Midterm Flashcards
Identify 3 types of private universities.
- Independent not-for-profit
- For profit
- University of Phoenix
- DeVry University
- Coritnhian College Religious affiliated
Identify 3 types of public universities.
- federal
- state
- local
Differences between a college and university.
Universities are made of many smaller colleges; more research driven; may focus more on graduate & doctoral programs.
Colleges are smaller in size; one college; focuses more on undergrads.
Post secondary institution vs. degree granting institution
Post secondary: no degree; educates on mastering a specific trade
Degree granting: provides holistic education; not trade focused; more liberal arts; grants degrees
Carnegie classification system for college and universities.
- doctoral granting universities
- master’s colleges & universities
- baccalaureate college
- associates colleges
- special focus institutions
- tribal college
Approximately how many degree granting college & universities are there in the U.S.?
4,599 (approx. 4,600)
What type of college or university do most full-time undergraduates attend?
4 year public
What type of college or university do most college students (both full and part-time) attend?
2 year public
Most full-time college students are between what age groups?
18-24 years old
Are there more men or women attending colleges & universities in the U.S.?
Women
Do most college students in the U.S. go to college full-time or part-time?
- Full time
* 13 of 21 million are full time
Is there more public degree granting universities or private not-for-profit degree granting universities in the U.S.?
Private school (e.g. Gettysburg College)
Which racial or ethnic group represents the fastest growing student population in the U.S.?
Hispanic/Latino(a)
Most college students in the U.S. are of what racial group?
White (non-Hispanic)
Give two ways that family income influences college attendance in the U.S.
- Whether or not a student can attend college (out-of-pocket vs. financial aid)
- Type of institution attended (community vs. public vs. private)
Why do colleges and universities report graduation rates based on six-year averages?
Many students go to school part time and do not graduate in 4 years. For example:
- Working
- Study abroad
- Starting families (marriage & birth)
- Family hardships
- Switching majors
Which racial group is most likely to complete their bachelor’s degree at their original institution ?
Asian/pacific islander students
Are more men or more women awarded doctoral degrees in the U.S. by post secondary degree granting institutions now and into the near future?
Women
Manning and Munoz identified six cultures of the academy. What are they?
- collegiate
- managerial
- developmental
- advocacy
- virtual
- tangible
What is the primary difference between funding public universities versus not-for-profit private universities in the U.S.?
government funding
What is the primary source of funding for Rutgers University?
tuition and fees (27.6% of revenue)
Identify three “auxiliary enterprises” operated by Rutgers University.
- housing
- dining
- athletics
Which two auxiliary enterprises generate the most revenue for Rutgers University?
- housing
* dining
Why is the cost of higher education in the U.S. increasing? Give two reasons.
- need for more administrators and student support
* need for better facilities (e.g. housing, dining, student centers) require more maintanence
1st colonial college (include both the name at their founding and their current name).
New college (1636) - Harvard University
2nd colonial college (include both the name at their founding and their current name).
The College of William and Mary (1963)
3rd colonial college (include both the name at their founding and their current name).
Collegiate School (1701) - Yale University
4th colonial college (include both the name at their founding and their current name).
College of New Jersey (1946) - Princeton University
5th colonial college (include both the name at their founding and their current name).
College of Philadelphia (1740) - University of Pennsylvania
6th colonial college (include both the name at their founding and their current name).
Kings College (1754) - Columbia University in NYC
7th colonial college (include both the name at their founding and their current name).
Rhode Island (1764) - Brown University
8th colonial college (include both the name at their founding and their current name).
Queens’s College (1766) - Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
9th colonial college (include both the name at their founding and their current name).
Dartmouth College (1769)
Name two colonial colleges that are now public universities.
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
* The College of William & Mary
What is the oldest university in the U.S.?
Harvard University
What is the name of the first public university founded in the United States?
