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Therio > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

K9- What is the most common cause of infertility

A

Breeding at the wrong time

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2
Q

K9- How often should a dog be bred (unofficial rule)

A

Every other day as long as she stands

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3
Q

K9- How does semen deposit in the uterus

A

Prostatic fluid is deposited behind it

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4
Q

K9- What is an advantage to prostatic fluid following sperm

A

Closer to site of fertilization, increased sperm longevity

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5
Q

K9- Define heat

A

estrus and proestrus

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6
Q

K9- What indicates heat

A

serosanguinous vulvar discharge in both estrus and proestrus

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7
Q

K9- what hormone is dominant in diestrus

A

P4

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8
Q

K9- define anestrus

A

quiescence between cycles

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9
Q

K9- LH corresponds to

A

ovulation

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10
Q

K9- effects of estrogen

A

Vaginal cell wall cornification/thickening and behavioral changes

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11
Q

K9- Describe changes in P4 in regards to ovulation

A

Rises before ovulation due to follicular pre-ov leuteinization- follicle producing P4 before CL develops

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12
Q

K9- What is the gold standard of determining estrus

A

endocrinology

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13
Q

K9- estrus behavior

A

Tail flagging- can rub perineal region to induce

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14
Q

K9- cytology results for estrus

A

Cornified, polygonal flake-like cells

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15
Q

K9- diestrus cytology

A

PMNs clearing out foreign material- abnormal to see in estrus, abrupt switch to non-cornified

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16
Q

K9- Where are most anatomical abnormalities in female

A

At junction of urethra and vagina (stricture, remnant hymen)

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17
Q

K9- when is pre-breeding exam done, what should be noted

A

In estrus, should be able to feel cervix

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18
Q

K9- What will vaginoscopy show in proestrus or estrus

A

Pro- pink, billowy cervix; Estrus- flat, loose, crenulated

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19
Q

K9- how can LH peak and ovulation be estimated

A

P4 levels from pre-ovulatory follicular leutinization

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20
Q

K9- P4 level for LH peak, ovulation

A

LH - 2-2.9, ov- 4-10

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21
Q

K9- when should dog be bred

A

Day 4 and 6 after LH peak detected (2 days post assumed ovulation which is 2 days post LH peak)

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22
Q

K9- when should LH tests be used along with P4 tests

A

More accurate in conjunction for frozen semen usage due to short longevity window

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23
Q

K9- When should fresh, cooled or frozen semen bc used

A

Fresh- immediate; Cooled- 48 hours after extending; Frozen- long term but longevity decreased

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24
Q

K9- what is ETI

A

Endoscopic transcervical insemination for intrauterine deposition

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25
Q

K9- Appropriate dose of sperm vaginal/intrauterine

A

250 million PMMNS (min 150), 100 million PMMNS

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26
Q

***K9- average gestation length

A

65 days from LH peak, 57 days from cytological diestrus,, as high as 72 days when ovulation is late

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27
Q

K9- first bitch exam - tests

A

PE, vaginal cytology, digital exam, brucellosis screen, HWP, P4 measurement, +/- vaginoscopy

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28
Q

Fel- When does LH peak

A

Induced- tom’s spiny peen

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29
Q

Fel- timing of ovulation

A

24-48 hours after LH induced

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30
Q

Fel- mating schedule

A

3 minimum, 4 preferred, mating every other hour starting 2 days after estrus starts

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31
Q

Fel- confirm mating

A

Behavior- aggression, rolling, lick perineum

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32
Q

Fel- what can be given to stimulate ovulation

A

hCG day of or prior to mating - acts like LH

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33
Q

K9- BSE questions to ask

A

Diet, travel, estrus cycle hx, family hx, male fertility, pup/litter and survival rate, c-sections, pyometras

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34
Q

K9- most effective and reliable way to diagnose vaginal strictures

A

Digital exam (eval also for tissue bands, residual hymen, uti, etc)

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35
Q

K9- infertility often from

A

overgrowth of normal flora (staph, strep, e.coli, pasteurella, mycoplasma, ureaplasma)

