adolescence?
Forms the basis of socialization, abstract thinking and changing expectations around roles and responsibilities
- Adolescence is socially constructed
Socialization can be described as how people acquire behaviours and beliefs of their culture. Some outcomes include:
- Self Regulation:
- Development of a conscious, conforming to social norms - Role Preparation:
- Roles in work, gender roles, family - Sources of meaning:
- What is it that we live for
Cultural Values in Western Society can be described as
Individualistic Focusing on independence Self expression Independent self Broad socialization
Cultural values in Eastern society can be described as
Collectivistic Focusing on interdependence Conformity Interdependent self Narrow socialization
What are the main sources of socialization and which one diminishes in adolescence?
Friends, family, media, school, community
Family influence decreases in adolescence
Culture is not ontogenetic meaning _____
Culture is learned
Describe Acculturation
Changes that individuals and groups undergo as they come in contact with another culture
What is the Immigrant Paradox
First generation immigrant youth experience stressors but fare better than their Canadian born counterparts. They have less depression, less substance abuse and higher education attainment than their parents
Describe religiosity in adolescence
More common in traditional cultures, influenced by family characteristics and ethnicity
Describe religiosity in emerging adulthood
Religious beliefs are individualized, can be committed traditional, selective adherents, spiritually open, religiously indifferent
Describe Piaget’s two stages of moral development
- Heteronomous Morality (4-7 years):
- Rules have a sacred quality and are handed down by authority figures. - Autonomous Morality (10-12 years):
- Reached at the beginning of adolescence, tied with the onset of formal operations. Moral rules are social conventions and can be changed if people decide so
Describe Kohlberg’s Preconventional Stage
Based on perceptions of likelihood of external reward or punishment
Describe Kohlberg’s Conventional Stage
Right is what agrees with rules established by tradition and authority
Describe Kohlberg’s Postconventional Stage
What is right is derived from universal principles
Describe Jensen’s 3 ethics of the Worldviews approach
- Autonomy:
- Individual is primary moral authority as long as there is no harm to others - Community:
- Responsibilities of roles in family and community are basis for moral judgements - Divinity:
- Individual is a spiritual entity subject to the prescriptions of a divine authority
Describe Carol Gilligan’s Justice Orientation
A type of moral orientation that places a premium on abstract principles of justice, equality and fairness
describe Carol Gilligan’s Care Orientation
Gilligan’s term for the type of moral orientation that involves focusing on relationships with others as the basis of moral reasoning
According to Piaget, who plays the most significant role in moral development?
Peers
Describe the differences between gender and sex
Sex: Biological status, primary sex characteristics
Gender: Social categories, socially constructed
At what age do children begin to identify their gender?
2-3 years old
What are gender roles?
Cultural expectations of a gender and vary from culture to culture
What is gender typing?
How individuals come to have the characteristics of their gender role
Could be biology, socialization, experience
How do we describe somebody whose biology cannot be easily categorized as male or female
Intersex
How do we describe somebody whose gender does not match their assigned gender
Transgender
In traditional cultures, is gender socialization broad or narrow
Narrow
In Traditional cultures, how are females socialized based on their gender?
- Work along side mother
- More contact with mother and less with peers
- During adolescence, the world contracts for girls
- New restrictions reserved for women
- More restrictions than boys
- Different expectations in sexual experience before marriage than boys
In traditional cultures, how are males socialized based on their gender?
- Less contact with family and more with peers
- Less intimacy with fathers and families
- During adolescence, the world expands for boys
- Broader socialization
- Manhood is something that has to be achieved
In Traditional cultures, in order to achieve manhood one must reach these required capacities:
- Provide - economically useful skills
- Protect - skills of warfare and use of weapons
- Procreate - Sexual experience before marriage
Describe 4 ways in which the lives of women are constricted in American History
- Occupational Roles
- Cultural perception about females
- Sexuality
- Physical appearance
Describe the 3 evolutionary stages of Manhood in American History
- Communal Manhood
- Self made Manhood
- Passionate Manhood
Describe the Gender Intensification Hypothesis
Gender differences become more noticeable in adolescence
Girls are more self conscious than boys and are more interested in building intimate relationships
Adolescents embrace gender stereotypes more than children and conform to gender roles influenced by family socialization pressures
How are boys and girls socialized differently?
Begins early and continues on into adolescence through clothes, toys, roles and can be done by peers, parents, educators etc.
Describe Kohlberg’s Cognitive Developmental Theory of Gender
- Gender is a fundamental way of organizing ideas about the world
Age 3:
- Understanding themselves as either male or female
Age 4 or 5:
- Identify things as gender appropriate
Age 6 to 10:
- Perceptions of gender become less rigid
Age 12 to 16:
- Perceptions of gender become more rigid
Describe Piaget’s Gender Schema Theory
- Gender is a major schema from early childhood onward
- Categorization is based on socialization
- Schemas influence interpretation and expectations of behaviour
What is Androgyny
The combination of masculine and feminine traits
Are gender stereotypes weaker in emerging adulthood or adolescence
Emerging adulthood
Describe females in the workforce in Western societies
Females have more opportunities than ever before in fields such as business, medicine and law but still continue to make less money for similar work compared to men
Outside of the West, girls have______ but this could change with 1._______ and 2.______
Less educational and occupational opportunities compared to boys in their own countries
- Economic development
- Access to contraception
Describe Self concept
A person’s perspective of themselves that may include concrete characteristics, roles, relationships, personality characteristics
Describe self esteem In cultures with broad socialization
It is usually high
Describe self esteem in cultures with narrow socialization
Collectivistic cultures mute high self esteem as it is not encouraged or valued
In Childhood, how might a child describe themselves
Using concrete terms such as I have a dog named steve
How does self concept change in adolescence?