- University of Georgia (chartered 1785, admission of students in 1801)
- OR University of North Carolina (chartered in 1789, admission in 1795) [Blim considers this to be the first because of UG admitted students later]
Why did the colonists establish colleges?
- Many settlers graduated from Oxford and Cambridge and believed that education was essential to a functional society.
- Wanted an educated civil government.
Describe the type of person most likely to attend a colonial college .
- white
- christian
- male
- elite
What is the oldes t student organization still in existence?
Phi Beta Kappa, Literary Society
Who was John Henry Livingston?
- 4th president of Queens College (1810)
- Theology professor
- During his term, Queens College fell into financial trouble and had to close in 1816. Livingston lobbied and fund raised for Queens College and reopened in 1825
How were colonial colleges funded?
- Private Donations
- Support and regulation by civil government
- Support from churches for training missionaries to Native Americans
- Tuition
What is the name of the first building constructed at Rutgers and what is the name of the first residence hall constructed at Rutgers?
- Old Queens
- Winants Hall
What did the Morrill land-grant act of 1862 do for higher education?
- 30,000 acres of Federal land was sold to build colleges.
- Agricultural, mechanical, and ROTC
- Every state received a grant (spend on whatever)
- Institutions usually had agriculture and engineering
- Fun Fact: Rutgers is the land grant institution in Jersey, and it was private at the time
What did the Morrill land-grant act of 1890 do and why was it established?
- Established so that only states with segregated education could only receive funding if they provided the same education to both blacks & whites.
- Established for states that had segregation
- Land grants for HBCUs
What is the Equity in the Educational Land-Grant Status Act of 1994 ?
- Established land-grant status to Tribal Colleges located in remote, underserved communities that typically do not have access to higher education
- The 1994 Land Grant Institutions have missions to serve their consumers through higher education programs involving teaching, community outreach, and research.
What is the Association of American Universities ? Name four universities who are members.
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
- Princeton University
- Harvard University
- Kansas State University
Name three public land-grant universities .
- University of Maryland, College Park
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
- Ohio State University
How are land-grant universities different from classical universities?
- The focus on teaching agriculture, mathematics, science, military science, and engineering.
- Require students to participate in ROTC offered at university.
What is impersonalism as it is applied to the history of higher education?
- Impersonalism was the disengagement of faculty, where they also became more specialized in their field and moved away from the classrooms to become more versed in research.
- There was also the creation of elective courses and no set curriculum
Identify four reasons that brought about the period of impersonalism in higher education.
- Charles Elliot introduced of the elective system = more faculty hired to teach specializations.
- (1) Founder of John Hopkins, Daniel Gilman hired faculty from Germany. (2) German university model applied to colonial college to form the modern American university.
- New instructional techniques included specialization, lectures, seminars, laboratories.
What is the primary difference between the period of collegiate paternalism and the period of impersonalism in higher education?
Under paternalism, professors were more concerned with the moral and personal development of students. Under impersonalism, professors were concerned only with intellectual development.
What are the reasons that ended impersonalism and started the period of wholism ?
- Increased enrollment
- Increase in women
- Increase in student activities
- Nostalgia for the good old days
What is wholism?
- Development of the whole student, including mind, body, spirit, and soul.
- Concerned with moral, value, character development; critical thinking.
- “You can’t educate the mind w/o educating the body”
- Not just academics.
Who was the first Dean of Men in the U.S. and where did he work?
Ephraim Gurney (Harvard)
What is in loco parentis?
“In lieu of parents” - Administrators took on the parental roles for college students
Who was the first person to hold the title of Dean of Men in the U.S. and where did he work?
Le Baron Russell Briggs (Harvard)
Who was the first Dean of Women in the U.S. and where did she work?
Alice Freeman Palmer (University of Chicago)
What is the name of the first national student affairs organization?
National Association of Deans of Women
Where was the first graduate program in student personnel established?
Teacher’s College (Columbia University) in 1914
Who is Esther Lloyd Jones?
