Midterm Flashcards
(277 cards)
1
Q
K9- What is the most common cause of infertility
A
Breeding at the wrong time
2
Q
K9- How often should a dog be bred (unofficial rule)
A
Every other day as long as she stands
3
Q
K9- How does semen deposit in the uterus
A
Prostatic fluid is deposited behind it
4
Q
K9- What is an advantage to prostatic fluid following sperm
A
Closer to site of fertilization, increased sperm longevity
5
Q
K9- Define heat
A
estrus and proestrus
6
Q
K9- What indicates heat
A
serosanguinous vulvar discharge in both estrus and proestrus
7
Q
K9- what hormone is dominant in diestrus
A
P4
8
Q
K9- define anestrus
A
quiescence between cycles
9
Q
K9- LH corresponds to
A
ovulation
10
Q
K9- effects of estrogen
A
Vaginal cell wall cornification/thickening and behavioral changes
11
Q
K9- Describe changes in P4 in regards to ovulation
A
Rises before ovulation due to follicular pre-ov leuteinization- follicle producing P4 before CL develops
12
Q
K9- What is the gold standard of determining estrus
A
endocrinology
13
Q
K9- estrus behavior
A
Tail flagging- can rub perineal region to induce
14
Q
K9- cytology results for estrus
A
Cornified, polygonal flake-like cells
15
Q
K9- diestrus cytology
A
PMNs clearing out foreign material- abnormal to see in estrus, abrupt switch to non-cornified
16
Q
K9- Where are most anatomical abnormalities in female
A
At junction of urethra and vagina (stricture, remnant hymen)
17
Q
K9- when is pre-breeding exam done, what should be noted
A
In estrus, should be able to feel cervix
18
Q
K9- What will vaginoscopy show in proestrus or estrus
A
Pro- pink, billowy cervix; Estrus- flat, loose, crenulated
19
Q
K9- how can LH peak and ovulation be estimated
A
P4 levels from pre-ovulatory follicular leutinization
20
Q
K9- P4 level for LH peak, ovulation
A
LH - 2-2.9, ov- 4-10
21
Q
K9- when should dog be bred
A
Day 4 and 6 after LH peak detected (2 days post assumed ovulation which is 2 days post LH peak)
22
Q
K9- when should LH tests be used along with P4 tests
A
More accurate in conjunction for frozen semen usage due to short longevity window
23
Q
K9- When should fresh, cooled or frozen semen bc used
A
Fresh- immediate; Cooled- 48 hours after extending; Frozen- long term but longevity decreased
24
Q
K9- what is ETI
A
Endoscopic transcervical insemination for intrauterine deposition
25
K9- Appropriate dose of sperm vaginal/intrauterine
250 million PMMNS (min 150), 100 million PMMNS
26
***K9- average gestation length
65 days from LH peak, 57 days from cytological diestrus,, as high as 72 days when ovulation is late
27
K9- first bitch exam - tests
PE, vaginal cytology, digital exam, brucellosis screen, HWP, P4 measurement, +/- vaginoscopy
28
Fel- When does LH peak
Induced- tom's spiny peen
29
Fel- timing of ovulation
24-48 hours after LH induced
30
Fel- mating schedule
3 minimum, 4 preferred, mating every other hour starting 2 days after estrus starts
31
Fel- confirm mating
Behavior- aggression, rolling, lick perineum
32
Fel- what can be given to stimulate ovulation
hCG day of or prior to mating - acts like LH
33
K9- BSE questions to ask
Diet, travel, estrus cycle hx, family hx, male fertility, pup/litter and survival rate, c-sections, pyometras
34
K9- most effective and reliable way to diagnose vaginal strictures
Digital exam (eval also for tissue bands, residual hymen, uti, etc)
35
K9- infertility often from
overgrowth of normal flora (staph, strep, e.coli, pasteurella, mycoplasma, ureaplasma)
36
K9- CHV sequelae
Canine herpes virus- mummified abortion, stillborn, premature delivery
37
K9- CHV - who is at high risk
naive pregnant bitches
38
K9- CHV - diagnose
Kidney petechiae
39
K9- what causes orchitis, epididymitis, infertility, abortions, EED
Brucella
40
***K9- brucella symptoms
Lymphadenomegaly, discospondylitis, lameness, ocular lesions
41
K9- CEH symptoms
Hyperplastic cysts caused by repeated estrus/diestrus cycles, makes more susceptible to pyometra, common in older bitches
42
K9- types of ovarian cysts, contrast
follicular (estrogen) and luteal (progesterone); can be GCT (granulosa cell tumor)
43
K9- tx for luteal cyst
hCG/GnRH to induce leutinization
44
K9- What is the only hormone needed to keep a bitch in diestrus
P4 secretions
45
K9- tx follicular cyst
PGF-2a
46
K9- sequelae of GCT
myelosuppression - (anemia, immunosuppresion) from high estrogen release
47
K9- cycle abnormalities - list
Split heat , prolonged estrus or diestrus, short interestrous interval, anestrus, silent heat
48
K9- describe split heat
(follicular wave - atresia - follicular wave)
49
K9- describe prolonged estrus/diestrus
greater than 8 weeks
50
K9- describe short interestrus interval
Minimum 4 months for proper involution of uterus
51
K9- what breed is predisposed to intersex? what is that?