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36
Q

K9- CHV sequelae

A

Canine herpes virus- mummified abortion, stillborn, premature delivery

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37
Q

K9- CHV - who is at high risk

A

naive pregnant bitches

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38
Q

K9- CHV - diagnose

A

Kidney petechiae

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39
Q

K9- what causes orchitis, epididymitis, infertility, abortions, EED

A

Brucella

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40
Q

***K9- brucella symptoms

A

Lymphadenomegaly, discospondylitis, lameness, ocular lesions

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41
Q

K9- CEH symptoms

A

Hyperplastic cysts caused by repeated estrus/diestrus cycles, makes more susceptible to pyometra, common in older bitches

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42
Q

K9- types of ovarian cysts, contrast

A

follicular (estrogen) and luteal (progesterone); can be GCT (granulosa cell tumor)

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43
Q

K9- tx for luteal cyst

A

hCG/GnRH to induce leutinization

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44
Q

K9- What is the only hormone needed to keep a bitch in diestrus

A

P4 secretions

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45
Q

K9- tx follicular cyst

A

PGF-2a

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46
Q

K9- sequelae of GCT

A

myelosuppression - (anemia, immunosuppresion) from high estrogen release

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47
Q

K9- cycle abnormalities - list

A

Split heat , prolonged estrus or diestrus, short interestrous interval, anestrus, silent heat

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48
Q

K9- describe split heat

A

(follicular wave - atresia - follicular wave)

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49
Q

K9- describe prolonged estrus/diestrus

A

greater than 8 weeks

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50
Q

K9- describe short interestrus interval

A

Minimum 4 months for proper involution of uterus

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51
Q

K9- what breed is predisposed to intersex? what is that?

A

Cocker spaniels - XX-sex reverse male with male and female gonads

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52
Q

Fel- additional BSE tests

A

FeLV/FIV tests

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53
Q

Fel- estrous cycle differences

A

Can enter pregnant diestrus, pseudopregnant diestrus or postestrus;

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54
Q

Fel- determine postestrous

A

low E2 between peaks correlated to estrus

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55
Q

Fel- what seasonal breeder are cats

A

seasonally polyestrous - Long day breeders- inadequate light can cause anestrus

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56
Q

Fel- what can cause ovarian anestrus

A

Spay or luteal cyst continuously secreting P4

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57
Q

Fel- How can you test for remnant gonads

A

AMH test for AMH screted from ovarian granulosa cells or testicular sertoli cells

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58
Q

Fel- what can be the cause of apparent (behavioral anestrus)

A

Silent heat or spontaneous ovulation

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59
Q

Fel- what can cause persistent estrus

A

Follicular cyst excreting E2 continuously, failed pregnancy

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60
Q

Fel- what always follows mating

A

Female post mating behavior

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61
Q

Fel- reasons for failed pregnancy

A

tom infertility, failure to ovulate, anatomical defects

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62
Q

Fel- diagnose diestrus

A

P4 rises post-ovulation (unlike the dog) and is needed for pregnancy

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63
Q

Pig- source of most semen

A

Huge BUG - 70% semen volume + gelatinous portion

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64
Q

Pig- type of penis

A

fibroelastic with corkscrew glans to facilitate cervical entry

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65
Q

Pig- describe the ampullae

A

NONE, sucker!

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66
Q

Pig- prostatic neopasia -rare or common

A

rare

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67
Q

Pig- testicle orientation

A

Caudally oriented, causes heat stress and decreased semen quality

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68
Q

Pig- female parts morphology

A

bicornuate, twisted cervix facilitates ejac via pressure

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69
Q

Pig- normal mammary anatomy

A

min 10 teats, 6 on each side - 14 average

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70
Q

Pig- boar puberty

A

9 months, increased testosterone grows penis and breaks frenulum and helps mounting behavior

