Midterm Flashcards
What is the definition of communication
Communication is a continuous, irreversible, trans-active process involving communicators who occupy different but overlapping environments and are simultaneously senders and receivers of messages, many of which are distorted by physical and psychological noise
2 properties of communication
- human and continuous process
2. symbolic
What are the 5 types of communication
- Interpersonal
- Interpersonal (Didactic)
- Small group
- Public communication
- mass communication
What is intrapersonal communication
communicating with oneself (the way he will one mentally processes information impacts the interactions with others).
What is interpersonal communication?
is the most common setting for communication, the interaction between two people
What is small group communication?
characteristics that can involve each member.
What is public communication
when the group becomes too large for all members to communicate.
What is mass communication
consists of messages that are transmitted to a large, wide spread audience
What are the 3 aspects of drawing conclusions?
- Fact/Description
- Inference/Assumption
- Opinion/Judgment
What are 7 characteristics of a competent communicators?
- Wide range of behaviours
- Ability to choose the most appropriate behaviour
- Skill at performing the behaviours
- Cognitive complexity [ability to construct a variety of frameworks for viewing an issue
- Empathy
- Self-Monitoring
- Commitment to behaviours, behaviour development, and relationships
What are the 5 challenges when learning to be a professional
- from spontaneous to intentional
- working under a microscope
- learning there’s no right answer or approach
- learning from mistakes
- dealing with strong feelings
What is empathy?
ability to project oneself into another person’s experience
What is sympathy?
to feel pity for someone else
What is level 1 of empathy?
responses from practitioner distract from the message of the client
What is level 2 of empathy?
responds to the content and superficial affect of the message
What is level 3 of empathy?
Practitioner mirrors the content and affect, express the same meaning
What is level 4 of empathy?
Practitioner mirrors the content but leads the affect to a much deeper meaning (underlying issues or affect)
What is level 5 of empathy?
Practitioner provides accurate responses to content and deeper meanings (underlying issues and connecting the content)
Why is perception checking important?
to verify the accuracy of interpretations
What are the 3 aspects of perception checking?
- description of behaviour on notices
- at least 2 possible interpretations of the behaviour
- A request for clarification about how to interpret or how one has interpreted the behaviour
What are the 4 parts of the perception process?
Perception, narrative, selection, organization
What is perception
process whereby we assign meaning to the world around us
What is narrative?
the stories people create and use to make sense of the world
What is selection?
first stage in the perception process, some data chosen to be attended to (others ignored)
What is organization?
perceptual schemata- cognitive frameworks that allow individuals to organize the perceptual data
What are the physiological influences on perception?
- the senses
- age
- health
- fatigue
what are the cultural influences on perception?
- every culture has it’s own world view
- nonverbal behaviours are perceived differently
- value of talk differs from culture to culture
What are 2 ways we manage impressions?
- face-to face impression management
2. impression management in mediated communication
Rank listening, speaking, reading and writing in order of when it is learned
Listening=first
speaking= second
reading= third
writing=fourth
Rank listening, speaking, reading and writing from used most to used least
Listening= most
Speaking= next most
Reading=next to least
Writing= least
Rank listening, speaking, reading and writing from taught most to least
Listening=least
Speaking= next to least
Reading= next to most
Writing= most
What is listening?
when the brain reconstructs these impulses of original sound that gives them meaning
What is hearing?
the process of sound waves that via the eardrum, cause vibrations that are transmitted to the brain
What is the focus of the appreciative approach to learning?
to relax and enjoy the listening experience
What is the focus of empathetic approach to learning?
to understand and support the emotions of the speaker
What ist he focus of discerning approach to learning?
to gather complete and accurate information
What is the focus of comprehensive approach to learning?
to organize information and understand the meaning of the message
What is the focus of evaluative approach to learning?
to critique the information and make a decision
What are the 4 important empathetic listening skills?
attending, understanding (meaning), responding and remembering
What is pseudolistening?
give the appearance of listening or superficial listening
what is selective listening?
only respond to some of the speaker’s comments
what is defensive listening?
person takes innocent remarks as personal attacks
What is ambushing?
listen carefully to attack the speaker with something they say
What is insulated listening?
screen for topics to avoid and simply tune out
What is insensitive listening?
takes and accepts speaker’s comments without looking for implicit messages
What is stage hogging?
attempt to turn the conversation to yourself
Do all listeners receive the same message?
NO
What are 4 psychological considerations before an interview?
- prepare yourself (clear mind, eat, go to bathroom)
- learn about the subject
- set tentative goals
- determine strategies and tactics
What are 6 environmental considerations before an interview?
- office arrangement
- non-office visit
- privacy
- seating arrangement
- safety and legal considerations
- accessibility for clients with disabilities
What are 3 aspects of evaluative or critical listening?
- listen to info before evaluating
- evaluate the speaker’s credibility (competent and impartial)
- examine the speaker’s evidence and reasoning (current, amount, reliable, and multiply interpretations)
what are paralinguistics?
how words are spoken (tone, volume, pitch)
What are verbal-verbal communication?
spoken words
What are verbal-nonverbal communication?
ton of voice, sighs, screams, vocal qualities, written words
What are nonverbal- nonverbal communication?
gestures, movement, appearance, facial expression
What are 4 gender influences on non verbal communication?
- Men are more concerned with power; women more concerned with relational issues
- women are more likely than men to use indirect strategies
- women are more likely to compromise to maintain relational harmony
- men are more likely to use aggression to get their way
What is the complexity, flow, clarity, impact, and intentionality of verbal communication?
complexity: one dimension (words only)
flow: intermittent (speaking and silence alternate)
clarity (less subject to misinterpret)
impact (less impact when verbal and non verbal cues are contradictory
intentionality: usually deliberate
What is the complexity, flow, clarity, impact and intentionality of non verbal communication?
complexity: multiple dimensions (voice, posture, gestures etc.)
flow: continuous
clarity: more ambiguous
impact: stronger impact when verbal and nonverbal cues are contradictory
intentionality: often unintentional
What are 8 types of non verbal communication?
- poster and gesture (kinesics)
- face and eyes
- voice (paralinguistics)
- touch
- physical attractiveness (appearance)
- distance or physical space
- time
- power
How to improve non-verbal acuity
- become more sensitive and acute of NVC of others
- understanidng that a given NVC could have a variety of meanings
- observe specific cues and observe habitual pattern
- recognize the role of context in shaping our interactions
