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Psyc 333 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is a theory ?

A

Is an orderly, integrated set of a statements that describes, explains, and predicts behaviour.

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2
Q

Why theories are vitals? (2 reasons)

A
  1. They provide organizing frameworks for our observations of people, guiding and giving meaning to what we see
  2. Theories that are verified by research provide a sound basis for practical action.
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3
Q

continuous development

A

a process of gradually augmenting the same types of skills that were there to begin with

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4
Q

discontinuous development

A

emerge at specific times

take place in stages

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5
Q

what is the nature

A

heredity information

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6
Q

what is the nurture

A

forces of the physical and social world that influence our biological makeup and psychological experiences

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7
Q

what is the plasticity

A

Plasticity: as open to change in response to influential experience

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8
Q

In the first half of the 20th century how theorists views the development process?

A

it was widely assumed that development stepped at adolescence.
Adulthood was viewed as a plateau and aging as a period of decline

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9
Q

in 1900 life expectancy

A

50 years old

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10
Q

today’s life expectancy

A

78,5

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11
Q

4 assumptions about development of the lifespan perspectives

A

development is

Life long

Multidimensional and multidirectional

Highly plastic

Affected by multiple, interacting forces

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12
Q

the prenatal period what is the approximate age range and the description

A

conception

one-celled organism transform

into a human body

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13
Q

infancy and toddlerhood period what is the approximate age range and the description

A

birth to 2 years

dramatic changes in body and brain
motor, perceptual and intellectual capacities
first intimate ties

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14
Q

early childhood period what is the approximate age range and the description

A

2-6

play years
motor skills refined 
language 
sense of morality 
ties with peers
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15
Q

middle childhood period what is the approximate age range and the description

A

6-11 years

school years 
athletic abilities 
logical thought 
literacy skills 
self-understanding 
morality 
friendship
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16
Q

what is a development multidimensional ?

A

affected by an intricate blend of biological, psychological, and social forces.

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17
Q

according the the lifespan perspective what is the multiples forces that development is influenced by

A

biological

historical

social

cultural

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18
Q

what is age-graded influence and is it a normative or nonnormative

A

normative

• Events that are strongly related to age and therefore fairly predictable

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19
Q

what is History-graded influences and is it a normative or nonnormative

A

normative

explain why people born around the same time – called cohort

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20
Q

what is nonnormative influences and is it a normative or nonnormative

A

nonnormative

do not follow a predictable timetable

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21
Q

Who is the father of the theory of evolution and what is his 2 related principles

A

Darwin

natural selection
survival of the fittest

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22
Q

What is the normative period and who found it?

A

Stanley Hall

development as a maturational process – a genetically determined series of events that unfold automatically,

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23
Q

What is the mental testing movement and who create it?

A

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon

Paris asked them to find a way to identify children with learning problems

they constructed the first successful intelligence test

the Stanford-Binet intelligence scale

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24
Q

Explain what is the psychoanalytic perspective

A

people move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations.

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25
Q

Who influences the psychoanalytic perspective (2 persons)

A

Freud

Erickson

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26
Q

Explain Freud’s theory

A

he examined the unconscious motivations of his patients and constructed his psychosexual theory, which emphasized that how parents manage their child’s sexual and aggressive drives

His theory has 3 parts
Id – basic biological needs and desires

Ego – The conscious, rational part of personality, emerges in early infancy to redirect the id’s impulses into acceptable behaviours.

Superego or conscience – children conform to the values of society

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27
Q

Explain Erikson theory

A

o In his psychosocial theory, He emphasized that in addition to mediating between id impulses and superego demands, the ego makes a positive contribution to development

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28
Q

Give Freud’s Stages and ages

A
  1. oral (birth-1)
  2. anal (1-3)
  3. phallic (3-6)
  4. latency (6-11)
  5. genital (ado)
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29
Q

Give Erikson stages and ages

A
  1. basic trust versus mistrust (birth-1)
  2. autonomy versus shame and doubt (1-3)
  3. initiative versus guilt (3-6)
  4. industry versus inferiority (6-11)
  5. identity versus role confusion (ado)

the other stages not needed

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30
Q

Explains the behaviourism

A

according to behaviourist: directly observable events – stimuli and responses – are the appropriate focus of study.

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31
Q

Who is the pioneer of behaviourism?