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71
Q

Pig- season

A

not seasonally polyestrous but increased daylight does increase physiology

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72
Q

Pig- semen volume

A

Larger than other species - 150-300 mL, 30-60 billion sperm

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73
Q

K9- PM, MN minimums

A

PM- >70-80%; MN- >80%; 10 mil/lb

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74
Q

Pig- PM MN, quantity

A

PM >65%; MN>80%; >100k/mL

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75
Q

Pig- what is 5a-androstenone

A

Boar pheromone from saliva that causes hypersalivation during coitus

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76
Q

Pig- pheromone effect on sow, gilt, young boar

A

sow- estrus; gilt- puberty; young boar- mounting

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77
Q

Pig- gilt puberty

A

6-7 months, facilitated by boar pheromones

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78
Q

Pig- estrus cycle length, describe

A

21 days, 1 follicular wave for 17 days

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79
Q

Pig- ovulation timing

A

36-44 hours after estrus starts

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80
Q

Pig- how can you get more oocytes

A

Flush feeding- increase feed intake in days to weeks before estrus

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81
Q

Pig- when is CL functional

A

by day 5-6

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82
Q

Pig- use for exogenous PGF-2a

A

Most commonly to induce parturition but cna be used to induce estrus

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83
Q

Pig- when will CL respond to exogenous PGF-2a

A

Day 12-13

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84
Q

Pig- when does CL regress

A

NEVER during pregnancy- continuous P4 secretion

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85
Q

Pig- primary estrus sign, confirmation

A

standing heat- use back pressure test

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86
Q

Pig- most common mating

A

AI

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87
Q

Pig- boar selection

A

fertility, weaning weight/age, meat quality

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88
Q

Pig- fertilization rate

A

100% oocytes but 20-30% die in first month

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89
Q

Pig- what determines number of embryos

A

uterine capacity

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90
Q

Pig- maternal recognition of pregnancy - timing/source

A

Embryo secretion of estradiol at day 10-11 by late blastocyst

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91
Q

Pig- what does maternal recognition cause

A

Second estrogen peak to block PGF-2a to prevent lyteolysis

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92
Q

Pig- minimums to maintain pregnancy

A

2 embryos per horn, 2 fetuses total

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93
Q

Pig- gestation length

A

114 days (3 3 3)

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94
Q

Pig- placentation

A

diffuse epitheliochorial, non-deciduate

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95
Q

Pig- pregnancy dx methods

A

lack of estrus behavior, rectal palpation, US

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96
Q

Pig- rectal palpation positive for preg

A

fremitus of uterine artery

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97
Q

Pig- US type

A

A-mode - detects fluid in uterus

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98
Q

Pig- parturition timing

A

late afternoon/night for 2-5 hours, no stages, 15 minutes per piggy

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99
Q

Pig- placental delivery

A

4 hours after final delivery

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100
Q

Pig- stages of embryo

A

oocyte, zygote, morula, blastocyst, embryo?, fetus

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101
Q

Pig- most common dystocia

A

trapped in cervix- uterine atony

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102
Q

Pig- induce parturition using/how?/when

A

PGF-2a to induce luteolysis 1-2 days prior to delivery - if it doesnt work give oxytocin

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103
Q

Pig- lactational anestrus

A

unable to cycle while nursing, allows uterine involution

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104
Q

Pig- weaning timing

A

21-28 days, 7kg

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105
Q

Pig- when can a sow come to estrus again

A

28 days after farrowing

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106
Q

Pig- how does lactation effect estrus timing

A

reduced BCS can delay, lactational anestrus

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107
Q

Pig- PRRSV - name and describe

A

Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus - epizootic and enzootic - reproductive losses in all stages wean-finish

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108
Q

Pig- Parvo - symptoms

A

SMEDI - at less than 30 days- EED; 30-70 mummified; 70+ immunocompetent, prolonged gestation, small litters

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109
Q

Pig- pseudorabies- effects

A

abortions, CNS effects in neonates; grow-finish

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110
Q

K9- 2 big causes of determining breeding unsoundness

A

brucella status, cryptorchid

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111
Q

K9- ejaculate fractions, evaluate for?

A

prostatic- sperm rich - prostatic; blood, bili, or pus

112
Q

K9- when should penis be eval

A

at semen collection - look for remnant frenulum

113
Q

K9- eval for dead sperm

A

eosin-negrosin - red is dead

114
Q

K9- use of H&E stain

A

evaluates different cells in ejac: WBC always abnormal= infection

115
Q

K9- what does sperm count depend on? estimate.

