Midterm Flashcards
is a transactional process of sharing meaning with others
communication
involved in communication as an initiator and encoder
sender
involved in communication as a stimulus that produces meaning
message
involved in communication as a medium through which a message travels such as oral or written
channel
involved in communication as a decoder of a message
receiver
involved in communication as a interference with effective transmission and reception of a message
noise
what incorporates multiple channels besides words, such as gestures, facial expressions, tone of voice, posture, and other nonverbal cues. Face to face is an example
channel rich
what incorporates a single channel devoid of the richness of nonverbal cues is available for understanding
channel lean
what is less restrained and more spontaneous but also impersonal, channel lean communication can be what?
disinhibiting
what is a roadblock in communicating, can be reflected in word choice that is confusing or distracting and creates interference
semantic noise
what is the receiver’s verbal and nonverbal responses to a message
feedback
what includes our cultural background, ethnicity, geographic location, extent of travel, general personal experiences accumulated over the course of a lifetime
fields of experience
what refers to what is actually said and done
content dimension
what refers to how that message defines or redefines the association between individuals
relationship dimension
what is the conscious pattern humans create out of their interpretation of experience
meaning
what is engaging in communication with others that is perceived to be both effective and appropriate in given context
Communication competence
what is the degree to which we have progressed toward the achievement of our goals
effectiveness
what is the behavior that is viewed as legitimate for or fitting to the context
appropriateness
what is the environment in which communication occurs who, what, whom, why, where, when, how
context
what is a followable prescription that indicates what behavior is obligated, preferred, or prohibited in certain contexts
rule
what is the successful performance of a communication behavior and the ability to repeat such a behavior
communication skill
what is receptive accuracy whereby we can detect, decode, and comprehend signals in our social environment
sensitivity
what is when we thing about our communication and continually work at changing what we do in order to become more effective
mindful
what is it when we are not cognizant of our communication with others and we put little to no effort into improving it
mindless
what is it when members communicate electronically and rarely if ever meet face to face
virtual groups
what is a passion for excellence accepting nothing less than the best that you can be
commitment
what is a system for judging moral correctness by using an agreed upon set of standard to determine what constitutes right and wrong behavior
ethics
What are the five ethical standard?
respect, honest, fairness, choice, responsibility
what is the emotional atmosphere, the pervading or enveloping tone that we create by the way we communicate with others
communication climate
what is a pattern of willingness to communicate
openness
what is a patters of confirmation of the worth and value of others and a willingness to help others succeed
supportiveness
what is a pattern of unwillingness to communicate with others
closedness
what is a patters of protective reaction to a perceived attack on our self esteem and self concept
defensiveness
Defensiveness takes what three forms
deny
counterattack
withdraw
what is a process of mutually exclusive goal attainment
competition
what is a process of mutually inclusive goal attainment
cooperation
what is the realization of personal goals without having to defeat an opponent
individual achievement
what is the excessive emphasis on beating others to achieve one’s goals
hypercompetitiveness
what occurs when competing against others produces a positive, enjoyable experience and promotes increased efforts to achieve victory without jeopardizing positive interpersonal relationships and personal well being
constructive competition
what is thinking and feeling what you perceive another to be thinking and feeling
empathy
what is the degree of liking we have for members of a group, the level of commitment to the group that this liking produces
cohesiveness
what is the process by which our sense organs that contain sense receptors change physical energy into neural impulses that are sent to our brains
sensation
what is the process of selecting organizing and interpreting sensory data
perception
what is frequency perceived as
pitch
what is sound variation/ loudness
amplitude
what is the level of sensitivity of our senses
sensory acuity
what is the most representative or best example of something
prototype
what is a generalization about a group of category
stereotype
what is a predictable sequence of events that indicates what we are expected to do in a given situation
script
what is assigning causes to behavior
attributions
what are mental frameworks that create meaningful patterns from stimuli
schema
what is the sum total of everything that encompasses the self-referential term “me”
self concept
what is a preoccupation with one’s body size and perceives that though one is muscular, they look small
muscle dysmorphia