A

John Watson and his with rat experience

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32
Q

Who is Skinner?

A

he found the operant conditioning

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33
Q

Explain what is the social learning theory

A

Albert Bandura

emphasized modeling, also known as imitation or observational learning

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34
Q

Give the name of Piaget’s theory

A

cognitive-developmental theory

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35
Q

explain what is the cognitive-developmental theory

A

children actively construct knowledge as thy manipulate and explore their world.

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36
Q

What are the Piaget’s stages in the cognitive-develppmental theory and the years

A

Sensorimotor: thing by acting, infant invent ways of solvong sensorimotor problems ( birth-2)

preoperational: use symbols, development of language, thinking lacks the logic (2-7)

concrete operational: reasoning becomes logical, organize objects into hierarchies (7-11)

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37
Q

explain what is information processing theory

A

The human mind might also be viewed as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows

regard the thought processes studied – perception, attention, memory, planning, categorization of information, and comprehension of written and spoken prose

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38
Q

explain what is the developmental cognitive neuroscience

A

psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine to study the relationship between changes in the brains and the developing person’s cognitive processing and behaviour patterns.

during first 5 years= brain highly plastic

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39
Q

what is ethology

A

Ethology is concerned with the adaptive, or survival, value of behaviour and its evolutionary history

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40
Q

What is imprinting

A

It refers to a limited time span during which the individual is biologically prepared to acquire certain adaptive behaviours

takes places during an early, restricted period of development

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41
Q

what is the sensitive period

A

time that is optimal for certain capacities to emerge and in which the individual is especially responsive to environmental influences.

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42
Q

Explain the Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

A

make comparisons across cultures, and between ethnic groups

examining the relationship of culturally specific beliefs and practices

Vygotsky’s perspective, focuses on how culture is transmitted to the next generation

According to him, social interaction is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a community’s culture.

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43
Q

Explains the ecological system theory

A

Bronfenbrenner who create it

views the person as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment

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44
Q

in the ecological system theory what is the microsystem

A

consist of activities and interaction in the person’s immediate sourrounding

all relationships are bidirectional

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45
Q

in the ecological system theory what is the mesosystem

A

connection between microsystems

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46
Q

in the ecological system theory what is the exosystem

A

social settings that do not contain the developing person but nevertheless affect experiences in immediate setting

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47
Q

in the ecological system theory what is the macrosystem

A

cultural values, laws, customs, and resources

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48
Q

in the ecological system theory what is the chronosystem

A

the temporal dimension of the model

people are both the produce and the producer of their environment

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49
Q

What are the common points in this theories

psychoanalytic
ethology

A

emotional and social development

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50
Q

What are the common points in this theories

cognitive-developmenta
information processing
sociocultural

A

change in thinking

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51
Q

What are the common points in this theories

behaviourism
social learning 
evolutionary developmental psychology
ecological system 
lifespan
A

human functioning

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52
Q

tells if the following theories are continuous of discontinuous developments

  1. psychoanalytic
  2. behaviourism and social learning
  3. cognitive-developmental
  4. information processing
  5. ethology and evolutionary developmental
  6. sociocultural
  7. ecological system
  8. lifespan perspective
A
  1. psychoanalytic= discontinuous
  2. behaviourism and social learning=continuous
  3. cognitive-developmental=discontinuous
  4. information processing =continuous
  5. ethology and evolutionary developmental= both
  6. sociocultural= both
  7. ecological system = N/A
  8. lifespan perspective= both
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53
Q

tells if the following theories have one corse of development of many

  1. psychoanalytic
  2. behaviourism and social learning
  3. cognitive-developmental
  4. information processing
  5. ethology and evolutionary developmental
  6. sociocultural
  7. ecological system
  8. lifespan perspective
A
  1. psychoanalytic = oen course
  2. behaviourism and social learning= many
  3. cognitive-developmental= one
  4. information processing = one
  5. ethology and evolutionary developmental= one
  6. sociocultural = many
  7. ecological system= many
  8. lifespan perspective= many
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54
Q

tells if the following theories have relative influence of nature or nurture?

