Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Intercultural communication

A

Communication that occurs when members of two or more cultures exchange messages in a manner that is influenced by their different perceptions and symbol system

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2
Q

Individualistic culture

A

A culture in which people view their primary responsibility as helping themselves

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3
Q

High-context culture

A

A culture that relies heavily on verbal and nonverbal cues to maintain social harmony

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4
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

An attitude that one’s own culture is superior to that of others

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5
Q

Collectivist Culture

A

A culture whose members feel loyalties and obligations to an in-group, such as family, a community, work organization

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6
Q

Co-culture

A

A group within an encompassing culture with a perceived identity

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7
Q

Achievement culture

A

A culture that places a high value on the achievement of material success and a focus on the task at hand

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8
Q

Transactional model of communication

A

The dynamic process in which communications create meaning together through interaction

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9
Q

Relational Dimension

A

The dimension of a message that express the social relationship between two or more individuals

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10
Q

Noise

A

External, physiological and psychological distractions that interfere with the accurate transmission and reception of a message

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11
Q

Interpersonal communication - quantitative

A

Any interaction between two people

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12
Q

Interpersonal communication - qualitative

A

Communication in which people treat each other as unique individuals as opposed to object

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13
Q

Feedback

A

A discernible response of a receiver to a sender’s message

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14
Q

Environment

A

Both the physical setting in which communication occurs and the personal perspectives of the people involved

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15
Q

Content dimension (измерение) of message

A

The dimension of a message that communicates information about the subject being discussed

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16
Q

Channel

A

The medium through which messages are exchanged

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17
Q

Halo effect

A

The tendency to form an overall positive impression of a person on the basis of one’s positive characteristic.

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18
Q

First-order reality

A

The physically observable qualities of a thing or situation

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19
Q

Empathy

A

The ability to project oneself into another person’s point of view in an attempt to experience the other’s thoughts and feelings

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20
Q

Attribution error

A

The process of attaching meaning to another person’s behavior

21
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy (пророчество)

A

The causal relationship that occurs when a person’s expectations of an event and her or his subsequent behavior based on those expectations make the outcome more likely to occur that would otherwise have been true

22
Q

Self-esteem

A

The part of the self-concept that involves evaluation of self-worth

23
Q

Self-disclosure

A

The process of deliberately revealing (намеренного выявления) information about oneself that is significant and that would not normally be known by others

24
Q

Self-concept

A

The relatively stable set of perceptions each individual holds of herself/himself

25
Q

Reflected appraisal

A

The theory that a person’s self-concept matches the way the person believes others regard him or her

26
Q

Reference group

A

Group against which we compare ourselves, theory influencing our self-concept and self-esteem

27
Q

Identity management

A

The communication strategies people use to influence how others view them

28
Q

Face work

A

Actions people take to preserve their own and other’s presenting images

29
Q

Cognitive conservatism

A

The tendency to seek out information that conforms to an existing self-concept and to ignore information that contradicts it

30
Q

Uncertainty avoidance

A

The tendency of culture’s members to feel threatened by ambiguous (неоднозначной) situations, and how much they try to avoid them

31
Q

Synchronic

A

Communication that occurs in a real time

32
Q

Social identity

A

The part of the self-concept that is based on membership in a group

33
Q

Richness

A

The quantity of nonverbal cues that accompany spoken messages

34
Q

Power distance

A

The degree to which members of a society accept the unequal distribution of power among members

35
Q

Low-context culture

A

A culture that uses language primarily to express thoughts, feelings, and ideas as clearly and logically as possible

36
Q

Narrative

A

The stories we use to describe our personal worlds

37
Q

Perception checking

A

A three-part method for verifying the accuracy of interpretation, including a description of the sense data, two possible interpretations, and a request for confirmation of these interpretation

38
Q

Punctuation

A

The process of determining the causal order of events

39
Q

Second-order reality

A

Perceptions that arise from attaching meaning to first order things or situations

40
Q

Self-serving blas

A

The tendency to judge oneself in the most generous terms possible while being more critical of others.

41
Q

Abstraction ladder

A

A range or more abstract to less abstract terms describing an event or object

42
Q

Convergence

A

The process of adapting one’s speech style to match that of others with whom one wants to identify

43
Q

Divergence

A

Speaking in a way that emphasizes differences from others

44
Q

Euphemism

A

A pleasant term substituted for a blunt one in order to soften the impact of unpleasant information

45
Q

Phonological rules

A

Rules governing the way in which sounds are pronounced in a language

46
Q

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

A

The best-known declaration of linguistic relativism, formulated by Benjamin Whorf and Edward Sapir

47
Q

Semantic rules

A

Rules that govern the meaning of language; as opposed to its structure

48
Q

Syntactic Rules

A

Rules that govern the ways symbols can be arranged, as opposed to the meanings of those symbols