Midterm Flashcards
Intercultural communication
Communication that occurs when members of two or more cultures exchange messages in a manner that is influenced by their different perceptions and symbol system
Individualistic culture
A culture in which people view their primary responsibility as helping themselves
High-context culture
A culture that relies heavily on verbal and nonverbal cues to maintain social harmony
Ethnocentrism
An attitude that one’s own culture is superior to that of others
Collectivist Culture
A culture whose members feel loyalties and obligations to an in-group, such as family, a community, work organization
Co-culture
A group within an encompassing culture with a perceived identity
Achievement culture
A culture that places a high value on the achievement of material success and a focus on the task at hand
Transactional model of communication
The dynamic process in which communications create meaning together through interaction
Relational Dimension
The dimension of a message that express the social relationship between two or more individuals
Noise
External, physiological and psychological distractions that interfere with the accurate transmission and reception of a message
Interpersonal communication - quantitative
Any interaction between two people
Interpersonal communication - qualitative
Communication in which people treat each other as unique individuals as opposed to object
Feedback
A discernible response of a receiver to a sender’s message
Environment
Both the physical setting in which communication occurs and the personal perspectives of the people involved
Content dimension (измерение) of message
The dimension of a message that communicates information about the subject being discussed
Channel
The medium through which messages are exchanged
Halo effect
The tendency to form an overall positive impression of a person on the basis of one’s positive characteristic.
First-order reality
The physically observable qualities of a thing or situation
Empathy
The ability to project oneself into another person’s point of view in an attempt to experience the other’s thoughts and feelings
Attribution error
The process of attaching meaning to another person’s behavior
Self-fulfilling prophecy (пророчество)
The causal relationship that occurs when a person’s expectations of an event and her or his subsequent behavior based on those expectations make the outcome more likely to occur that would otherwise have been true
Self-esteem
The part of the self-concept that involves evaluation of self-worth
Self-disclosure
The process of deliberately revealing (намеренного выявления) information about oneself that is significant and that would not normally be known by others
Self-concept
The relatively stable set of perceptions each individual holds of herself/himself
Reflected appraisal
The theory that a person’s self-concept matches the way the person believes others regard him or her
Reference group
Group against which we compare ourselves, theory influencing our self-concept and self-esteem
Identity management
The communication strategies people use to influence how others view them
Face work
Actions people take to preserve their own and other’s presenting images
Cognitive conservatism
The tendency to seek out information that conforms to an existing self-concept and to ignore information that contradicts it
Uncertainty avoidance
The tendency of culture’s members to feel threatened by ambiguous (неоднозначной) situations, and how much they try to avoid them
Synchronic
Communication that occurs in a real time
Social identity
The part of the self-concept that is based on membership in a group
Richness
The quantity of nonverbal cues that accompany spoken messages
Power distance
The degree to which members of a society accept the unequal distribution of power among members
Low-context culture
A culture that uses language primarily to express thoughts, feelings, and ideas as clearly and logically as possible
Narrative
The stories we use to describe our personal worlds
Perception checking
A three-part method for verifying the accuracy of interpretation, including a description of the sense data, two possible interpretations, and a request for confirmation of these interpretation
Punctuation
The process of determining the causal order of events
Second-order reality
Perceptions that arise from attaching meaning to first order things or situations
Self-serving blas
The tendency to judge oneself in the most generous terms possible while being more critical of others.
Abstraction ladder
A range or more abstract to less abstract terms describing an event or object
Convergence
The process of adapting one’s speech style to match that of others with whom one wants to identify
Divergence
Speaking in a way that emphasizes differences from others
Euphemism
A pleasant term substituted for a blunt one in order to soften the impact of unpleasant information
Phonological rules
Rules governing the way in which sounds are pronounced in a language
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
The best-known declaration of linguistic relativism, formulated by Benjamin Whorf and Edward Sapir
Semantic rules
Rules that govern the meaning of language; as opposed to its structure
Syntactic Rules
Rules that govern the ways symbols can be arranged, as opposed to the meanings of those symbols