Cocker spaniels - XX-sex reverse male with male and female gonads
52
Fel- additional BSE tests
FeLV/FIV tests
53
Fel- estrous cycle differences
Can enter pregnant diestrus, pseudopregnant diestrus or postestrus;
54
Fel- determine postestrous
low E2 between peaks correlated to estrus
55
Fel- what seasonal breeder are cats
seasonally polyestrous - Long day breeders- inadequate light can cause anestrus
56
Fel- what can cause ovarian anestrus
Spay or luteal cyst continuously secreting P4
57
Fel- How can you test for remnant gonads
AMH test for AMH screted from ovarian granulosa cells or testicular sertoli cells
58
Fel- what can be the cause of apparent (behavioral anestrus)
Silent heat or spontaneous ovulation
59
Fel- what can cause persistent estrus
Follicular cyst excreting E2 continuously, failed pregnancy
60
Fel- what always follows mating
Female post mating behavior
61
Fel- reasons for failed pregnancy
tom infertility, failure to ovulate, anatomical defects
62
Fel- diagnose diestrus
P4 rises post-ovulation (unlike the dog) and is needed for pregnancy
63
Pig- source of most semen
Huge BUG - 70% semen volume + gelatinous portion
64
Pig- type of penis
fibroelastic with corkscrew glans to facilitate cervical entry
65
Pig- describe the ampullae
NONE, sucker!
66
Pig- prostatic neopasia -rare or common
rare
67
Pig- testicle orientation
Caudally oriented, causes heat stress and decreased semen quality
68
Pig- female parts morphology
bicornuate, twisted cervix facilitates ejac via pressure
69
Pig- normal mammary anatomy
min 10 teats, 6 on each side - 14 average
70
Pig- boar puberty
9 months, increased testosterone grows penis and breaks frenulum and helps mounting behavior
71
Pig- season
not seasonally polyestrous but increased daylight does increase physiology
72
Pig- semen volume
Larger than other species - 150-300 mL, 30-60 billion sperm
73
K9- PM, MN minimums
PM- >70-80%; MN- >80%; 10 mil/lb
74
Pig- PM MN, quantity
PM >65%; MN>80%; >100k/mL
75
Pig- what is 5a-androstenone
Boar pheromone from saliva that causes hypersalivation during coitus
76
Pig- pheromone effect on sow, gilt, young boar
sow- estrus; gilt- puberty; young boar- mounting
77
Pig- gilt puberty
6-7 months, facilitated by boar pheromones
78
Pig- estrus cycle length, describe
21 days, 1 follicular wave for 17 days
79
Pig- ovulation timing
36-44 hours after estrus starts
80
Pig- how can you get more oocytes
Flush feeding- increase feed intake in days to weeks before estrus
81
Pig- when is CL functional
by day 5-6
82
Pig- use for exogenous PGF-2a
Most commonly to induce parturition but cna be used to induce estrus
83
Pig- when will CL respond to exogenous PGF-2a
Day 12-13
84
Pig- when does CL regress
NEVER during pregnancy- continuous P4 secretion
85
Pig- primary estrus sign, confirmation
standing heat- use back pressure test
86
Pig- most common mating
AI
87
Pig- boar selection
fertility, weaning weight/age, meat quality
88
Pig- fertilization rate
100% oocytes but 20-30% die in first month
89
Pig- what determines number of embryos
uterine capacity
90
Pig- maternal recognition of pregnancy - timing/source
Embryo secretion of estradiol at day 10-11 by late blastocyst
91