A

Technique, presence of teaser bitch, environmental factors, weight/size of dog; 10 million per pound

116
Q

K9- what should US be used to evaluate

A

testicle symmetry, consistency, size, orientation, spermatic cords, epididymis

117
Q

K9- what must be examined on all intact dogs

A

Prostate

118
Q

K9- azoospermia- definition, causes

A

ejaculation without sperm - bilateral cryptorchidism, intersex, germinal cell aplasia, testicular trauma, orchitis, testicular neoplasia

119
Q

K9- dx azoospermia cause

A

seminal fluid culture, US, aspiration, biopsy

120
Q

K9- role of ALP, levels

A

from tail of epididymis, incomplete ejaculation if

121
Q

K9- oligospermia- definition and causes

A

low total number but fertile- glucocorticoids, estrogens, ketoconazole, chemo

122
Q

K9- teratozoospermia - definition, cause

A

decreased morphologically normal; tumors, fever, abstinence, scrotal fat accumulation

123
Q

K9- teratozoospermia- most serious form

A

Proximal more serious than distal

124
Q

K9- asthenozoospermia

A

progressive motility less than 70%, can be due to contact with spermicidal surfaces

125
Q

K9- What is usually the first sign of infection

A

asthenozoospermia

126
Q

K9- accessory glands

A

Prostate only!

127
Q

K9- BPH- signalment, symptoms

A

Benign prostatic hypertrophy - older dogs with testosterone; asymp or incontinence, tenesmus

128
Q

K9- BPH tx

A

castration or finasteride

129
Q

K9- finasteride

A

Interferes with testosterone effect on prostate but not libido or semen quality

130
Q

K9- common secondary condition

A

Prostatitis

131
Q

K9- acute prostatitis- signalment, symptoms

A

older dogs, due to prostatic cysts?, painful on palpation

132
Q

K9- chronic prostatitis- presentation, treatment

A

Presents as consistent UTI, not painful, long course of Abx

133
Q

K9- What kind of dogs are prostatic neoplasias most common in

A

Castrated dogs

134
Q

K9- metastasis of prostate cancer

A

ventral lumbar vertebral bodies and lungs - grave prognosis

135
Q

K9- brucella - presentatin

A

Intracellular infection- zoonotic and reportable

136
Q

K9- brucella- transmission

A

MM

137
Q

K9- brucella symptoms

A

Lymphadenopathy, repro dz, IVDD, uveitis, kidney disease

138
Q

K9- brucella dx

A

RSAT test, sensitive but not specific

139
Q

Fel- bioassay for testosterone

A

Penile spines

140
Q

Fel- causes of testicular degeneration

A

Riboflavin/vitamin A deficiency or oversupplementation

141
Q

Fel- why is electroejaculation necessary

A

Sedation allows emission into urethra, but no ejection

142
Q

***Cow- direct pregnancy detection

A

membrane slip (>30), aminiotic vesicle (35-65); fetus (>65); placentomes (>90)

143
Q

Cow- membrane slip

A

chorioallantoic membrane opposed to endometrium

144
Q

Cow- ballottment

A

per rectum or transabd, - feel return impact

145
Q

Cow- what makes up a placentome

A

Maternal caruncle and fetal cotyledon

146
Q

***Cow- indirect pregnancy detection

A

non-return to estrus, physical changes, endocrine levels, palpations, IFN-T from trophoblast

147
Q

Cow- indirect palpations

A

fluctuance, fremitus, asymmetry

148
Q

Cow- fremitus

A

fluid movement through artery like middle uterine on first horn at 100 days, then on entire uterus at 200d

149
Q

Cow- fluctuance

A

feeling fluid in uterine lumen

150
Q

***Cow- asymmetry palpation shortcomings

A

Might mistake fluid from pyometra (most common), mucometra, hydrometra (most common in goats)

151
Q

Cow- when is fluid detectable

A

30 days

152
Q

Cow- when does embyro become fetus

A

40 days after organogenesis

153
Q

Cow- when do placentomes develop

A

90d with fremitus at 100d

154
Q

***Cow- fetus aging

A

60-90-120-150-180-210 = mouse, rat, small cat, large cat, beagle, german shepherd