  1. psychoanalytic
  2. behaviourism and social learning
  3. cognitive-developmental
  4. information processing
  5. ethology and evolutionary developmental
  6. sociocultural
  7. ecological system
  8. lifespan perspective
A
  1. psychoanalytic = both
  2. behaviourism and social learning= nurture
  3. cognitive-developmental= both
  4. information processing = both
  5. ethology and evolutionary developmental= both
  6. sociocultural =both
  7. ecological system = both
  8. lifespan perspective= both
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55
Q

name the common research methods

A

systematic observation

self reports

the clinical or case study

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56
Q

What is the systematic observation methods

A

go into the fiels
naturalistic observation
limitation: not the same opportunity
to deal with this sets up a laboratory

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57
Q

What is the self report method

A

aks the participant to provide informations of their perception, thoughts, attitudes…

same questions in the same way

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58
Q

what is the clinical or case study method

A

interviews

observation

test score

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59
Q

What is the naturalistic observation method, his strength and limitation

A

observation in natural contexts

+: participant in everyday life

-: cannot control conditions

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60
Q

What is the structured observation method, his strength and limitation

A

laboratory, where conditions are the same for everyone

+: equal opportunity

-: not observation in everyday life

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61
Q

What is the clinical interview method, his strength and limitation

A

flexible interviewing procedure

+: come as close as possible to the way participants thinks in life

-: not accurate reporting infos

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62
Q

What is the structured interview method, his strength and limitation

A

self report instruments with same questions

+: comparisons

-: no depth information and innacurate reporting

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63
Q

What is the clinical or case study method, his strength and limitation

A

a full picture of one individual’s psychological functioning with interviews, obervations, test score

+: rich, descriptive insights

-: biaised by researcher’s theoretical preferences

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64
Q

What is the ethnograpy method, his strength and limitation

A

observable of a culture

+: more complete description

-: may be biaised by researcher’s values

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65
Q

what are the general research designs

A

Correlational

experimental

modified experimental

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66
Q

What is the correlational design

A

look at relationships between participants’ characteristics and their behaviour or development

limitation: cannot infer cause and effect

use correlation coefficient
positive relationship= one variable increase the other increase

negative relationship = one variable increase the other decrease

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67
Q

What is experimental design

A

permits inference cause and effect
independent variable: cause changes
dependent variable: will change
random assignment

68
Q

What is the modified experimental design

A

conduct in laboratory and in field

control

69
Q

What are the designs for studying development

A

longitudinal

cross-sectional

sequential

70
Q

What is the longitudinal design

A

studied repeatedly, and changes are noted as they get older.

+:
tracks the performance of each person over time
examine relationships between early and later events and behaviors

-:
Participants may move away or drop
repeated study, people may become more aware of their own thoughts
become “test-wise”. performances improves
cohort effects

71
Q

What is the cross-sectional design

A

Groups of people differing in age are studied at the same point in time

problem:
not provide evidence about development
We cannot tell if important individual differences exist

72
Q

What is the sequential design

A

conduct several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies (called sequences).

advantages:
comparing participants of the same age who were born in different years.

longitudinal and cross-sectional comparisons

73
Q

What are the ethic codes

A 
Protection from arm 
informed consent 
privacy
knowledge of results 
beneficial treatment
74
Q

How many chromosomes do we have

A

46, 23 pairs

75
Q

chromosomes are made of

A

DNA deoxyribonucleic acid

76
Q

what is a gene

A

a gene is a segment of DNA

77
Q

how is called the process that the DNA duplicate

A

mitosis

78
Q

what is a gamete

A

a reproductive cell : sperm or ovum

79
Q

how the gametes are formed

A

through a cell division process called meiosis

80
Q

when the sperm and ovum unit the result is called the new cell is called….

A

a zygote

81
Q

what are the autosomes

A

not sec chromosomes

82
Q

how is called each form of a gene

A

allele

83
Q

what is the X-linked inheritance

A

o When a harmful allele is carried on the X chromosomes, X-linked inheritance applies.
o Males are more likely to be affected because their sex chromosomes do not match

84
Q

What is genomic imprinting?