Pig- what does maternal recognition cause
Second estrogen peak to block PGF-2a to prevent lyteolysis
92
Pig- minimums to maintain pregnancy
2 embryos per horn, 2 fetuses total
93
Pig- gestation length
114 days (3 3 3)
94
Pig- placentation
diffuse epitheliochorial, non-deciduate
95
Pig- pregnancy dx methods
lack of estrus behavior, rectal palpation, US
96
Pig- rectal palpation positive for preg
fremitus of uterine artery
97
Pig- US type
A-mode - detects fluid in uterus
98
Pig- parturition timing
late afternoon/night for 2-5 hours, no stages, 15 minutes per piggy
99
Pig- placental delivery
4 hours after final delivery
100
Pig- stages of embryo
oocyte, zygote, morula, blastocyst, embryo?, fetus
101
Pig- most common dystocia
trapped in cervix- uterine atony
102
Pig- induce parturition using/how?/when
PGF-2a to induce luteolysis 1-2 days prior to delivery - if it doesnt work give oxytocin
103
Pig- lactational anestrus
unable to cycle while nursing, allows uterine involution
104
Pig- weaning timing
21-28 days, 7kg
105
Pig- when can a sow come to estrus again
28 days after farrowing
106
Pig- how does lactation effect estrus timing
reduced BCS can delay, lactational anestrus
107
Pig- PRRSV - name and describe
Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus - epizootic and enzootic - reproductive losses in all stages wean-finish
108
Pig- Parvo - symptoms
SMEDI - at less than 30 days- EED; 30-70 mummified; 70+ immunocompetent, prolonged gestation, small litters
109
Pig- pseudorabies- effects
abortions, CNS effects in neonates; grow-finish
110
K9- 2 big causes of determining breeding unsoundness
brucella status, cryptorchid
111
K9- ejaculate fractions, evaluate for?
prostatic- sperm rich - prostatic; blood, bili, or pus
112
K9- when should penis be eval
at semen collection - look for remnant frenulum
113
K9- eval for dead sperm
eosin-negrosin - red is dead
114
K9- use of H&E stain
evaluates different cells in ejac: WBC always abnormal= infection
115
K9- what does sperm count depend on? estimate.
Technique, presence of teaser bitch, environmental factors, weight/size of dog; 10 million per pound
116
K9- what should US be used to evaluate
testicle symmetry, consistency, size, orientation, spermatic cords, epididymis
117
K9- what must be examined on all intact dogs
Prostate
118
K9- azoospermia- definition, causes
ejaculation without sperm - bilateral cryptorchidism, intersex, germinal cell aplasia, testicular trauma, orchitis, testicular neoplasia
119
K9- dx azoospermia cause
seminal fluid culture, US, aspiration, biopsy
120
K9- role of ALP, levels
from tail of epididymis, incomplete ejaculation if
121
K9- oligospermia- definition and causes
low total number but fertile- glucocorticoids, estrogens, ketoconazole, chemo
122
K9- teratozoospermia - definition, cause
decreased morphologically normal; tumors, fever, abstinence, scrotal fat accumulation
123
K9- teratozoospermia- most serious form
Proximal more serious than distal
124
K9- asthenozoospermia
progressive motility less than 70%, can be due to contact with spermicidal surfaces
125
K9- What is usually the first sign of infection
asthenozoospermia
126
K9- accessory glands
Prostate only!
