Midterm Flashcards
5 criteria for a democratic process
- effective participation
- equality in voting
- gaining enlightened understanding
- exercising final control over the agenda
- Inclusion of adults
effective participation
equal and effective opportunities for making their views known to the other members as to what the policy should be
Equality in Voting
equal and effective opportunity to vote, and all votes must be counted as equal
Gaining Enlightened Understanding
with in reasonable limits as to time, each member must have equal and effective opportunities for learning about the relevant alternative policies and their likely consequences
inquiry, discussion and deliberation
exercising final control over the agenda
the members must have the exclusive opportunity how how and, if they choose, what matters are to be placed on the agenda
Inclusion of Adults
all adult permanent residence should have the full rights of citizens that are implied by the first 4 criteria
why the criteria
it is necessary if all members are to be politically equal in in determining the policies of the association
10 desirable consequences
- avoiding tyranny
- essential rights
3.general freedom - self determination
- moral autonomy
- human development
- protecting essential personal interest
- political equality
Modern democracies: - peace- seeking
- prosperity
Principles of justification for classical democracy
Citizens should enjoy political equality in order to be free to rule and be ruled in turn
Key features of classical democracy
Direct participation of citizens and legislative and judicial functions
Assembly of citizens has sovereign power
The scope of sovereign power to include all the common affairs of the city
Multiple methods of selection of candidates for public office
No distinctions of privilege to differentiate ordinary Citizens and public officials
The same office not to be held more than twice by the same individual
Short terms of office for all
Payment for public services
General condition of classical democracy
Small city state with agricultural hinterland
Slave economy crating free time for citizens
Domestic service, that is, the labor of women, freeing men for public duties
Restriction of citizenship to relatively small numbers
Principle of justification for protective republicanism
Political participation is an essential condition of personal liberty, it citizens do not rule themselves, they will be dominated by others
Key features of protective republicanism
Balance of power between the people, aristocracy and the monarchy linked to a mix constitution or mixed government, with provision for all leading political forces to play an active role in public life
Cytisine participation achieved via different possible mechanisms including election of consuls or representative to serve on ruling councils
Competing social groups promoting and offending their interest
Liberties of speech, expression and association
Rule of law
General conditions of protective republicanism
Small city community
Maintenance of religious worship
Society of independent artisans and traders
Exclusion of women, laborers and dependents in politics
Intensive conflict among rival political association
Principles of justification for developmental republicanism
Citizens must enjoy a political and economic equality in order that nobody can be master of another and all can enjoy equal freedom and development in the process of self determination for the common good
Key features of developmental republicanism
Division of legislative and executive functions
The direct participation of citizens in public meetings to constitute the legislature
Unanimity on public issue is desirable, but voting provisions with majority rule in the event of disagreement
Executive positions in the hands of magistrate or a minute administrators
Executive appointed either by direct election or By lot
General conditions of developmental republicanism
Small, non-industrial community
Diffusion of ownership of property among the many. Citizenship depends on property holding. Example: a society of independent producers
Domestic service of women to free men for nondomestic work and politics
Principle of justification for protective democracy
Citizens require protection from the governors as well as from each other to ensure that those who govern pursue policies that are commensurate with citizens interest as a whole
Key features of protective democracy
Sovereignty ultimately lives in the people, but is vested in representatives who can legitimately exercise state functions
Regular elections, the secret ballot, competition between factions, potential leaders or parties, and majority rule are the institutional bases for establishing the accountability of those who govern
State powers must be impersonal. Example legally s circumscribed, and divided among the executive, the legislature in the judiciary
Centrality of constitutionalism to guarantee freedom from arbitrary treatment and equality before the law in the form of political and civil rights or liberties, above all those connected to freedom of speech, expression, Association, voting and belief
Separation of state from civil society
General conditions a protective democracy
Development of a politically autonomous civil society
Private ownership of the means of production
Competitive market economy
Patriarchal family