A

alleles are chemically marked, so that one pair member is activated, regardless of its makeup

children will develop diabetes if their father have

children will develop asthma if mother have

85
Q

what is mutation

A

sudden but permanent change in a segment of DNA

caused by ionizing radiation

86
Q

What is the amniocentesis

A

needle is inserted through the abdominal wall to obtain a sample of fluid in the uterus

14 weeks after conception

87
Q

what is chorionic villus sampling

A

very early in pregnancy, 9 weeks after conception

tuve is inserted into the uterus through the vagina

cells are examined for genetic defects

88
Q

What is fetoscopy

A

a small tube with a light to inspect the fetus for defects of the limbs and face
sample of fetal blood to diagnose hemophilia and anemia

15 and 18 weeks after conception

89
Q

What is ultrasound

A

high-frequency sound waves are beamed at the uterus

gross physical defects
combined with resonance imaging

90
Q

what is maternal blood analysis

A

2nd month

to see elevated level of alpha-fetprotein, kidney disease neural tube defect

91
Q

what is ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging

A

supplement ot ultrasound

92
Q

what is preimplantation genetic diagnosis

A

after in vitro fertilization

93
Q

What are the direct influences in family contexts

A

parents are firm but warm, children tend to comply with their requests.

And when children cooperate, their parents are likely to be warm and gentle in the future

94
Q

What are the indirect influences in family contexts

A

marital relationship is warm and considerate, mothers and fathers

95
Q

What are the 3 related variable in SES

A

Years of education

The prestige of one’s job and the skill it requires, both of which measure social status

Income, which measure economic status

96
Q

What is the size of an ovum?

A

1/175 inche diameter

97
Q

What consist the period of zygote

A

2 weeks long
By the 4th day, 60 to 70 cells exists that form a hollow, fluid-filled ball called a blastocyst

there is the implantation

  • at the 7th and 9th day implantation occurs
  • the trophoblast (protective outer layer) multiplies fastest  It forms a membrane, called the amnion, that encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid

the placenta and umbilical cord:

-By the end of the second week, cells of the trophoblast form another protective membrane – the chorion, which surrounds the amnion

  • the placenta starts to develop
  • the placenta permits food and oxygen
98
Q

What consist the period of embryo

A

from implantation to 8th week

week 2-3 embryonic disk forms 3 layer of cells

  1. ectoderm: nervous sustem and skin
  2. mesoderm: muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, internal organs
  3. endoderm: digestive system, lungs, urinary track, glands

second month

  • eyes, ears, nose, jay, neck form
  • internal organs more distinct
  • 7th week production of neurones begin
99
Q

What consists the period of the fetus

A

9th week to the end

3rd month

  • organ, muscles and nervous system become organized and connected
  • fetus kicks
  • 12th week, external genitals are well-formed, sex can be detected with ultrasound
  • heart can be heard with stethoscope

second trimester

  • 17 and 29 weeks can fell baby
  • vernix protect skin
  • lanugo help vernix

third trimester

  • baby can survive if born
  • age of viability; 22 and 26 weeks but need oxygen
  • gain more than 5 pounds and grow 7 inches
  • fetus recieve antibodies
100
Q

What is the definition of a teratogens

A

environmental agent that causes damage

101
Q

The harm of teratogens depend on which factors?

A

dose

heridity

other negative influences

age

102
Q

in the period of the zygote does teratogens can affect the baby

A

rarely have an impact if they do the baby will die

103
Q

in the embryonic period does teratogens can affect the baby

A

YES, serious defect

104
Q

in the fetal period does teratogens can affect the baby

A

damage is usually minor , organs can be strongly affected

105
Q

What are the effects of prescription drugs

thalidomide
diethylstilbestrol (DES)
Accutane

A

Thalidomide in 1960: gross deformities arms and legs

diethylstilbestrol (DES) 1945-1970 prevent miscarriages: adolescent daughters have high rate of vagina cancers

Accutane for acne: effects in the 1st trimester, eye, ear, skill, brain, heart and immune system abnormalities

106
Q

What is the fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

Slow physical growth

A pattern of three facial abnormalities

Brain injury, evident in small head and impairment in at least three areas of functioning

107
Q

What is the partial alcohol syndrome (p-FAS)

A

Two of the three facial abnormalities just mentioned

Brain injury, again evident in at least three areas of impaired functioning

Mother of children with p-FAS generally drank alcohol in smaller quantities, and children’s defects vary with the timing and length of alcohol exposure

108
Q

What is the alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND)

A

In which at least three areas of mental functioning are impaires, despite typical physical growth and absence of facial abnormalities

