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Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

First presidential campaign to feature tv ads

A

Eisenhower v Stevenson 1952

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2
Q

Daisy ad

A

LBJ & Goldwater race, one of the most negative in history. 1964

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3
Q

Buckley v Valeo

A

1976 loophole designed to strengthen political parties an outside groups, allowed them to mobilize and educate supporters. Created lax rules for Hardmoney contributions

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4
Q

2002 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act

A

McCain & Fiengold outlawed soft money, required candidates to appear in ads and say they paid for them and are responsible for the content

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5
Q

2010 Citizens United v FEC

A

Created dramatic loopholes in the BCRA

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6
Q

1840 pres campaign

A

Wiggs nominate WHHarrison, attacked VanBuren “Tippecanoe & Tyler too”
>80% turnout bc of the creation of two major parties

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7
Q

1896 pres campaign

A

Another high turnout, Republicans champions money issues and McKinley took a solid victory over Brian

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8
Q

1976 pres campaign

A

Carter v Ford TV got rid of the equal time rule, debates began to become much less representative of classic Lincoln Douglas, most negotiation conducted after in spin rooms with candidates reps about why their boss won

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9
Q

Broadcasting

A

Seeks to reach millions of voters through TV networks, 1950s and 60s JFK versus Nixon

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10
Q

Narrowcasting

A

Candidates made use of newly emerging cable TV outlet to focus on hundreds of thousands as opposed to millions of viewers placing ads with known demographics. 1970s and 80s Reagan did this well

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11
Q

Microcasting

A

1991 Internet creation, taking advantage of technology candidates ran web ads that gave even greater precision. Bush v Gore

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12
Q

Nanocasting

A

21st-century rise in social media, candidates can ask as individuals directly and know about their house size, recreational choices, and credit card purchases

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13
Q

Stereotyping

A

Oversimplifying traits used to judge a whole group

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14
Q

Association

A

Linking candidates or causes to a person

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15
Q

Demonization

A

Turning in opponent into an evil figure

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16
Q

Code words

A

Short and communication devices that play common stereotypes and associate with a particular kind of language. “Liberal” used by repubs in 1988-2004, or “French” used agains Kerry & Romney. “Socialism” today

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17
Q

Visual aids

A

People remember them longer and are more responsive emotionally to them, combining visual text with spoken word enhances this further

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18
Q

Horserace coverage

A

Over reliance on poles and soundbites, devoting disproportionate attention to strategy and debates, even when they are not substantive. Recording and reporting every minute detail

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19
Q

Permanent campaign

A

Politicians are always running or announcing their intention to do so

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20
Q

Vicious cycle

A

As candidates become more aware of ravenous media, they become more eager to grab attention of such outlets. Similar to structural bias

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21
Q

Invisible primary

A

Early news coverage of how much money potential candidates have raised is covered before any approved data is presented

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22
Q

“Bear in the woods” “morning in America”

A

Visual, music differences 1984 Reagan versus Mondale

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23
Q

“Revolving door”

A

1988 Bush versus Dukakis (music/black&white/poor response)

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24
Q

Iyengar &Ansolabehere

A

Found that negative ads depressed voter turnout and make people more cynical about the campaign process

