Midterm Flashcards
Seven ways to organized data
Dot Plot Stem and leaf Histograms Line graph pie chart pictography Bar graph
Dot plot
Placing dots above a number line
Stem and leaf
are often vertical and are particular useful for comparing two small sets of data
Histograms
summarize large sets of numeric data that can be naturally grouped into numeric intervals
Line graph
are constructed using an X axis horizontally and a Y axis vertically. A line connects the dots
Bar graph
are used for categorical data
Pie Charts
visual understand of apportionments of he whole
Pictographs
use small figures called icons to represent data or trends
Three ways of measuring central tendency
Mean is the average
Median is the middle
Mode is the most often occurring number
Three ways to measure “spread” and “variability” data
Range is the difference between the largest and smallest data value
Mid range is the lowest and highest data points divided by2
Interquartile range
IQR- is the middle 50 percent of the data value, from the lower to the upper quartile value Qu-QL=
Outliers
Ql-(1.5*IQR)
Qu+(1.5*IQR)
5 number summary
Lowest date value Lower quartile Median Upper quartile Greatest value
Standard Deviation
Know this
Quartiles
Dividing the data set into fourths or quartiles
The 68-95-99.7 rule for normal distributions
For a population that has a normal distribution about 68 percent falls with in 1 standard deviation of the mean, about 95 percent falls with in 2 standard deviation of the man, and about 99.7 falls with the 3 standard deviation of the mean.
Z score-
if x an observation in a set of data with mean -x and the standard deviation s, the z score corresponding to x is given z= x-x/s
Z(9.2)= 9.2-8.5/1.6 equals .4375 equal .44
Experimental
is estimated by the number of times an outcome has occurred in the past trails and the likely hood that the outcome will occur in the future
Theoretical
based on considerations such as symmetry
Probability
Is the mathematics uncertain, in which the likelihood that a chance event occurs is measured by numbers between 0 and 1, where 0 indicates there is no chance of the event and 1 indicates that the event must certainly occur
Theoretical probability
does not depend on past experiments or statistical data
Mutually exclusive event
VINN DIAGRAM If E and F are mutually exclusive events in a sample space S then
P(E or F)=P(EUF)=P(E)+P(F)
if the events in S are equally likely, then
P(EUF)=n(E)+n(F)/n(S)
Non mutually exclusive events
VINN DIAGRAM
Complementary events
VINN DIAGRAM
Meaning of n
5!=54321
Multiplication principle of counting
n1n2n3 ….
Conditional Probability
use vinn diagram
Permutation
is an arrangement of given number of objects from a specified set into and ORDERED list. “Are the selected objects arranged into an order?”
P(10,4)
1098*7
Combinations
is a selection of a given number of objects from a set to form an UNORDER subset of the objects. "DO we need to know only which objects are selected with the order of the objects making no difference?" C(10,4) 10*9*8*7 ------------ 4*3*2*1
Odds in favor
comparing the likelihood that the event will happen with the likelihood that it will not happened
Expected value
(value of outcome#1) * (probability of that outcome)+(value of the outcome #2) * (its probability)+…+(value of last outcome)*(its probability)