109
Q

What can be the environmental pollution effect on baby

A

eating that contain mercury: disrupt production and migration of neurons

PCB in electrical equipment: low birth weight, skin deformities, brain-waves abnormalities, delayed cognitive development

Lead: prematury, low birth, brain damage, physical defect

Dioxins in incineration: brain, immune system, thyroid damage in babies

110
Q

What is the RH factor incompatibility

A

When the mother is Rh-negative (lack the Rh blood protein) and the father if Rh-positive the baby may inherit the father’s Rh-positive blood type

If even a little of a fetus’s Rh-positive blood crosses the placental in the Rh-negative mothers’ bloodstream, she begins to form antibodies to the foreign Rh protein

If these enter the fetus’s system, they destroy red blood cells, reducing the oxygen supply to organs and tissues

Miscarriage, mental retardation, hearth damage. And infant death can occur

It takes time for the mother to produce Rh antibodies, so firstborn children are rarely affected

111
Q

What are the 3 stages of birth

A

Dilatation and effacement of the cervix:

  • longest stage (12 to 14 hours)
  • contraction of the uterus

Delivery of the baby

  • 50 minutes
  • strong contractions
  • urge to push

Delivery of the placenta

  • few final contraction
  • 5 to 10 minutes
112
Q

What is the difference between preterm and small for date infants

A

preterm: born several weeks or more before their due date

small for date: below the expected weight

small for date is more dangerous for the baby than preterm

113
Q

What is the rapid-eye movement (REM)

A

brain-waves activity when asleep is remarkably similar to that of the waking state

almost 50% of a newborn sleep time

114
Q

What is the non-rapid-eye movement (NREM)

A

to body is almost motionless, heart rate, breathing and brain waves activity are slow

115
Q

What is the body weight at 5 months

A

15 pounds

116
Q

What is the body size and weight at 1 years

A

32 inches and 22 pounds

117
Q

What is the body size and weight at 2 years

A

36 inches 30 pounds

118
Q

what are the 2 growth patterns

A

cephalocaudal trend: head develops more rapidly than the lower part of the body

Proximodistan trend: from the center of the body outward

119
Q

Explain the neurobiological methods

A

permits researchers to study its developing organization and the activity of its regions

electroencephalogram (EGG), brain-wave patterns are examined for stability and organization

event-related potentials (ERPs) detect the general location of brain-wave activity

most promising of these methods is functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

fMRI detects changes in blood flow and oxygen metabolism throughout the brain magnetically, yielding a colourful, moving picture

near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). flexible optical fibers attached to the scalp using a head cap, a baby can sit on the parent’s lap and move during testing

120
Q

What are the regions of the cerebral cortex

A

language areas

the cortical regions: the frontal lobe

the prefrontal cortex: body movement and thought

121
Q

the left hemisphere is responsible of….

A

verbal abilities

positive emotions

processing information in a sequential, analytic way, a good approach for dealing with

122
Q

the right hemisphere is responsible of….

A

Spatial abilities

negatives emotions

processing information in a holistic, integrative manner

123
Q

What are the effects of an early, prolonged institutionalization

A

generalized decrease in activity in the cerebral cortex

124
Q

What are the 2 forms of appropriate stimulation?

A

experience-expectant brain growth

experience-dependent brain growth

125
Q

What is the experience-dependent brain growth

A

occurs throughout our lives

additional growth and refinement of established brain structures ad a result of specific learning experiences

126
Q

What is the experience-expectant brain growth

A

rapidly developing organization, which depends on ordinary experiences

occurs early and naturally

127
Q

What are the states of arousal

A

6-9 months: 2 naps
2 years: needs 12 to 14 hours sleep
3-5 years: still need naps

128
Q

what is marasmus

A

wasted condition of the body caused by a diet low in all essential nutrients

appears in the 1st year of life when a baby’s mother is too malnourished to produce enough breast milk

129
Q

what is Kwashiorkor

A

unbalanced diet very low in protein

between 1 an 3 years of age

130
Q

What is the classical conditioning

A

a neutral stimulus is paired, with a stimulus that leads of a reflective response

nervous system makes the connection between the two stimuli

131
Q

What is the operant conditioning

A

infants act, or operate, on the environment, and stimuli that follow their behaviour change the provability that the behaviour will occur again

A stimulus that increases the occurrence of a response if called a reinforcer

132
Q

what is the name of the specialized cell in motor areas of the cerebral cortex that underlie the imitation capacity

A

mirror neuron

133
Q

what is the gross-motor development

A

control over actions that help infant get around in the environment

crawling, standing, walking

134
Q

What is the fine-motor development

A

smaller movements such as reaching and grasping

135
Q

in the dynamic system theory what 4 factors influence the formation of new skills?