what refers to messages you receive from others that assess your self concept
reflected appraisal
what is the evaluative element of self-perception
self-esteem
what is your self-esteem also influenced by what is perceived as most important to you feeling good about yourself
self-worth
what is the tendency to attribute our successful behavior to ourselves fut to assign external circumstances to our unsuccessful behavior
self-serving bias
what is the process of purposely revealing to others personal information about yourself that is significant and that others would not know unless you told them
self-disclosure
what refers to the range of subjects discussed
breadth
what refers to how personal you become when discussing a particular subject
depth
what is our strong tendency to be influenced more heavily by negative than positive information
negativity bias
what is the tendency to be more influenced by initial information about a person than when gathered later
primacy effect
what is overemphasizing personal traits and underemphasizing situation as causes of other people’s behavior
fundamental attribution error
what refers to negative feelings about members of a group
prejudice
what refers to any behavior that manifests these negative feelings of prejudice
discrimination
what is a subtle form of discrimination that embraces the positive stereotype of woman as pure creatures
benevolent sixism
what is antipathy toward women who are viewed as unsurping men’s power
hostile sexism
what occurs when we tend to remember information that supports our stereotypes but forget information that contradicts
selective memory bias
What is a perceived threat from apprehension that a person will be evaluated based on a negative stereotpe
stereotype vulnerability
what is acting on an erroneous expectation that produces the expected behavior and confirms the original impression
self-fulfilling prophecy
what predicts that interacting and becoming more familiar with members of stereotyped groups can diminish prejudice resulting from stereotyping
contact theory
what is a common valued goal
superordinate goal
what is a learned set of enduring values, beliefs, and practices that are shared by an indentifiable large group of people
culture
what are the most deeply felt, generally shared view of what is deemed good, right, or worthwhile thinking or behavior
values
what is what a person thinks is true or probabale
beliefs
what is a group of people who live in a dominant culture yet remain connected to another cultural heritage that typically exhibits significant differences in values, beliefs, and practices
co-culture
what is varying degrees of importance placed on those deeply felt views of what is right, food, and worthwhile
value dimensions
what has a me consciousness
individualist culture
what has a we consciousness
collectivist culture
what is the communication of shared cultural practices, beliefs, and values from generation to generation
socialization
what is verbally precise, direct, and explicit
low-context communication style
what uses indirect verbal expression
high-context communication style
what is the acceptability of unequal distribution of power
power-distance dimension
what is divided into various levels of power that put distance between the haves and have nots
stratified
what is called a horizontal culture, values relatively equal power sharing and discourages attention to status differences and ranking in society
low PD culture
what is called a vertical culture, relatively strong emphasis on maintaining power distances
High PD culture
what is the notion that ones own culture is superior to any other
ethnocentrism
what views cultures as merely different not deficient
cultural relativism
what is intellectual movement that promotes the value of diversity as a core principle and insists that all cultural groups be treated with respect and as equals
multiculturism
what posits that when strangers first meet their principal goal is to reduce uncertainty and to increase predictability
uncertainty reduction theory
what comes from the unfamiliarity of new cultural surrounding, rules, norms, and practices
culture shock, acculturative stress
what refers to differences that separate people
divergence
what refers to similarities that connect us to others
convergence
what is biology, genes, gonads, and hormones
sex
what is social role behavior learned from communicating with others
gender
what is the intersection of gender and culture serves as the basis for a third deep structural value
masculine-feminine dimension
what exhibits steotypic masculine traits such as male dominance, ambitiousness, assertiveness, and competitiveness
masculine culture
what exhibits stereotypic feminine traits such as affection, nurturance, sensitivity, compassion, emotional expression
feminine cultures
what is having sexual intercourse when you don’t want to
compliant sex
what is the assertion that men and women communicate in vastly divergent ways
gender differences hypothesis
what is having difficulty and fears about expressing one’s feelings and difficulty finding words to express basic emotions
emotionally restrictive
what is some researchers don’t think gender differences in communication are significant
gender similarities hypothesis
what magnifies even small gender differences
gender role stereotypes
what is the structured system of symbols for communicating meaning
language
what is the set of rules that specify how the units of language can be meaningfully combined