Begin to be more abstract, less tangible and usually are generalizations about themselves
Describe the Self in adolescence
- Actual self: who am I?
- Possible selves: Who might i become?
a. Ideal self: Who I would like to be
b. Feared Self: Who I dread becoming - False self: Who I show to others
Describe Charles Cooley’s Looking Glass self
We learn to know ourselves by interacting with others and observing how they respond to us
Describe George Herbert Mead’s Generalized Other
We carry with us the responses we’ve observed
Peers in particular have a crucial impact
Describe self esteem
A person’s overall sense of worth and wellbeing
Name some factors that could cause self esteem to decline
- Imaginary audience
- Sarcasm and ridicule
- Peer orientation
Is self esteem higher in preadolescence or adolescence
preadolescence
Self esteem is higher in ______ than in adolescence
Emerging adulthood
Describe the two aspects of self esteem and how they are impacted
- Baseline: Stable
- Barometric: Fluctuating
- Especially intense in adolescence
- Impacted by social relationships
- The more secure/stable our social situations/relationships are, the more stable our self esteem usually is
According to Harter’s 8 domains of self image, which domains are the most important in adolescence?
- Physical Appearance
2. Social Acceptance
Describe emotional states
A state of feeling emotion that can cause psychological and physiological responses that influence behaviours
According to research, an adolescent is most likely to put on a fake self with
A dating partner
Describe Identity
An individuals perspective about characteristics and abilities, beliefs and values, relations with others, connections to the world
Describe Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Identity achievement vs. identity confusion:
Achievement: Establishing a definite sense of who you are and how you fit in the world
Confusion: failure to form a stable and secure identity
Name some key areas of identity formation
- love
- work
- ideology
Identity formation
Starts in identification during childhood
Describe Psychosocial Moratorium
Adult responsibilities are postponed, can try various possible selves and is more common in individualistic societies
Describe Identity confusion
When an adolescent can’t handle all of the choices available
In Marcia’s Identity Status Model, Describe Achievement
Exploration: Yes
Commitment: Yes
- After studying in Peru, I realize I cannot work for a large corporation, I am going to be a nurse
- Definite choices, went through a decision making process
In Marcia’s Identity Status Model, Describe Foreclosure
Exploration: No
Commitment: Yes
- I never had to think about what to do; i am taking over the farm from my dad
In Marcia’s Identity Status Model, Describe Moratorium
Exploration: Yes
Commitment: No
- I want to be a marine biologist, a hair dresser, a lawyer
In Marcia’s Identity Status Model, Describe Diffusion
Exploration: No
Commitment: No
- I’m not worried about what to do after school, who cares?
_____ is the most favourable outcome of Marcia’s model in the West
Achievement
_____ is the least favourable outcome of Marcia’s model as it will lead to psychological problems later on
Diffusion
_____ outcome of Marcia’s model is culturally dependent but is seen as negative in the West
Foreclosure
______ outcome of Marcia’s model is mostly favourable but more likely will lead individuals to be unsure
Moratorium
According to Erikson, when is identity achieved
by age 16-18
What identity style is correlated with the Identity status Diffused and what parenting approach are they usually associated with
Diffuse avoidant
Permissive
What identity style is correlated with the Identity status foreclosed what parenting approach are they usually associated with
Normative
Authoritarian
What identity style is correlated with the Identity status moratorium achieved what parenting approach are they usually associated with
informational
Authoritative
Describe Diffuse-avoidant style:
Avoid dealing with personal problems, let situational demands dictate actions
Describe Normative Style:
Conscientious and agreeable but have high need for structure and are closed off to anything that challenges their beliefs
Describe Informational Style:
Seek out information, self reflective, open to change, ready to challenge their views
describe self construction:
Seek out relevant information and built a coherent self
Self discovery:
Searching for one’s intrinsic nature and developing
Describe Phinney’s Bicultural Ethnic Identity
High in identification with ethnic group and majority culture
Describe Phinney’s separated ethnic identity
High in identification with ethnic group but low with majority culture
Describe Phinney’s marginal ethnic identity
Low in identity with ethnic group and majority culture
Describe Phinney’s Assimilated ethnic identity
Low in identification with ethnic group but high with majority culture
Bicultural Identity means
The combination of two cultures
Hybrid Identity
Alter traditional beliefs or practices and a hybrid of both occurs
Multicultural identity
many aspects of different cultures are integrated into one’s beliefs, practices or ideas
Identity confusion occurs when one is
Marginalized, the rapid change is difficult to adapt to and the individual cannot form a bicultural identity as they are overwhelmed