Extended territorial reach of the nationstate
Principles of justification for Developmental democracy
Participation in political life is necessary not only for the protection of individuals interests but also for the creation of an informed, committed and developing citizenry. Political involvement is essential to the highest and harmonious expansion of individual capacities
Key features of developmental democracy
Popular sovereignty with a universal franchise
Representative government
Constitutional checks to secure a limitations on, and divisions in, state power and ensure the promotion of individual rights, above all those connected with the freedoms of thought, feeling, taste, discussion, publication, combination and the pursuit of individually chosen life plans
Clear demarcation of parliamentary assembly from public bureaucracy
Citizen involvement in the different branches of government through the vote, intensive participation and local government, public debates and jury service
General conditions of developmental democracy
Independent civil society with minimum state interference
Competitive market economy
Private possession and control of the means of production alongside experiments with the community or cooperative forms of ownership
Political emancipation of women, but preservation in general traditional domestic division of labor
System of Nationstates with developed relations among states
Direct democracy and the end of politics
Referred to page 120
Principles of desiccation for competitive elitist democracy
But it’s for the selection of a skilled and imaginative political elite capable of making the necessary legislative administrative decisions
An obstacle to the excess of political leadership
Key features a competitive elitist democracy
Parliamentary government with strong executive
Competition between rival political elites and parties
Domination a parliament by party politics
Centrality of political leadership
Bureaucracy: independent and well-trained administration
constitutional and practical limits on the ‘effective range of political decision’
general conditions of Competitive Elitist Democracy
industrial society
poorly formed and/or emotional electorate
a political culture which tolerates differences in opinion
emergence of skilled strata of technically trained experts and managers
competition between states for power and advantage in the international system
intrinsic equality
one persons life, liberty and happiness is no more or less Deffeimportant than any other persons. in arriving st decision, the gov’t must give equal consideration to the good and interest of every person bound by those decisions
why intrinsic equality
- religious and ethical grounds- it aligns well with the basses of almost all religions that “we are all equally Gods children”
- The weakness of an alternative- the alternative would be intrinsic superiority and if everyone had equality in voting this would never pass
- prudence- the gov’t can not only benefit others but can also cause great harm, so it must be cautious of how things are done
- Acceptability- with equal consideration for all people are more likely to have others to help them meet their ends and more people will agree upon it.
gaurdianship
Turning over the government to experts who are deeply committed to rule for the general good and superior in knowledge and means in which to achieve it
defects of guardianship 1
- to delegate certain subordinate decisions to experts is not equal to ceding final control over major decisions
- its one thing to seek the advice of experts, its another thing for political elites to posses the power to decide on policies and laws you must obey
defects of guardianship 2
- personal decisions are not the same as decisions made and enforced by government
- the issue is what persons or groups should have final say in decisions made by by the gov’t of a state. Decisions that would be enforced, if need be, by coercion, imprisonment and possibly even death
defects of guardianship 3
to Govern a state requires more than strictly scientific knowledge.
-it require ethical decisions that are not strictly scientific and sometimes good ends conflict and resources are limited
defects of guardianship 4
to govern a state requires more than knowledge
-requires incorruptibility, resistance to enormous temptations of power, and an inflexible dedication to public good vs personal benefit
defects of guardianship 5
It is one thing to design an utopia it is an entirely other thing to bring it about
Inclusion
must include all persons subject to the laws of that state except transients and persons proven to be incapable of caring for themselves.
problem with inclusion
if a person is not educated enough to make informed decisions
-for this reason education is highly valued by democracies
Large Scale democracy Requires
- elected officials
- free, fair and frequent elections
- freedom of expression
- access to alternative sources in info
- associational autonomy
- inclusive citizenship
what criteria of democracy do the instituions of large scale democracy satisfy
elected reps –> effective participation, control of agenda
free, fair, frequent –> voting equality, CotA
Freedom of expression –> effective partic., enlightened understanding, CotA
Alt Info –> “”
Associational autonomy–> “”
inclusive citizenship –> Full inclusion