grammar
what are the individual units of sound that ocmpose a specific spoken language
phonemes
what is a part of grammer that describes the patterns of sound in a language
phonology
what is the smallest unit of meaning in language
morpheme
what is the part of grammar that describes how morphemes are constructed meaningfully from phonemes
morphology
what is a morpheme that may be a stand alone word
free morpheme
what is a morpheme that is a unity of meaning
bond morpheme
what are rules that govern combining words into phrases and phrases into sentences
syntax
what is the set of rules that governs the meaning of words and sentences
semantics
what are arbitrary representations of objects, events, ieas, or relationships
symbols
what are the objects events idease or relationships reffered to by the words
referents
what is total vocabulary
lexicon
what is the capacity to transform a small number of phonemes into whatever words, phrases, and sentences that you require to communicate your abundance of thoughts and feelings
productivity
what is the ability to talk abouth things not in the physical here and now
displacement
what is the ability to use language to talk about language
self relexive
what is the process whereby we formulate increasingly vague conceptions of our world by leaving out details associated with objects events and ideas
abstracting
what are verbal reports that sketch what we perceive from our sense
descriptions
what are the conclusions about the unknown based on the known
inferences
what are subjective evaluations of objects, events, or ideas
judgments
what language makes women virtually invisible and brands them as less powerful and less important
gender biased language
what is a name or a descriptive word or phrase
label
what is influence wording has on our perception of choices
framing
what is an automatic, emotional response to a symbol
signal reaction
what is a personal meaning
connotation
what is a shared meaning
denotations
what is a delayed, thoughful response that seeks to decipher the user’s inteded meaning of a word
semantic reaction
what is using either or language to frame a choice as though only two opposite ossibilities exist when a least there is a third
false diochotomy
what grounds a label by specifying which measurable behaviors or experiences are subsumed under the label and which are ruled out
operational definition
what refers to the practice of remaining stuck at one level of abstraction
dead-level abstracting
what is it when you assume that everyone assigns the same meaning to a word without checking to see if it is true
by passing
what is a form of linguistic novocain whereby word choices numb us to our camouflage unpleasant or offensive realities
euphemism
what is highly informal words not in standard usage that are employed by a group with common interest
slang
what is sharing meaning with others nonlinguistically
nonverbal communication
what is it when you expect most messages to be deceptive
lie bias
what are inconsistencies between verbal and nonverbal messages
mixed messages
what is a perceived advantage accorded those who are viewed as attractive
beauty bias
what are the right and left sides match each other
bilateral symmetry
what is the smaller the waist is compared to the hips
waist to hip ratio
appears to be relatively broad shoulders and narrow waist and hips
wedge shape
what is the study of both facial communication and gestures
kinesics
what is blinking, eye contact study called
oculesics
what is it called when facial expressions effect emotions
facial feedback hypothesis
what re gestures made by one part of the body
manipulation
what are culture specific prescriptions that dictate the appropriateness of behaviors
display rules
what are gestures that help explain what a person says to another person
illustrators
what is the study of touch
haptics
what is the least intense form of touching
functional-professional touch
what occurs during initial introductions, business relationships, formal occassions
social-polite touching
what is the most ambiguous form of touching and leads to the most understandings between people
friendship-warmth touch
what is reserved only for a very few special individuals
love and intimacy touch
what are vocal cues
paralanguage
what is the influence that distance and territoriality
proxemics
what is a predisposition to defend a fixed geographic area or territory
territoriality
what is the process of receiving constructing meaning from and responding to spoken or nonverbal messages
listening
what is shared meaning between or among parties in a transaction
comprehension
what is it when listeners must be able to discern breaks between recognizable words
speech segmentation
what is the physiological process of registering sound waves as they hit the eardrum
hearing
what is it called when your cramming
information bulimia
what is the rate at which we no longer retain information in our memort
forgetting curve
what is a competitive vying for attention and focus on self by shifting topics
shift response
what is the tendency of listerners to turn the topics of ordinary conversations to themselves without showing sustained interest in others’ conversations
conversational narcissism
what is the cooperative effort to focus attention on the other person
support response
what occurs when one person stops speaking when another person starts speaking
interrupting
