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SOC 310 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

Cohort Study

A

Longitudinal

Researcher focuses on a category of people who share a similar life experience in a specified time period

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2
Q

Cross-sectional research

A

researcher examines a single point in time or takes a one-time snapshot approach

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3
Q

Data

A

empirical evidence or info that a person gathers carefully according to established rules or procedures

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4
Q

Descriptive research

A

research in which one “paints a picture” with words or numbers, presents a profile, outlines stages, or classifies types

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5
Q

Empirical evidence

A

the observations that people experience through their senses; can be direct or indirect

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6
Q

Explanatory research

A

research that focuses on why events occur or tries to test and build on social theory

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7
Q

Exploratory research

A

research into an area that has not been studied and in which a researcher wants to develop initial ideas and a more focused research question

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8
Q

Field Research (Qualitative)

A

researcher directly observes the people being studied in a natural setting for an extended period

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9
Q

Halo Effect

A

personal experience as knowledge.

Overgeneralize what they accept as being highly positive and lets its strong reputation rub off onto other areas.

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10
Q

Longitudinal research

A

researcher examines the features of people or other units at multiple points in time

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11
Q

Overgeneralization

A

personal experience as knowledge.

Some evidence supports a belief but they falsely assume that it applies to many other situations.

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12
Q

Panel Study

A

Longitudinal

Researcher observes exactly the same people across multiple time points

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13
Q

Premature closure

A

personal experience as knowledge.

Feel they have the answers and do not need to listen or seek info any longer.

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14
Q

Qualitative data

A

info in the form of words, pictures, sounds, etc

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15
Q

Quantitative data

A

info in the form of numbers

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16
Q

Selective observation

A

tendency to take notice of certain people or events based on past experience or attitudes.

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17
Q

Time-series study

A

any research that takes place over time, in which different people or cases may be looked at in each time point

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18
Q

Classification

A

Complex concepts that have subtypes.

The are parts of social theories b/t one simple concept and a full theoretical explanation.

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19
Q

Concept cluster

A

a collection of interrelated ideas that share common assumptions, belong to the same larger social theory, and refer to one another

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20
Q

Deductive approach

A

approach to social theory in which one begins with abstract ideas and then words toward concrete, empirical evidence to test the ideas

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21
Q

Ideal type

A

pure, abstract models that define the essence of the phenomenon in question
-broad, bringing together several narrower concrete concepts

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22
Q

Macro-level theory

A

social theories about more abstract, large-scale aspects of social reality

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23
Q

Meso-level theory

A

social theories about the middle level of social reality b/t a broad and narrow scope, such as the development of social organizations, communities, etc

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24
Q

Micro-level theory

A

social theories about the concrete, small-scale, and narrow level of reality, such as face-to-face interaction in small groups during a 2 month period

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25
Anonymity
research participants remain anonymous
26
Confidentiality
info with participant names attached but the researcher holds it in confidence
27
Informed consent
agreement by participants stating that they are willing to be in a study after they learn something about what the research procedure will involve
28
IRB
committee of researchers and community members that oversees the impact of research procedures on participants and applies ethical guidelines by reviewing procedure
29
Abstract (2 meanings)
short summary of scholarly journal articles that usually appears at its beginning, or a reference tool for locating scholarly journal articles
30
First-order interpretation
what the people who are being studied actually feel and think
31
Level of analysis
a way to talk about the scope of social theory, causal explanation, proposition, hypothesis, or theoretical statement. Range of phenomena it covers, or to which it applies, goes from social psych (micro) to organizational (meso) to large-scale social structure (macro).
32
Linear Research Path
research that proceeds in a clear, logical, step-by-step straight line. It is more characteristic of a quantitative than a qualitative approach.
33
Literature Review
a systematic examination of previously published studies on a research question, issue, or method that a researcher undertakes and integrates together to prepare for conducting a study or to bring together and summarize the state of the field.
34
Nonlinear Research Path
research that proceeds in a circular, back-and-forth manner. More like qualitative.
35
Second-order interpretation
Qualitative | What a researcher believes the people being studied feel and think
36
Third-order interpretation
Qualitative | What a researcher tells the reader of a research report that he or she studied, felt and thought
37
Universe
the broad class of units that are covered in a hypothesis.
38
Case Study
research (qualitative), on one or a small number of cases in which a researcher carefully examines a large number of details about each case
39
Basic social research
research designed to advance fundamental knowledge about the social world
40
Applied social research
research that attempts to solve a concrete problem or address a specific policy question and that has a direct application
41
Empirical Generalization
quasi-theoretical statement that summarizes findings in empirical evidence
42
Inductive approach to social theory
one begins with concrete empirical details, then works toward abstract ideas or general principles
43
Deductive approach to social theory
one begins with abstract ideas and principles then works toward concrete, empirical evidence to test ideas
44
Ethnographic data logging
approach to field research that emphasizes providing a very detailed description of a different culture from the viewpoint of an insider in that culture to gain greater understanding
45
Steps in Research Process (7)
1. Select topic 2. Focus question 3. Design study 4. Collect data 5. Analyze data 6. Interpret data 7. Inform others
46
Middle-Range Theory
focuses on a specific substantive topic area (domestic violence, student volunteering, etc), includes a multiple empirical generalization, and builds a theoretical explanation
47
Theory
a statement of how and why specific facts are related in order to derive some sort of meaning from them
48
Relationship of Theory to Data
study joins theory (story of how social world operates) with data (observed aspects of social world that are relevant to the theory)
49
Levels of Theory
Micro-level Meso-level Macro-level
50
Qualitative conceptualization
the process of carefully thinking through a construct's meaning
51
Qualitative operationalization
links a conceptual definition to a specific set of things you do (procedures, measurement techniques)
52
Validity in Qualitative Research
concerned with providing a candid portrayal of social life that is true to the experiences of people being studied
53
Unobtrusive measures
people do not know you are observing them. Look for what people "naturally" leave behind publically as available evidence about their social behavior, thoughts, or actions
54
Unobtrusive research
infer from the evidence to behavior, thoughts, or actions, and do so nonreactively w/o disrupting the people being studied
55
Error and Bias in Qualitative
Reactive effects, Perceptual and Interpretive Distortions, Sampling Errors
56
Reactive effects
change because they know you are watching
57
Perceptual and Interpretive distortions
Your background changes what you see
58
Sampling errors
People may withhold info; Can't see everything b/c of your role; personal characteristics
59
Measures to control error and bias
Sampling strategies, Team research, Strategic selection of members, Member checking
60
Sampling strategies allow the researcher to
compare different groups
61
Member checking
have members read your interpretation
62
Qualitative measurement
measurement arises from observations | largely inductive
63
4 Steps of Ethnographic Interviewing
1. Prepping- lit review, interview sched, etc. 2. Gathering- collecting data, interview 3. Focusing- finding common themes 4. Analyzing- making connections from the data
64
Elements of Ethnographic interview
1. Explicit Purpose 2. In-Depth interview explanations (project, recording, language, question) 3. In-Depth interview questions
65
Types of interview questions
Descriptive (experience where something happened), Structural (how they understand experience), Contrast (on the spot)
66
4 Key Features of Ethnographic Interviewing
1. Combine structure with flexibility 2. Interactive 3. Range of probes and follow-up questions for "depth" 4. Generative
67
Writing a good lit review (3)
Define and refine topic Design search Locate research reports

SOC 310 (1 decks)

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