155
Q

***Cow- embryonic vesicle

A

30, 40, 50, 60 - 1/2, 1, 3, 4 fingers

156
Q

Cow- what is US accurate in detecting

A

Gestational problems, fetal death, fetal sexing via genital tubercle

157
Q

Cow- benefits of US

A

less trauma and manipulation

158
Q

Cow- when is sexing possible with US

A

60d

159
Q

Cow- sexing

A

GT close to umbilicus= male; closer to anus = female

160
Q

Cow- US- pyometra

A

gray contrast in uterine lumen rather than fluid black

161
Q

Cow- fetal mummification

A

CA membrane dessicates and fetus is sterile; usually viral

162
Q

Cow- fetal maceration

A

From bacterial infection- gram neg anaerobes like t. pyogenes - usually just bones left

163
Q

***Cow OB- stage 1 name and timing

A

Preparation- 2-6 hours

164
Q

***Cow OB- stage 1 - actions

A

calf rotates, contractions start; tail elevation, restlessness

165
Q

***Cow OB- stage 2- name and timing

A

parturition - 15-90 min (avg 45)

166
Q

***Cow OB- stage 2 actions

A

CA breaks, then amnion breaks

167
Q

***Cow OB- stage 2- normal positioning

A

head and front feet protruding first

168
Q

***Cow OB- stage 3- when to intervene

A

> 12 hours

169
Q

***Cow OB- stage 3 - timing, name

A

fetal membrane expulsion - 2-12 hours

170
Q

***Cow OB- stage 3- complications

A

RFM may lead to hypoCa++, LDA bc placental is foreign

171
Q

**Cow- tx for RFM

A

Collagenase to break dowtn placentome connection, then PGF-2a or oxytocin

172
Q

**Cow- most common dystocia

A

Fetal/maternal disproportion

173
Q

Cow- dystocia sources

A

Abnormal presentation, position, posture, twins, abnormal calves, environment

174
Q

**Cow- presentation

A

Spinal axis of calf to cow - anterior or posterior, longitudinal&raquo_space;> transverse/vertical

175
Q

**Cow- position

A

dorsopubic, dososarcral (normal), dorsoileal

176
Q

**Cow- posture-

A

relationship of limbs to rest of body, extended is normal

177
Q

Cow- minimum position for manual

A

pasterns past 10-15cm beyond vulva; hocks beyond vulva because past iliac shafts

178
Q

**K9- placenta attachment

A

EZD - endotheliochorial, zonary, deciduate; marginal hematomas for iron

179
Q

K9- green placenta

A

Emergency! uteroverdin - premature placental separation

180
Q

**K9- when can fetus be palpated

A

1 month after LH peak

181
Q

**K9- when is US useful

A

3-4 weeks after LH peak; (fetal death, mummy, fluid, pyo, cysts- not for counting feti)

182
Q

**K9- heartbeat detection

A

23-25d after LH peak

183
Q

K9- normal HR

A

180 bpm - slow in stress

184
Q

K9- hormone for pregnancy diagnosis

A

Relaxin- produced by placenta at 21-22 days after breeding (check a week later if negative)

185
Q

**K9- Skull calcification

A

45 days

186
Q

**K9- teeth calcification

A

63 days

187
Q

K9- pregnancy changes (other)

A

Increased TP, normocytic, normochromic anemia, DM, ketosis

188
Q

K9- vax and routine Rx

A

No live vax, continue HWP/flea

189
Q

K9- diet

A

puppy food at 3rd trimester, no Ca supplements, no raw diet

190
Q

K9- hypoluteoidism tx

A

P4 supplements but not in early gestation or after birth

191
Q

K9- kidney petechiae likely from

A

Canine herpes virus (CHV) - lethal in 3 weeks pre and post partum

192
Q

**Fel- gestation length

A

65-67 days

193
Q

**Fel- pregnancy diagnosis

A

no P4 because high before birth, palpation at >2 weeks, ultrasound 2.5 weeks

194
Q

Fel- heartbeat detection at

A

16 days

195
Q

Fel- diet

A

1m- normal, 2m - 1.5x, last month- 2x (ensure taurine)