First to receive a PhD in Student Personnel
What was the primary difference between how deans of men and deans of women viewed preparation/training to work in student personnel in the dean of women’s or dean of men’s office.
- Deans of Women believed you must be trained for the position, by 1914 Teachers College (Columbia) was awarding professional degrees for Deans of Women.
- Deans of Men did not believe as strongly in formal training. If they were good with students, and individuals at the institution liked them they could work in student affairs.
Why was the field of student affairs called “student personnel” ?
- Adapted from the personnel bureaus in WW1 when the war department began maintaining records & ensured qualifications of military personnel for a large number of special assignments and duties
- The purpose was to obtain accurate data on each student, codify requirements of different professors, supervise use of tests, etc.
What was the historical origin of ACPA ?
- In 1924, began as the National Association of Appointment Secretaries (NAAS).
- In 1929 it became the National Association of Placement and Personnel Officers (NAPPO).
- In 1931 it was changed to American College Personnel Association (ACPA).
What was the historical origin of NASPA ?
- Originated from the 1919 Conference of Deans and Advisers of Men
- Became National Association of Deans and Advisers of Men led by Dean Scott Goodnight
- National Association of Student Personnel Administrators (NASPA) in 1951.
List three major accomplishments of the deans of women.
- Improved quality of experience for women
- Forged a new professional identity
- Took a research approach to students, college environments, and guidance counseling
What is the National Association of Student Affairs Professionals (NASPA)?
- Originally a merger was formed between the Deans of Women and Advisors of Girls in Colored Schools (DOWA) and the National Association of Personnel Deans of Men in Negro Education Institutions (DOMA) to form the National Association of Personnel Workers (NAPW) in 1954. Today it is NASAP.
What is the progressive education movement and why is it important to the development of student affairs?
- Philosophy of the educational change that considered the development of the whole student.
- Emphasized learning through experience, group work and social skills, lifelong learning, democratic values. Lead to Wholism.
Give two ways that World War II changed public perception of higher education?
- GI BILL- allowed ‘ordinary’ Americans to go to college
- Higher education becomes perceived as a public good, not exclusively for the elite.
What was Sputnik and why was it important to the development of higher education?
- On October 4, 1957 the first artificial space satellite was launched.
- Sputnik called attention to the shortage of mathematicians & scientists in the US.
- Consequently , the National Defense Student Loan Act ( provide funding for 4 years of college) was created & signed by Eisenhower on September 2, 1958.
Name the three major journals in student affairs and/or higher education.
- The Journal of Higher Education
- journal of College Student Development
- NASPA Journal
What is the Student Personnel Point of View and what organization issued it?
- Emphasis the development of the student as a person (wholistic) rather than just intellectual training
- Issued by American Council on Education (1937)
List three differences between the 1937 Student Personnel Point of View and the 1949 version.
- Reflected social changes & emerging role for higher education.
- New cultural requirements growing out of WWII
- Expansion of programs for international understanding and cooperation
How did the Civil Rights Movement affect colleges and universities in the 1960s?
- James Meredith was first African-American student enrolled at Ole Miss 1962 (caused riots and 2 students were killed).
- Woolworth Sit-in, Freedom Riders, Berkeley Free Speech Movement.
- Need for Student Affairs professional to support students increased.
During the 1960s, more student protests occurred over the Vietnam War than any other issue. What was the second most protested issue during the 1960s?
- University Policies: Mostly regarding visitation (women were initially not allowed to have visitors, but men could), curfews (women had a curfew and men didn’t), dress codes, and campusing (they had to stay in the res hall unless there was class).
What was the Berkeley Free Speech Movement and why was it important in higher education?
- Students wanted the university to lift ban on student political activities.
- Students wanted academic freedom (i.e. political activities: advocacy of political causes or candidates, outside political speakers, fundraising by student organizations for political causes).
- Police were involved to control students.