what occurs when we dominate the conversation by seizing the floor from others who are speaking
competitive interrupting
what occurs when listeners’ attention wanders and daydreaming occus
glazing over
what is pretend listening
pseudolistening
what occurs whn we listen for weaknesses and ignore strengths of a speaker’s message
ambushing
what is the process of evaluating the merits of claims as they are heard
critical listening
what is a generalization that remains to be proven
claim
what is the process of listening to claims evaluating evidence and reasoning supporting those claims and drawing conclusions based on possibilities
skepticism
what is a willingness to accept claims without solid reasoning or valid evidence and to hold these beliefs tenaciously even if a googol on contradictory evidence disputes them
true belief
what is naysaying, fault finding, and ridiculing
cynicism
what is someone who smells flowers and looks fora coffin
cynic
what is the tendency to seek information that supports ones beliefs and to ignore information that contradicts those beliefs
confirmation bias
what is inventing superficial, even lame, alternative explanations for contradictory evidence
rationalization of disconfirmation
what is inappropriately assuming the validity of a claim unless it is proven false by another person who never made the original claim
shiftend the burden of proof
what is the obligation of the person making the claim to present compelling evidence and reasoning to support it
burden of proof
what is the law that with large enough numbers almost anything is likely to happen
law of very large numbers
what is it when competing explanation or theories fit the facts
principle of parsimony
what is it requires us to take the perspective of the other person to listen for what that person needs and wants
empathic listening
what are the types of initial verbal reactions we make when another person comes to us with a problem reveals a frustrating event
response styles
what makes a judgment about the person’s conduct
evaluative response
what tells people how they should act
advising response
what is it when we express what we think is the underlying meaning of a situation presented to us
interpreting response
what comprehends the literal meaning of messages from others but doesn’t recognize the feelings that ride piggyback
content only response
what seeks more information from others by asking questions
probing response
what includes expressions of care, concern, affection, and interest
supporting response
what requires a listener to check his or her preceptions for comprehension of the speaker’s message
understanding response
what is it when you begin with a behavior description follow with an interpretation of the behavior
perception chekcing
wha is a concise response to the speaker which states the essence of the others content in the listeners words
paraphrasing
what enhances the person’s self esteem and confidence
confirming response
what type of responses diminish the person and reduce confidence
disconfirming
what is the exercise of power over others
dominance
what is the power used to thwart the influence of others
prevention
what is the power derived from enhancing the capabilities, choices, and influence of individuals and groups
empowerment
what indicates that the person who cares less about continuing a relationship is typically recognized as having more power
principle of least interest
what is anything that enables individuals to achieve their goals, assists others to achieve their goals or interferes with the goal attainment of others
power resource
what is someone who is perceived to have a right to direct others’ behavior because of his or her position, title, role, experience, or knowledge
legitimate authoritiy
what are personal attributes that people find attractive
charisma
what is any physical or verbal communication that is inteded to inflict harm
agression
what is hostile communication that targets the victim openly such as pushing shoving physically assaulting or shouting insults
direct aggression
what is hostile communication that intends to harm a targeted person while avoiding indentification as an aggressor such as gossipping spreading rumors or sabotaging behine the victims back
indirect aggression
what is generally defined as verbal of nonverbal communication of a sexual nature
sexual harrassment
what occurs when the more powerful person requires sexual favors from the less powerful person in exchange for keeping a job
quid pro quo harrassment
an environment not free from discriminatory insult, ridicule, or intimidation
hostile environment harrassment
what is unambiguous purposeful noncompliance
defiance
what is the ability to communicate the full range of your thought and emotions with confidence and skill
assertiveness
what is a form of empowerment in which people of similar backgrounds, skills, and goals come together on a fairly regular basis and share information
networking
what is engaging in a process of deliberation with understanding and problem solving as ultimate goals
cooperative argumentation
what are knowledgable individuals who have achieved some success in their profession or job and who assist peope trying to get started in a line of work
mentors
what are attachments we make early on in life
attachment theory
what is it when we are drawn to individuals who seem to share our interest values aattitudes and peronalities