196
Q

K9- alert to parturition

A

1-2 weeks before- clear/tan vulvar d/c, nesting; body temp drop by 1 degree,

197
Q

K9- pre birth hormone leveles

A

P4 down below 2ng/mL, PRL up

198
Q

K9- dystocia breeds

A

Boston, bulldog

199
Q

K9- stages

A

1 -

200
Q

K9- uterine inertia causes

A

inability to contract even with oxytocin: Primary- hypocalcemia/single pup; Secondary- obstructive dystocia

201
Q

K9- oxytocin use

A

Only if no obstruction, 3 doses before discontinuing

202
Q

K9- rx contraindications in c-section

A

ketamine, methoxyflurane, xylazine, acepromazine

203
Q

K9- c-section ok when

A

1-2 days before end of gestation when P4 levels drop and fetal HR below 180

204
Q

K9- puppy resuscitation

A

ABCDD - airway, breathing, circulation, drugs, dry and warm

205
Q

K9- uterine involution

A

3 month post partum

206
Q

K9- diet for lactation

A

2.5-4x maintenance

207
Q

K9- acute puerperal metritis- tx

A

Emergency, tx with OHE

208
Q

K9- SIPS

A

Sub involution of placental sites- fetal tissue remains attached to uterus causing irritation, bleeding - prolonged bluddy vulvar discharge +/- development of anemia.

209
Q

K9- dx SIPS

A

Trophoblastic cells on cytology

210
Q

**SR- ram puberty

A

6 months

211
Q

**SR- ewe puberty

A

5-7 m

212
Q

**SR- buck puberty

A

3 months

213
Q

**SR- doe puberty

A

5-7 months

214
Q

**SR- sheep and goat estrous cycle length and duration

A

S: 17 days (24-36 h); G: 21 days (12-36 h)

215
Q

SR- pregnancy goal

A

3 pregnancies in 2 years

216
Q

**SR - sheep/goat time of ovulation

A

(Within estrus) S: 24-30 h, G: 30-36 h

217
Q

**SR- S/G optimal breeding time

A

S: end of estrus; G: at acceptance of buck and 12 hours after (twice)

218
Q

SR - breeding season

A

Short day breeders (sept-jan)

219
Q

**SR natural breeding time together

A

S: 27 days, G: 32 days

220
Q

**SR - ewe gestation

A

148 days, CL dependent until 55-60 - after that, placenta

221
Q

SR- ewe- induce parturition

A

glucocorticoids

222
Q

SR- doe gestation

A

150d, full term CL dependent

223
Q

SR- doe- induce

A

glucocorticoids + PGF2a

224
Q

SR major cause of ram infertility

A

Epididymitis - ascending opportunistic infectionof actinobacilus or histophilus in lambs, brucella in rams

225
Q

SR dx epididymitis

A

palpation, WBC in semen/urine

226
Q

SR transmission of epididymitis

A

most common- venereal; (Unilateral from oral, conjunctival)

227
Q

SR- balanopothitis - species

A

More common in sheep, castrated with high protein diet and high urea levels and corynebacterium

228
Q

SR- balanopothitis - symp and tx

A

skin irritation, ulceration, necrosis- clean area, abx, low protein diet

229
Q

SR- hydrometra- cause

A

Persistent CL on ovary = no cycle

230
Q

SR- hydrometra- tx

A

PGF to kill CL, oxytocin to expel fluid

231
Q

SR- pregnancy toxemia cause, symp

A

Negative energy from multiple feti; CS- decreased glucose to brain = CNS effects

232
Q

SR- pregnancy toxemia forms

A

Primary- unable to metabolize enough nutrients due to too many kids; secondary: reduced intake

233
Q

SR- when is hypocalcemia common, tx

A

late gestation or heavily lactating, tx- Ca borogluconate

234
Q

SR- dystocia rule of thumb

A

30 30 30 - 30 min wait, check doe, provide assit after 30, wait 30 for each next kid

235
Q

SR dystocia presentation

A

Lateral flexion of head with carpal/elbow flexion of forelimb

236
Q

SR - when is fetal membrane retained, tx

A

> 12-18 hours - tx with PGF

237
Q

SR - dx toxoplasmosa

A

(zoonotic) from cat feces; white necrotic foci on cotyledons

238
Q

SR- reportable thickening/necrosis of cotyledons without white foci

A

EAE from Chlamydophila: aborted feti with congested livers with white foci- REPORTABLE!