127
K9- BPH- signalment, symptoms
Benign prostatic hypertrophy - older dogs with testosterone; asymp or incontinence, tenesmus
128
K9- BPH tx
castration or finasteride
129
K9- finasteride
Interferes with testosterone effect on prostate but not libido or semen quality
130
K9- common secondary condition
Prostatitis
131
K9- acute prostatitis- signalment, symptoms
older dogs, due to prostatic cysts?, painful on palpation
132
K9- chronic prostatitis- presentation, treatment
Presents as consistent UTI, not painful, long course of Abx
133
K9- What kind of dogs are prostatic neoplasias most common in
Castrated dogs
134
K9- metastasis of prostate cancer
ventral lumbar vertebral bodies and lungs - grave prognosis
135
K9- brucella - presentatin
Intracellular infection- zoonotic and reportable
136
K9- brucella- transmission
MM
137
K9- brucella symptoms
Lymphadenopathy, repro dz, IVDD, uveitis, kidney disease
138
K9- brucella dx
RSAT test, sensitive but not specific
139
Fel- bioassay for testosterone
Penile spines
140
Fel- causes of testicular degeneration
Riboflavin/vitamin A deficiency or oversupplementation
141
Fel- why is electroejaculation necessary
Sedation allows emission into urethra, but no ejection
142
***Cow- direct pregnancy detection
membrane slip (>30), aminiotic vesicle (35-65); fetus (>65); placentomes (>90)
143
Cow- membrane slip
chorioallantoic membrane opposed to endometrium
144
Cow- ballottment
per rectum or transabd, - feel return impact
145
Cow- what makes up a placentome
Maternal caruncle and fetal cotyledon
146
***Cow- indirect pregnancy detection
non-return to estrus, physical changes, endocrine levels, palpations, IFN-T from trophoblast
147
Cow- indirect palpations
fluctuance, fremitus, asymmetry
148
Cow- fremitus
fluid movement through artery like middle uterine on first horn at 100 days, then on entire uterus at 200d
149
Cow- fluctuance
feeling fluid in uterine lumen
150
***Cow- asymmetry palpation shortcomings
Might mistake fluid from pyometra (most common), mucometra, hydrometra (most common in goats)
151
Cow- when is fluid detectable
30 days
152
Cow- when does embyro become fetus
40 days after organogenesis
153
Cow- when do placentomes develop
90d with fremitus at 100d
154
***Cow- fetus aging
60-90-120-150-180-210 = mouse, rat, small cat, large cat, beagle, german shepherd
155
***Cow- embryonic vesicle
30, 40, 50, 60 - 1/2, 1, 3, 4 fingers
156
Cow- what is US accurate in detecting
Gestational problems, fetal death, fetal sexing via genital tubercle
157
Cow- benefits of US
less trauma and manipulation
158
Cow- when is sexing possible with US
60d
159
Cow- sexing
GT close to umbilicus= male; closer to anus = female
160
Cow- US- pyometra
gray contrast in uterine lumen rather than fluid black
161
Cow- fetal mummification
CA membrane dessicates and fetus is sterile; usually viral
162
Cow- fetal maceration
From bacterial infection- gram neg anaerobes like t. pyogenes - usually just bones left
163
***Cow OB- stage 1 name and timing
Preparation- 2-6 hours
164
***Cow OB- stage 1 - actions
calf rotates, contractions start; tail elevation, restlessness
165
***Cow OB- stage 2- name and timing
parturition - 15-90 min (avg 45)
166
***Cow OB- stage 2 actions
CA breaks, then amnion breaks
167
***Cow OB- stage 2- normal positioning
head and front feet protruding first
168
***Cow OB- stage 3- when to intervene
>12 hours
169
***Cow OB- stage 3 - timing, name
fetal membrane expulsion - 2-12 hours
170
***Cow OB- stage 3- complications
RFM may lead to hypoCa++, LDA bc placental is foreign
171
****Cow- tx for RFM
Collagenase to break dowtn placentome connection, then PGF-2a or oxytocin
172
****Cow- most common dystocia
Fetal/maternal disproportion
173
Cow- dystocia sources
Abnormal presentation, position, posture, twins, abnormal calves, environment
174
****Cow- presentation
Spinal axis of calf to cow - anterior or posterior, longitudinal >>> transverse/vertical
175
****Cow- position
dorsopubic, dososarcral (normal), dorsoileal
176
****Cow- posture-
relationship of limbs to rest of body, extended is normal
177
Cow- minimum position for manual
pasterns past 10-15cm beyond vulva; hocks beyond vulva because past iliac shafts
178
**K9- placenta attachment
EZD - endotheliochorial, zonary, deciduate; marginal hematomas for iron
179
K9- green placenta
Emergency! uteroverdin - premature placental separation
180
****K9- when can fetus be palpated
1 month after LH peak
181
