Midterm

Question 1

What are the three things you triage first?

Answer 1

HR, RR, Perfusion parameters

Question 2

What should you always palpate in male cats?

Answer 2

Bladder

Question 3

What makes up a MDB?

Answer 3

PCV/TP, BG, ago stick, venous blood gas and lactate

Question 4

What are the 4 reasons MDB are useful?

Answer 4

Makes sure they are stable for anesthesia, makes sure they are stable for overnight, helps to decide fluids, can rule out potential causes of episode

Question 5

What are your non invasive triage test?

Answer 5

TPR, pulse ox, ECG, MDB

Question 6

What is the best monitoring tool?

Answer 6

Serial PE

Question 7

What does pulse ox measure? What is nice about it?

Answer 7

O2 saturation on hemoglobin, will not read false high.

Question 8

What is the only way to measure ventilation?

Answer 8

PaCO2 and ETCO2

Question 9

What is are the invasive and direct measures of blood pressure?

Answer 9

ART Line

Question 10

What are the indirect measures of blood pressure?

Answer 10

Doppler(keep in mind it measures systolic)

Cardell(gives both dia and syst)

Question 11

What does lactate indicate? What is is a measure of?

Answer 11

anaerobic metabolism so when elevated means poor perfusion

Question 12

What is the normal range for Central Venous Pressure?

Answer 12

-2 to 2+

Question 13

What is CVP a good estimation of?

Answer 13

Right Atrium pressure

Question 14

What are the indicators for perfusion?

Answer 14

mentation, temperature, lactate, urine output, pulse quality and MM

Question 15

What is the ventilation rate for CPR?

Answer 15

12-15 breaths per min.

Question 16

If heart rate is normal what else can you try instead of CPR?

Answer 16

Acupuncture with 25g needle into nasal philtram

Question 17

What is the compression rate for CPR?

Answer 17

80-100 compressions per min.

Question 18

What is the fluid dose for Euvolemic patients in CPR?

Answer 18

20 ml/kg in dogs bolus

10 m;/kg in cats bolus

Question 19

What is the fluid does for hypovolemic patients in CPR?

Answer 19

90 ml/kg dogs bolus

45 ml/kg cats bolus

Question 20

In blood loss or anemia what should you use for fluid and what are the rates?

Answer 20

Synthetic colloids
20 ml/kg dogs bolus
10 milk cats NO BOLUS SLOW

Question 21

What does epinephrine cause?

Answer 21

peripheral vasoconstriction

Question 22

What does atropine do?

Answer 22

Increases sinus node automaticity and AV node conductivity

Question 23

What is the emergency does for atropine?

Answer 23

0.04 mg/kg

Question 24

What is the systemic effect of vasopressin?

Answer 24

renal and coronary vasoconstriction

Question 25

What drug should you not use during CPR?

Answer 25

Lidocaine: makes it hard to defib

Question 26

What is the post resuscitation dose for lidocaine?

Answer 26

2-4 mg/kg dog | .2 mg/kg cats

Question 27

What is the best emergency drug for metabolic acidosis?

Answer 27

Sodium bicarb with good ventilation

Question 28

What is ventricular fibrillation defined as?

Answer 28

absence of P-QRS-T complexes

Question 29

What are the 6 indications for open chest CPR?

Answer 29

``` Large dog Pneumothorax Chest Trauma Pleural effusion No pulses after 5 min Pericardial effusion Diaphragmatic hernia ```

Question 30

Where do you place your incision in open chest CPR?

Answer 30

5-6 ICS

Question 31

In open chest CPR what are the two main structures to avoid?

Answer 31

internal thoracic artery(1 cm from sternum) | Caudel rib vessels

Question 32

What are the two things you have to do to the heart in open chest CPR?

Answer 32

Open pericardium and compress heart from apex to base

Question 33

What are the major post CPR complications?

Answer 33

Ventricular arrythmias Hypotension Neuro deficits Hypoxemia

Question 34

If you suspect cerebral edema what should you give?

Answer 34

Mannitol

Question 35

In hypotension what should you give?

Answer 35

synthetic colloids then pressers if unresponsive.

Question 36

Under the new guidelines what are the two main things to prevent in CPR?

Answer 36

Interruption of compressions | Hyperventilation

Question 37

If open chest CPR is successful what two things need to be done?

Answer 37

Lavage of chest and ANALGESIA

Question 38

In dehydration you lose____ in excess of ___.

Answer 38

Free water in excess of Na+

Question 39

In hypovolemia what do you lose equally?

Answer 39

Free water and Na+

Question 40

What are the clinical signs of dehydration?

Answer 40

Skin turgor, retraction of the globe, PCV/TP,mm moistness

Question 41

What are the clinical signs of hypovolemia?

Answer 41

Heart Rate, CRT, MM color, pulse quality, PCV/TP

Question 42

What is the formula to correct dehydration?

Answer 42

% dehydrated x BW(kg)= deficit + maintenance

Question 43

What are crystalloids great for treating?

Answer 43

Dehydration

Question 44

What are crystalloids made up of?

Answer 44

Water and electrolytes

Question 45

What four conditions is normal saline good for?

Answer 45

Hyponatremia, Hypochloremia. metabolic alkalosis, hypercalcemia

Question 46

What is LRS good for?

Answer 46

Rescue of unknown disease and neonates

Question 47

If K is added to a fluid what should you NOT do?

Answer 47

bolus it

Question 48

What can rapid infusion of hypertonic saline cause?

Answer 48

vagally mediated hypotension and bradycardia

Question 49

What do colloids contain?

Answer 49

Large solutes to make more pressure

Question 50

What is oxyglobin good for?

Answer 50

Exotic cats and IMHA

Question 51

Dehydration you treat with which fluid?

Answer 51

Crystalloids

Question 52

Hypovolemia you treat with which fluid?

Answer 52

Crystalloids and Colloids

Question 53

What is the main disease process behind diabetic ketoacidosis?

Answer 53

Diabetes mellitus

Question 54

What are the clinical signs of DKA?

Answer 54

``` PU/PD Lethargy Inappetence Vomiting Weight Loss ```

Question 55

In dogs and cats what are the major clinical path signs you will see with DKA?

Answer 55

Hyperglycemia. Ketonemia/uria, Anemia,glucoseuria and metabolic acidosis with an increased AG.

Question 56

What are the staples of DKA treatment?

Answer 56

IV fluids, insulin therapy, K+ supplementation

Question 57

What is HHS? What are the two main signs?

Answer 57

Nonketotic hyperglycemic syndrome, see hyperglycemia and neurologic signs.

Question 58

In an addisons crisis what is the emergency treatment?

Answer 58

bolus crystalloids and draw blood for ACTH levels