A

central nervous system development

body’s movement capacities

goals the child has in mind

environmental supports for the skill

136
Q

at what age the infant have hands coordination

A

4-5 months

137
Q

at what age an infant can focus with his eyes

A

around 2 months

138
Q

at what age infant can see colours like an adult

A

4 months

139
Q

what is the visual acuity of an 6 months baby

A

20/80

140
Q

at what age an infant have the same visual acuity than an adult?

A

4 years

141
Q

what is the first depth cue

A

motion

142
Q

at what age an infant perceive emotional expression

A

5 months

143
Q

at what age an infant can match faces with voices

A

3 to 4 months

144
Q

What is Piaget’s ideas about cognitive change

A

specific psychological structures organized ways of making sense of experience called schemes

two processes

  • adaptation: building schemes through direct interaction with the environment

—-assimilation: use of current schemes to interpret the world

—- accommodation: create or adjust schemes

  • organization: rearrange schemes by linking them with other schemes
145
Q

At what age the infant make the A-not-B error while searching an object

A

8 to 12 months

146
Q

What are Piaget’s sensorimotor stages and age that occurs?

A

reflective schemes: birth-1 month

primary circular reaction: 1-4 months

secondary circular reactions: 4-8 months

coordination of secondary circular reactions: 8-12 months

tertiary circular reactions: 12 to 18 months

mental representation: 18 months to 2 years

147
Q

In Piaget’s sensorimotor stage what is the reflective schemes stage

A

newborn reflexes

148
Q

In Piaget’s sensorimotor stage what is the primary circular reaction

A

simple motor habits centered around the infant’s own body

limited anticipation of events

149
Q

In Piaget’s sensorimotor stage what is the secondary circular reactions

A

actions aimed at repeating interesting effects in the surrounding world

imitation of familiar behaviours

150
Q

In Piaget’s sensorimotor stage what is the coordination of secondary circular reactions

A

intentional behaviour

ability to find a hidden object in the 1st location

A-not-B error

improved anticipation of events

imitation of behaviours

151
Q

In Piaget’s sensorimotor stage what is the tertiary circular reactions

A

exploration of the properties of objects by acting on them in novel ways

imitation of novel behaviours

ability to search in several location for a hidden object ( A-B search)

152
Q

In Piaget’s sensorimotor stage what is the mental representation

A

internal depiction of objects and events

sudden solutions to problems

ability to find an object that has been moved while out of sight (invisible displacement)

deferred imitation

make-believe play

153
Q

In information-processing several aspects of the cognitive system improve during childhood, what are they

A

basic capacity of its stores especially working

speed with which information is worked on

functioning the of central executive

154
Q

What is the attention to habituate and recover to novel visual stimuli for a newborn baby and a preterm baby

A

3 to 4 minutes

155
Q

What is the attention to habituate and recover to novel visual stimuli for a 4-5 month baby

A

5 to 10 seconds

156
Q

How long a 2 months baby can remember how to do something

A

1 to 2 days after training

157
Q

How long a 3 months baby can remember how to do something

A

1 week

158
Q

How long a 6 months baby can remember how to do something

A

2 weeks

159
Q

At what age a baby can categorize objects?

A

second half of the first year so, 18 months and older

160
Q

What are the theories of language development?

A

the nativist perspective

the interactionist perspective

161
Q

Explain what is the nativist perspective

A

according to Chomsky, language is etched into the structure of the brain

child have language acquisition device (LAD) an innate system that contains a universal grammar common to all languages

162
Q

Explain what is the interactionist perspective

A

interaction between inner capacities and environmental influence

children make sense of their complex language environment by applying powerful cognitive capacities of a general kind

163
Q

At what age babies start to make vowel noise

A

2 months

164
Q

at what age babies start to babbling

A

6 months

165
Q

at what age the baby starts to say words

A

18 to 24 month

Psyc 333 (2 decks)

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