****K9- when is US useful
3-4 weeks after LH peak; (fetal death, mummy, fluid, pyo, cysts- not for counting feti)
182
****K9- heartbeat detection
23-25d after LH peak
183
K9- normal HR
180 bpm - slow in stress
184
K9- hormone for pregnancy diagnosis
Relaxin- produced by placenta at 21-22 days after breeding (check a week later if negative)
185
****K9- Skull calcification
45 days
186
****K9- teeth calcification
63 days
187
K9- pregnancy changes (other)
Increased TP, normocytic, normochromic anemia, DM, ketosis
188
K9- vax and routine Rx
No live vax, continue HWP/flea
189
K9- diet
puppy food at 3rd trimester, no Ca supplements, no raw diet
190
K9- hypoluteoidism tx
P4 supplements but not in early gestation or after birth
191
K9- kidney petechiae likely from
Canine herpes virus (CHV) - lethal in 3 weeks pre and post partum
192
****Fel- gestation length
65-67 days
193
****Fel- pregnancy diagnosis
no P4 because high before birth, palpation at >2 weeks, ultrasound 2.5 weeks
194
Fel- heartbeat detection at
16 days
195
Fel- diet
1m- normal, 2m - 1.5x, last month- 2x (ensure taurine)
196
K9- alert to parturition
1-2 weeks before- clear/tan vulvar d/c, nesting; body temp drop by 1 degree,
197
K9- pre birth hormone leveles
P4 down below 2ng/mL, PRL up
198
K9- dystocia breeds
Boston, bulldog
199
K9- stages
1 -
200
K9- uterine inertia causes
inability to contract even with oxytocin: Primary- hypocalcemia/single pup; Secondary- obstructive dystocia
201
K9- oxytocin use
Only if no obstruction, 3 doses before discontinuing
202
K9- rx contraindications in c-section
ketamine, methoxyflurane, xylazine, acepromazine
203
K9- c-section ok when
1-2 days before end of gestation when P4 levels drop and fetal HR below 180
204
K9- puppy resuscitation
ABCDD - airway, breathing, circulation, drugs, dry and warm
205
K9- uterine involution
3 month post partum
206
K9- diet for lactation
2.5-4x maintenance
207
K9- acute puerperal metritis- tx
Emergency, tx with OHE
208
K9- SIPS
Sub involution of placental sites- fetal tissue remains attached to uterus causing irritation, bleeding - prolonged bluddy vulvar discharge +/- development of anemia.
209
K9- dx SIPS
Trophoblastic cells on cytology
210
****SR- ram puberty
6 months
211
****SR- ewe puberty
5-7 m
212
****SR- buck puberty
3 months
213
****SR- doe puberty
5-7 months
214
****SR- sheep and goat estrous cycle length and duration
S: 17 days (24-36 h); G: 21 days (12-36 h)
215
SR- pregnancy goal
3 pregnancies in 2 years
216
****SR - sheep/goat time of ovulation
(Within estrus) S: 24-30 h, G: 30-36 h
217
****SR- S/G optimal breeding time
S: end of estrus; G: at acceptance of buck and 12 hours after (twice)
218
SR - breeding season
Short day breeders (sept-jan)
219
****SR natural breeding time together
S: 27 days, G: 32 days
220
****SR - ewe gestation
148 days, CL dependent until 55-60 - after that, placenta
221
SR- ewe- induce parturition
glucocorticoids
222
SR- doe gestation
150d, full term CL dependent
223
SR- doe- induce
glucocorticoids + PGF2a
224
SR major cause of ram infertility
Epididymitis - ascending opportunistic infectionof actinobacilus or histophilus in lambs, brucella in rams
225
SR dx epididymitis
palpation, WBC in semen/urine
226
SR transmission of epididymitis
most common- venereal; (Unilateral from oral, conjunctival)
227
SR- balanopothitis - species
More common in sheep, castrated with high protein diet and high urea levels and corynebacterium
228
SR- balanopothitis - symp and tx
skin irritation, ulceration, necrosis- clean area, abx, low protein diet
229
SR- hydrometra- cause
Persistent CL on ovary = no cycle
230
SR- hydrometra- tx
PGF to kill CL, oxytocin to expel fluid
231
SR- pregnancy toxemia cause, symp
Negative energy from multiple feti; CS- decreased glucose to brain = CNS effects
232
SR- pregnancy toxemia forms
Primary- unable to metabolize enough nutrients due to too many kids; secondary: reduced intake
233
SR- when is hypocalcemia common, tx
late gestation or heavily lactating, tx- Ca borogluconate
234
SR- dystocia rule of thumb
30 30 30 - 30 min wait, check doe, provide assit after 30, wait 30 for each next kid
235
SR dystocia presentation
Lateral flexion of head with carpal/elbow flexion of forelimb
236
SR - when is fetal membrane retained, tx
>12-18 hours - tx with PGF
237
SR - dx toxoplasmosa
(zoonotic) from cat feces; white necrotic foci on cotyledons
238
SR- reportable thickening/necrosis of cotyledons without white foci
EAE from Chlamydophila: aborted feti with congested livers with white foci- REPORTABLE!