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25
Priming
Element coined by Iyengar, emphasizes certain aspects of news and gives media the power to isolate certain issues and events as criteria for evaluating politicians Sensational v substantive coverage
26
Iyengar "Truth tests"
Media comparisons of figures living up to their promises, reports are often uninformed and stretch evidence. Such detail dissection of events turns people off, emphasizes isolated instances instead of broad patterns of behavior. These are usually narrated by visual aids which are more memorable
27
Goldstein & Freedman
University of Wisconsin researchers who concluded that negative advertising is stimulating and gets people angry/excited and motivated to participate
28
Ridout & Fowler
Found that viewers' perception of the tone of ads as negative or positive significantly influenced by how it is conveyed on local news. When a front runner attacks and opponent who is already down, negative ads backfire by making a public resent the mean one
29
Patterson & McClure
Playing that journalists are the problem and that media site is overwhelmingly negative
30
Bandwagon storyline
When the press covers a candidate as someone with a lot of momentum and actually gives the momentum. Also "losing ground" and "front runner" storylines
31
Messages are better received coming from a candidate rather than a news source, people learn more. However they are more likely to trust a news source
Thx Watergate & Vietnam 1950s
32
Greer
Pro negative ads, argues that they educate the public better because it forces candidate to raise important issues and opponents are forced to respond. Positive ads only focus on self promotion which makes them seem one-sided
33
Webber
Neg ads> angry people> inspires them to vote
34
Paid v free media
Often intertwined, advantage is that viewers trust news media over paid ads and free airtime means larger audiences will see it
35
Ailes
More your ad is covered the more people see it
36
2012
Obama spent double what room he did on online ads, even in 2008 Obama significantly benefited from small online donations
37
2012 Obama online campaign
Each raised over $1 billion, but the majority of Obama's came from online. FEC allowing candidates to receive donations via text helped
38
2-step-flow
Lazarsfeld & Berleson sound media affects our directly influenced by communicative interaction between opinion leaders and voters
39
Pew findings
Increased use of Internet and subsequent engagement of young people. Facebook has risen to the level of use by newspapers in BR and late-night comedy in just a few years
40
Pew donations findings
Most people still there in person, but even since 2014 donations and involvement just keeps increasing. Repubs and dems engage at similar rates
41
Agenda setting
Lippman. Media affects the list of things we find important, repetition equals voters thinking the issue is more important
42
Priming
Iyengar describes this as the power of media to isolate certain issues and beans in the news as criteria for evaluating politicians. Blames profit based media
43
Framing
The way the news is framed or presented, can overemphasize a story by applying it to a larger national contact. 2000 Bush ads estate tax versus death tax. Hand-up versus handout
44
Miylo & Grossclose
Try to find an unbiased way to research, created ADA Scale ranking from zero perfect conservative to 100 perfect liberal and found that most media outlets ranked greater than 50 (only source that didn't was FOX)
45
Puglisi
Addressed issue ownership. Democrats and Republicans owning certain issues
46
Types of bias Tim Cook
Situational structural antiauthority and profit
47
Situational bias
Politician driven, argues that politicians know about coverage likeliness and that influences what they do
48
Structural bias
How news is collected, politicians know about it and take advantage of it (playing the system)
49
Antiauthority bias
Are use there is no liberal or conservative biased, rather unfavorable view of government generally. Patterson anti-politics bias is the same thing
50
Profit bias
All sources are privately owned money seeking businesses
51
Jefferson & Hamilton
Gazette of the US v National Gazette, SOS TJ created later as competition, proves media dependency on the government even then
52
Telegraph and rotary press
Created larger circulation in the 1800s, eventually lead to partisan press because papers needed to appeal to wider audience is, lowered cost and businesses bought more ads "yellow journalism" era
53
Muckrackers
Books such as "the jungle" and "10 days in the crazy house" exposed the harsh reality of American suffering and created the concept of "watchdog journalism" Roosevelt responded by investigating industry conditions and when he found the undesirable state they were in implemented changes
54
Alien and sedition act of 1798
Made it a crime to publish false malicious or siliceous writing against the government. John Adams did not approve
55
1964 New York Times versus Sullivan
Supreme Court addresses alien and sedition acts of 1797, and made it unconstitutional. Established an actual malice standard that with an extremely high burden of proof on the plaintiff
56
Smith act of 1940
Made it a crime to publish anything with intent to encourage or overthrew the government, usually used to convict communist activists
57
Dennis v US
Convicted 11 communist teachers whose messages were ruled unconstitutional, met clear and present danger test from Schenk v US
58
The progressive case of 1979
The H-bomb secret instruction manual on how to build a nuclear bomb. Case never made it to the Supreme Court report was mailed out before the government could stop it
59
Near versus Minnesota
Allowed use of prior restraint in extreme situations such as war time violence and obscenity
60
Pentagon papers
Report produced by the rand corporation about to Vietnam war in the 1960s showed evidence of dishonest LBJ reports. Ellsberg sent them to Washington Post in the New York Times. Supreme Court ruled in favor of the New York Times, not Nixon who failed to justify using prior restraint
61
Gitlow v NY
Supreme Court ruled against get low who is distributing pamphlet encouraging the overthrow the US government. The footnote in the case did specify that he would have been fine if there was no call to violence, implying that New York would not be able to interfere there had been no clear and present danger, first time applying Bill of Rights to the states
62
Dept of Commerce
Hoover secretary, subject radio two more strict scrutiny of censorship because of complex technological elements. Limited the spectrum, but not the content
63
1978 FCC versus Pacifica foundation
Gave the FCC the right to regulate content
64
Communication act of 1934
Gave jurisdiction over telephone and telegraph
65
Campaign spending increase since 2002
$1 billion/year

Politics & The Media (2 decks)

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