Midterm Flashcards
What are the three things you triage first?
HR, RR, Perfusion parameters
What should you always palpate in male cats?
Bladder
What makes up a MDB?
PCV/TP, BG, ago stick, venous blood gas and lactate
What are the 4 reasons MDB are useful?
Makes sure they are stable for anesthesia, makes sure they are stable for overnight, helps to decide fluids, can rule out potential causes of episode
What are your non invasive triage test?
TPR, pulse ox, ECG, MDB
What is the best monitoring tool?
Serial PE
What does pulse ox measure? What is nice about it?
O2 saturation on hemoglobin, will not read false high.
What is the only way to measure ventilation?
PaCO2 and ETCO2
What is are the invasive and direct measures of blood pressure?
ART Line
What are the indirect measures of blood pressure?
Doppler(keep in mind it measures systolic)
Cardell(gives both dia and syst)
What does lactate indicate? What is is a measure of?
anaerobic metabolism so when elevated means poor perfusion
What is the normal range for Central Venous Pressure?
-2 to 2+
What is CVP a good estimation of?
Right Atrium pressure
What are the indicators for perfusion?
mentation, temperature, lactate, urine output, pulse quality and MM
What is the ventilation rate for CPR?
12-15 breaths per min.
If heart rate is normal what else can you try instead of CPR?
Acupuncture with 25g needle into nasal philtram
What is the compression rate for CPR?
80-100 compressions per min.
What is the fluid dose for Euvolemic patients in CPR?
20 ml/kg in dogs bolus
10 m;/kg in cats bolus
What is the fluid does for hypovolemic patients in CPR?
90 ml/kg dogs bolus
45 ml/kg cats bolus
In blood loss or anemia what should you use for fluid and what are the rates?
Synthetic colloids
20 ml/kg dogs bolus
10 milk cats NO BOLUS SLOW
What does epinephrine cause?
peripheral vasoconstriction
What does atropine do?
Increases sinus node automaticity and AV node conductivity
What is the emergency does for atropine?
0.04 mg/kg
What is the systemic effect of vasopressin?
renal and coronary vasoconstriction
What drug should you not use during CPR?
Lidocaine: makes it hard to defib
What is the post resuscitation dose for lidocaine?
2-4 mg/kg dog
.2 mg/kg cats
What is the best emergency drug for metabolic acidosis?
Sodium bicarb with good ventilation
What is ventricular fibrillation defined as?
absence of P-QRS-T complexes
What are the 6 indications for open chest CPR?
Large dog Pneumothorax Chest Trauma Pleural effusion No pulses after 5 min Pericardial effusion Diaphragmatic hernia
Where do you place your incision in open chest CPR?
5-6 ICS
In open chest CPR what are the two main structures to avoid?
internal thoracic artery(1 cm from sternum)
Caudel rib vessels
What are the two things you have to do to the heart in open chest CPR?
Open pericardium and compress heart from apex to base
What are the major post CPR complications?
Ventricular arrythmias
Hypotension
Neuro deficits
Hypoxemia
If you suspect cerebral edema what should you give?
Mannitol
In hypotension what should you give?
synthetic colloids then pressers if unresponsive.
Under the new guidelines what are the two main things to prevent in CPR?
Interruption of compressions
Hyperventilation
If open chest CPR is successful what two things need to be done?
Lavage of chest and ANALGESIA
In dehydration you lose____ in excess of ___.
Free water in excess of Na+
In hypovolemia what do you lose equally?
Free water and Na+
What are the clinical signs of dehydration?
Skin turgor, retraction of the globe, PCV/TP,mm moistness
What are the clinical signs of hypovolemia?
Heart Rate, CRT, MM color, pulse quality, PCV/TP
What is the formula to correct dehydration?
% dehydrated x BW(kg)= deficit + maintenance
What are crystalloids great for treating?
Dehydration
What are crystalloids made up of?
Water and electrolytes
What four conditions is normal saline good for?
Hyponatremia, Hypochloremia. metabolic alkalosis, hypercalcemia
What is LRS good for?
Rescue of unknown disease and neonates
If K is added to a fluid what should you NOT do?
bolus it
What can rapid infusion of hypertonic saline cause?
vagally mediated hypotension and bradycardia
What do colloids contain?
Large solutes to make more pressure
What is oxyglobin good for?
Exotic cats and IMHA
Dehydration you treat with which fluid?
Crystalloids
Hypovolemia you treat with which fluid?
Crystalloids and Colloids
What is the main disease process behind diabetic ketoacidosis?
Diabetes mellitus
What are the clinical signs of DKA?
PU/PD Lethargy Inappetence Vomiting Weight Loss
In dogs and cats what are the major clinical path signs you will see with DKA?
Hyperglycemia. Ketonemia/uria, Anemia,glucoseuria and metabolic acidosis with an increased AG.
What are the staples of DKA treatment?
IV fluids, insulin therapy, K+ supplementation
What is HHS? What are the two main signs?
Nonketotic hyperglycemic syndrome, see hyperglycemia and neurologic signs.
In an addisons crisis what is the emergency treatment?
bolus crystalloids and draw blood for ACTH levels