239
Q

SR most common cause of abortion in sheep

A

Vibriosis from campylobacter jejuni/fetus (rare in goats) - tx Abx, vax

240
Q

SR plants associated with birth defects

A

veratrum californicum, locoweed, lupine, sudan plant

241
Q

Cam- male puberty

A

18-20 months

242
Q

Cam- female puberty

A

10 months

243
Q

**Cam- females first breeding

A

at 65% adult BW

244
Q

Cam- estrus cycle

A

None - induced ovulator when stimulated - estrus begins

245
Q

Cam- ovulation timing

A

24 hours after breeding

246
Q

Cam- reason for rotary service

A

decreased libido in males when constantly exposed to females

247
Q

Cam- AI specifics

A

AV under constant temp, male under constant stim, 22-24 hours prior or 2 hours after ovulation- transcervical intrauterine of both horns

248
Q

Cam- female ready for breeding

A

ovulatory follicle >7mm and growing

249
Q

Cam- female induction of ovulation

A

vasesctomized male, GnRH, hCG or seminal plasma injection with ovulatory agents

250
Q

Cam- most common site of pregnancy

A

L horn

251
Q

****Cam- gestation length

A

335-360 days

252
Q

Cam- placenta type

A

EDM - epitheliochorial, diffuse, microcotyledonary

253
Q

Cam- dx pregnancy

A

Direct or indirect with direct

254
Q

Cam- indirect preg dx

A

Behavior refusal under P4 influence (>1ng/mL)

255
Q

Cam- direct preg dx

A

rectal palpation at ?35 days, US at 12-16 (60-90, >90 for transabd

256
Q

Cam- 3 categories of infertility

A

Developmental, ovarian, uterine

257
Q

Cam- developmental infertility

A

segmental aplasia, double cervix, double uterus, persistent hymen

258
Q

Cam- ovarian infertility

A

hypoclasia, cystic follicles (>12mm - tx sex rest), hemorrhagic follicles (no tx), neoplasia

259
Q

Cam- uterine infertility

A

bacterial endometritis, fibrosis, cystic glandular distension

260
Q

Cam- uterine infertility

A

Uterine lavage with Abx

261
Q

Cam- collagen nest

A

perigrandular fibrosis as a ring around the glands preventing secretions

262
Q

Cam- organisms for endometritis

A

strep, staph, e.coli, bacillus, bacteroides, fusobacterium

263
Q

Cam- when is fetal death common

A
264
Q

Cam- dystocia #1 cause

A

torsion right before delivery - can feel deviated broad ligament by rectal palp

265
Q

Cam- fetal loss via infectious

A

Chlamydiosis, neosporosis, toxo, listeriosis, t pyogenes, ascending placentitis

266
Q

Cam- when to intervene in dystocia

A

If stage 1 is >6 hours or stage 2 is > 2 hours

267
Q

Cow abortion- prevalence

A

10-15% dairy (2-5% beef) due to energy requirements

268
Q

Cow abortion- main causes in each type

A

dairy- non-infectious; beef- infectious

269
Q

Cow abortion- IBR

A

respiratory, abortion and repro, neonatal sepitcemia, autolyzed abortion

270
Q

Cow abortion- IBR pathology

A

Focal liver necrosis, intranuclear inclusion bodies

271
Q

Cow abortion- IBR dx

A

4x serology titers

272
Q

Cow abortion- BVD

A

GI dz, repro, brain/skin/eye, mummy abortion, persistent infection in newborn bc see as self- persistent infectio

273
Q

Cow abortion- IBR and BVD vax protocol

A

Modified live (not if preg) or Killed vax with booster - 4-6 months, then 3-4 weeks before breed

274
Q

Cow abortion- dx lepto

A

serology, fat in urine, culture, pcr

275
Q

Cow abortion- lepto vax

A

4-6 months then EOY

276
Q

Cow abortion- vibrosis agent

A

Campylobacter

277
Q

Cow abortion- plants

A

ponderose pine needle estrogens; locoweed alkaloid increased PGF2a affects CL;

Therio (1 decks)

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