Midterm

Question 1

Intercultural communication

Answer 1

Communication that occurs when members of two or more cultures exchange messages in a manner that is influenced by their different perceptions and symbol system

Question 2

Individualistic culture

Answer 2

A culture in which people view their primary responsibility as helping themselves

Question 3

High-context culture

Answer 3

A culture that relies heavily on verbal and nonverbal cues to maintain social harmony

Question 4

Ethnocentrism

Answer 4

An attitude that one’s own culture is superior to that of others

Question 5

Collectivist Culture

Answer 5

A culture whose members feel loyalties and obligations to an in-group, such as family, a community, work organization

Question 6

Co-culture

Answer 6

A group within an encompassing culture with a perceived identity

Question 7

Achievement culture

Answer 7

A culture that places a high value on the achievement of material success and a focus on the task at hand

Question 8

Transactional model of communication

Answer 8

The dynamic process in which communications create meaning together through interaction

Question 9

Relational Dimension

Answer 9

The dimension of a message that express the social relationship between two or more individuals

Question 10

Noise

Answer 10

External, physiological and psychological distractions that interfere with the accurate transmission and reception of a message

Question 11

Interpersonal communication - quantitative

Answer 11

Any interaction between two people

Question 12

Interpersonal communication - qualitative

Answer 12

Communication in which people treat each other as unique individuals as opposed to object

Question 13

Feedback

Answer 13

A discernible response of a receiver to a sender’s message

Question 14

Environment

Answer 14

Both the physical setting in which communication occurs and the personal perspectives of the people involved

Question 15

Content dimension (измерение) of message

Answer 15

The dimension of a message that communicates information about the subject being discussed

Question 16

Channel

Answer 16

The medium through which messages are exchanged

Question 17

Halo effect

Answer 17

The tendency to form an overall positive impression of a person on the basis of one’s positive characteristic.

Question 18

First-order reality

Answer 18

The physically observable qualities of a thing or situation

Question 19

Empathy

Answer 19

The ability to project oneself into another person’s point of view in an attempt to experience the other’s thoughts and feelings

Question 20

Attribution error

Answer 20

The process of attaching meaning to another person’s behavior

Question 21

Self-fulfilling prophecy (пророчество)

Answer 21

The causal relationship that occurs when a person’s expectations of an event and her or his subsequent behavior based on those expectations make the outcome more likely to occur that would otherwise have been true

Question 22

Self-esteem

Answer 22

The part of the self-concept that involves evaluation of self-worth

Question 23

Self-disclosure

Answer 23

The process of deliberately revealing (намеренного выявления) information about oneself that is significant and that would not normally be known by others

Question 24

Self-concept

Answer 24

The relatively stable set of perceptions each individual holds of herself/himself

Question 25

Reflected appraisal

Answer 25

The theory that a person’s self-concept matches the way the person believes others regard him or her

Question 26

Reference group

Answer 26

Group against which we compare ourselves, theory influencing our self-concept and self-esteem

Question 27

Identity management

Answer 27

The communication strategies people use to influence how others view them

Question 28

Face work

Answer 28

Actions people take to preserve their own and other’s presenting images

Question 29

Cognitive conservatism

Answer 29

The tendency to seek out information that conforms to an existing self-concept and to ignore information that contradicts it

Question 30

Uncertainty avoidance

Answer 30

The tendency of culture’s members to feel threatened by ambiguous (неоднозначной) situations, and how much they try to avoid them

Question 31

Synchronic

Answer 31

Communication that occurs in a real time

Question 32

Social identity

Answer 32

The part of the self-concept that is based on membership in a group

Question 33

Richness

Answer 33

The quantity of nonverbal cues that accompany spoken messages

Question 34

Power distance

Answer 34

The degree to which members of a society accept the unequal distribution of power among members

Question 35

Low-context culture

Answer 35

A culture that uses language primarily to express thoughts, feelings, and ideas as clearly and logically as possible

Question 36

Narrative

Answer 36

The stories we use to describe our personal worlds

Question 37

Perception checking

Answer 37

A three-part method for verifying the accuracy of interpretation, including a description of the sense data, two possible interpretations, and a request for confirmation of these interpretation

Question 38

Punctuation

Answer 38

The process of determining the causal order of events

Question 39

Second-order reality

Answer 39

Perceptions that arise from attaching meaning to first order things or situations

Question 40

Self-serving blas

Answer 40

The tendency to judge oneself in the most generous terms possible while being more critical of others.

Question 41

Abstraction ladder

Answer 41

A range or more abstract to less abstract terms describing an event or object

Question 42

Convergence

Answer 42

The process of adapting one’s speech style to match that of others with whom one wants to identify

Question 43

Divergence

Answer 43

Speaking in a way that emphasizes differences from others

Question 44

Euphemism

Answer 44

A pleasant term substituted for a blunt one in order to soften the impact of unpleasant information

Question 45

Phonological rules

Answer 45

Rules governing the way in which sounds are pronounced in a language

Question 46

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Answer 46

The best-known declaration of linguistic relativism, formulated by Benjamin Whorf and Edward Sapir

Question 47

Semantic rules

Answer 47

Rules that govern the meaning of language; as opposed to its structure

Question 48

Syntactic Rules

Answer 48

Rules that govern the ways symbols can be arranged, as opposed to the meanings of those symbols