Midterm Flashcards
Who coined the term sociology
Comete
Term used to describe an approach to the study of society that relies specifically on scientific evidence, such as experiments and statistics, to reveal a true nature of how society operates
Positivism
Statement of how and why things are related
Theory
Macro look of society which is a system made up of many parts working together to promote stability
Structural functionalism
Macro look at society that says society is an arena for social inequality and generates change. Who benefits?
Social conflict
Micro look at society that say it’s product of everyday interactions of individuals.
Symbolic interactionism
Societies entire way of life. ( values, beliefs, behavior)
Culture
Community of people living in a certain area that shares valued, norms, and beliefs
Society
Standards expected to be followed in a community or society
Norm
Broad guidelines for social living,
Values
Disorientation due to the inability to make sense out of a familiar way of life
Culture shock
Culture patterns that set apart some segment of societies population
Subculture
Culture patterns that strongly opposed those widely accepted within a society
Counter culture
Used to describe a sub culture shared by the elite in a society
High culture
Shared values, ideas, and attitudes within the main stream of a given culture
Pop culture
Culture includes a wide range of physical human creations and artifacts
Material culture
The intangible world of ideas created by members of a society
Non material
Practice of judging another culture by the standards of another culture
Ethnocentrism
Practice of judging a culture by its own standards
Cultural relativism
Evidence based off experience or observation
Empirical evidence
Consistency in measurement
Reliability
Actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure
Validity
Variable that causes the change
Independent
Variable that changes
Dependent variable
Weber said this kind of dispassionate and detached is what kind of research
Value free
Research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions
Experiment
Unverified statement of a relationship between variables; educated guess
Test hypothesis
A method in which subjects respond to a series of statements or questions on a questionnaire or interview
Survey research
A series of written questions a researcher presents to subjects
Questionnaire
A series of questions a researcher asks respondents in person
Interview
A research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities
Participant observation
Using participant observation to study other societies
Fieldwork
Systematic study of human behavior
Sociology
Changes that occur as a society gains new technology
Sociocultural evolution
Review Leneski’s 5 types of societies
Hunting and gathering Horticultural and Pastoral Agrarian Industrial societies Postindustrial societies
This person studied social conflict and believed that the economy was what caused it
Karl Marx
A way of thinking that emphasizes deliberate, matter of fact calculation of the most efficient way to accomplish a particular task
Rationality
The growth of large rational organizations
Bureaucracy
This person focused on rationality, bureaucracy in social organizations, and Calvinism
Max Weber
Condition in which society provides little moral guidance for individuals
Anomie
Warned of anomie, specialized economic activity, and expanding division of labor.
Emile Durkheim
The lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture
Socialization
A persons fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling
Personality
People whose bodies have both female and make characteristics
Intersexuals
People who feel they are one sex even though biologically they are other
Transsexual
The recognized violation of cultural norms
Deviance
A powerful negative label that greatly changes a persons self concept and social identity
Stigma
The idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those action
Labeling theory
The attempt to discourage criminality through the use of punishment
Deterrence
An act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the crime
Retribution
Rendering a offender through permanent imprisonment or execution
Societal protection
A program for reforming the offender to prevent later offenses
Rehabilitation
A persons tendency toward conformity or deviance depends on the amount of contact with others who encourage or reject conventional behavior
Differential association theory
Social control depends on people anticipating the consequences of their behavior
Control theory