Identify at least four factors, movements, laws, or trends other than the Vietnam War that occurred during the 1960s that helped to transformed higher education and end in loco parentis.
- Penn State Protest on Visitation
- Baby boom generation (increase in enrollments)
- Berkeley Free Speech Movement
- Civil Rights Movement
How did the 1960’s change student personnel work?
- fuller realization of democracy in every phase of living
- expansion of programs for international understanding
- Application of creative thinking to the solution of social problems
Identify the four philosophical foundations of student affairs that followed the progressive education movement of the 1920s.
- Wholism
- Guidance and Counseling
- Student Development
- Student Learning
What is the Tomorrow’s Higher Education Model (T.H.E.) and what organization issued it?
- Student development is a total campus effort
- Direct ties with faculty to support affective & cognitive development
- Learning theory, growth and development
- Giving more power to the student
- Roles of SA is to encourage, initiate and facilitate actions that will unite the community toward accomplishment of student development goals
Explain student development as a theoretical foundation for student affairs work.
Application of human development concepts in a post secondary setting. Two major constraints: life stages and developmental tasks .
Explain the Student Learning Imperative (SLI) and what organization issued it?
- SA mission complements the institution mission .
- Learning & personal development are primary goals of SA programs/services (provide resources)
- SA professionals collaborate for students.
- SA policies and programs based on practices from research on development and institution specific data
What was the role of the guidance and counseling movement in the development of student affairs?
- Started as vocational guidance.
- Expanded to guidance and counseling (1920-30s) because of progressive movement.
- 1940’s military used psychologists to recruit, test, train, and place people
- Counseling increased after National Defense Education Act (1958)
- Start of Counseling Departments
ACPA and NASPA jointly issued the Principles of Good Practice for Student Affairs . List the principles.
Engages students in active learning. Helps students develop coherent values and ethical standards. Sets and communicates high expectations for learning. Uses systematic inquiry to improve student and institutional performance. Uses resources effectively to achieve institutional missions and goals. Forges educational partnerships that advance student learning. Builds supportive and inclusive communities
What is the major philosophical thought behind Learning Reconsidered ?
Proposed the sense of wholeness- that academic learning and student development should be integrated-that the whole campus is a learning community.
What is the contribution of Learning Reconsidered 2 ?
- College should produce an educated person
- The interest in learning outcomes is the result of converging themes from: education reform movement, student learning movement, accountability, assessment, and accreditation.
AACU issued a document entitled Liberal Education and America’s Promise (LEAP) . What was the reason for this document and what are the major goals it proposes for higher education?
- The rationale for the LEAP document was to show a value in a liberal education.
Goals: - Knowledge of human cultures and the physical and natural world.
- Intellectual and practical skills.
- Personal and social responsibility.
- Integrative learning.
Explain the difference between networks of practice and communities of practice.
- Communities of practice are a combination of tacit knowledge formed through, experience, stories, campus culture, and organization history (ex. University Community)
- Networks of practice are formed through exchanges between multiple practitioners within/throughout the same field but not bound to same environment (ex. Student Affairs Professional Associations)
What are the four communities of practice identified by Blimling and what are their philosophical origins?
- Student Learning - originated from SLI written by ACPA members
- Student Services - originated out of the student consumerism movement in the early 1980’s
- Student Development - humanistic movement in psychology
- Student Administration - the Student Personnel Point of View
What are the seven common elements of ethics codes as identified by Armenio ?
(1) Take responsibility actions & support others’ freedom of choice (2) Pledge to do no harm (3) Engage in actions that contribute to the health and well-being of others (4) Promote human dignity and endorse fairness (5) Are faithful to obligations (6) Convey truth (7) Promote relationships among people and foster community.
Blimling identified nine principles of ethical practice in student affairs . Name three.
- Think like an educator not like an administrator or bureaucrat.
- Pick your battles wisely. Fight for students not for power.
- Always do good for students.
