MIDTERM

Question 1

Central Dogma?

Answer 1

DNA encodes genetic heritable instructions (genes) for the development and functioning of all known living organisms

Question 2

What determines the phenotype of the cell

Answer 2

proteins (b/c they control every rxn in the cell)

Question 3

Large Scale Molecular Biology Dogma

Answer 3

eukaryotic chromosomes (DNA of linear order of coding [makes proteins, Cis regulatory] and no coding regions [doesn’t make rRNA, tRNA, mRNA; intergenic sequences {promotors/enhancers}])

Question 4

Adult human has how many cells and cell types

Answer 4

10^14 cells, and 250 different types

Question 5

Describe one example of how cellular processes involve the concerted action of macromolecules

Answer 5

complexes pf proteins, nucleic acids & lipids form molecular machineries to carry out cellular processes
eg. kinetochore (DNA protein), ribosome (RNA-protein), vascular type H+ ATPase (lipid protein)

Question 6

Describe how cellular processes are regulated by signal transduction pathways

Answer 6

(by ordered associations of multiple proteins)
extercellular sstimulus/hormone can communicate to genes by signal transduction pathways
pathways components include ligand, cell surface receptor, kinase cascade, transcriptional regulator
ensures proper gene expression or physiological response from stimulus

Question 7

Why sequence genomes

Answer 7

understand how types and abundance of RNA and proteins result in phenotype of organism
need to identify all genes in genome

Question 8

What is needed to fully decipher and understand how life works?

Answer 8

• identify all parts.macromolecules in cell/organism (nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, metabolites)
• measure abundance and dynamics of each macromolecule
• determine regulation and function of each macromolecule
• determine interactions btw macromolecules and their biological significance

Question 9

Systems Biology?

Answer 9

Study of an organism, viewed as an integrated & interacting network of genes proteins, and biochemical rxns which give rise to life
-obtain systems view of an cell/organism by analyzing all components and their interactions

Question 10

Parts of systems biology

Answer 10

1. system structure-look at parts
2. systems dynamics-notice parts that mov, change over time
3. systems control-movement isn’t random
4. systems design-redesign to something better

Question 11

Describe 1st part of systems biology (systems structures)

Answer 11

involves macromolecules and networks structures

Question 12

What are macromolecules and macromolecule interactions

Answer 12

genes, RNA, proteins, lipids, molecules

interactions- eg transcriptional regulation, protein binding biochemical activity

Question 13

What are network structures

Answer 13

how to show myraid of macromolecular interactions
-made up of nodes (genes, proteins, etc.) and edges (bindign and regulatory interactions)
edges of protein protein interactions-no directionality
edges of gene regulatory interactions-directionality
connectivity-# of interactions btw nodes

Question 14

Most studied eukaryotic organism

Answer 14

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (6000 genes in genome)

Question 15

Describe 4 networks of budding yeast

Answer 15

Transcriptional-regulatory network
Protein interaction network
Genetic interaction network
Metabolic network