239
SR most common cause of abortion in sheep
Vibriosis from campylobacter jejuni/fetus (rare in goats) - tx Abx, vax
240
SR plants associated with birth defects
veratrum californicum, locoweed, lupine, sudan plant
241
Cam- male puberty
18-20 months
242
Cam- female puberty
10 months
243
****Cam- females first breeding
at 65% adult BW
244
Cam- estrus cycle
None - induced ovulator when stimulated - estrus begins
245
Cam- ovulation timing
24 hours after breeding
246
Cam- reason for rotary service
decreased libido in males when constantly exposed to females
247
Cam- AI specifics
AV under constant temp, male under constant stim, 22-24 hours prior or 2 hours after ovulation- transcervical intrauterine of both horns
248
Cam- female ready for breeding
ovulatory follicle >7mm and growing
249
Cam- female induction of ovulation
vasesctomized male, GnRH, hCG or seminal plasma injection with ovulatory agents
250
Cam- most common site of pregnancy
L horn
251
******Cam- gestation length
335-360 days
252
Cam- placenta type
EDM - epitheliochorial, diffuse, microcotyledonary
253
Cam- dx pregnancy
Direct or indirect with direct
254
Cam- indirect preg dx
Behavior refusal under P4 influence (>1ng/mL)
255
Cam- direct preg dx
rectal palpation at ?35 days, US at 12-16 (60-90, >90 for transabd
256
Cam- 3 categories of infertility
Developmental, ovarian, uterine
257
Cam- developmental infertility
segmental aplasia, double cervix, double uterus, persistent hymen
258
Cam- ovarian infertility
hypoclasia, cystic follicles (>12mm - tx sex rest), hemorrhagic follicles (no tx), neoplasia
259
Cam- uterine infertility
bacterial endometritis, fibrosis, cystic glandular distension
260
Cam- uterine infertility
Uterine lavage with Abx
261
Cam- collagen nest
perigrandular fibrosis as a ring around the glands preventing secretions
262
Cam- organisms for endometritis
strep, staph, e.coli, bacillus, bacteroides, fusobacterium
263
Cam- when is fetal death common
264
Cam- dystocia #1 cause
torsion right before delivery - can feel deviated broad ligament by rectal palp
265
Cam- fetal loss via infectious
Chlamydiosis, neosporosis, toxo, listeriosis, t pyogenes, ascending placentitis
266
Cam- when to intervene in dystocia
If stage 1 is >6 hours or stage 2 is > 2 hours
267
Cow abortion- prevalence
10-15% dairy (2-5% beef) due to energy requirements
268
Cow abortion- main causes in each type
dairy- non-infectious; beef- infectious
269
Cow abortion- IBR
respiratory, abortion and repro, neonatal sepitcemia, autolyzed abortion
270
Cow abortion- IBR pathology
Focal liver necrosis, intranuclear inclusion bodies
271
Cow abortion- IBR dx
4x serology titers
272
Cow abortion- BVD
GI dz, repro, brain/skin/eye, mummy abortion, persistent infection in newborn bc see as self- persistent infectio
273
Cow abortion- IBR and BVD vax protocol
Modified live (not if preg) or Killed vax with booster - 4-6 months, then 3-4 weeks before breed
274
Cow abortion- dx lepto
serology, fat in urine, culture, pcr
275
Cow abortion- lepto vax
4-6 months then EOY
276
Cow abortion- vibrosis agent
Campylobacter
277
Cow abortion- plants
ponderose pine needle estrogens; locoweed alkaloid increased PGF2a affects CL;