similarity attraction theory
what is a cost benefits analysis that weighs the benefits of a particular relationship against any costs incurred
exchange theory
what is a connection two people have to each other because of kinship
interpersonal relationship
what is a type of interpersonal relationship that is characterized by strong emotional bonding lcoseness and interdependence
intimate relationships
what is the theory explaining the three elements of love, intimacy passion, and commitment
triangular theory
what is any event or occurrence that is associated with change in a relationship
turning point
what is a positive reaction to the bid
turning toward response
what is an overtly negativie rejection of a connecting bid
turning against response
what occurs when we ignore a bid or act preoccupied when a bid is offered
turning away response
what is it to try again after an initial bid has been ignored or rejected
rebid
what are value judgments made about individuals and about their actions
evaluations
what is the creation of excuses that absolves us of blame
self justification
what is a first person report of how we feel what we perceive to be true in specific situation and what behaviors we desire from others
description
what does it mean that more someone tries to controll our behavior and restrict our choices the more we are inclined to resist such efforts especially if we feel entitled to choose
psychological reactance
what is an attempt by one person to maneuver another toward the manipulator’s goal
manipulative communication
what means qualifying your statement by avoiding absolutes
provisionalism
what is defined as pay for work at an alterante site
telecommuting
what is hearing only half the conversation
halfalogue
what are graphic notations that indicate emotional information
emoticons
what is a cyberterm for an abusive attacking written message between internet users
flaming
what is a learned predisposition to respond facorably or unfavorably toward some object
attitude
what is what a person thinks is true or probable
belief
what is the most deeply felt, generally shared view of what is deemed good right or worthwhile thinking or behavior
value
what are characteristics such as age gender culture and ehnicity
demographics
what are generalizations based on age
generation gap
what identifies the overall foal of your speech
general purpose
what is a concise precise infinitive phrase composed of simple clear language that encompasses both the general purpose and the central idea and indicates what the speaker is hoping to accomplish
specific purpose statement
what is a search tool that combines internet technology and standard library techniques for cataloguing
virtual library
what will send your keyword request to several search engines at once
metasearch engine
what is an internet tool in which humans edit indexes of web pages that match
directory
what identifies the main concept point or issue that you want the audience to understand believe or feel
central idea
what are the examples, statistics, and testimoney used to bolster a speakers viewpoint
supporting materials
what describes an imaginary situation
hypothetical example
what describes actual occurences
real examples
what is a detailed story or illustration
extended examples
what is implicitly or explicitly presenting a claim and providing support for that claim with reasoning and evidence
argument
what is the thought process of drawing conclusions from supporting materials
reasoning
what consists of supporting materials just discussed whose purpose is to bolster claims that are controversial
evidence
errors in evidence and reasoning
fallacies
what is evidence used to support claims is determined by its reliability and validiety
credibility
what is consistence
reliability
what is accuracy
validity
what means it must directly related to those claims
relevance
what is a personal attack on the messenger to avoid the message
ad hominem fallacy
what is basing a claim on popular opinion
ad populum fallacy
what is a portion of the population chosen in such a manner that every member of the entire population has an equal chance of being selected
sample
what attracts the most committed, aroused, or motivated individuals to fill out surveys on their own ans answer polling questions
self selected ample
what is praising a product you have used
testimonial
what is a measure of the degree of sampling error accounted for by imperfections in sample selection
margin of error
what is it when you draw a conclusion based on too few or unrepresentative samples
hasty generalization
what is consisten relationship between two variables
correlation
what is anything that can change
variable
what is fear of public speaking and the nervousness that accompanies that fear
speech anxiety
what is labeled the physiological defense alarm process triggered by stress
fight or flight response
what occurs when the intensity of the fight or flight response prevents an individual from giving a speech effectively
dysfunctional speech anxiety
what occurs when the fight or flight response is managed and stimulates an optimum presentation
functional speech anxiety
what is an attempt to satisfy an audience of critics whose members are focused of evaluating your work
performance
what focuses on making your message clear and interesting to your listeners
communication orientation
to prepare for a speech by thinking positively
visualization
what is a technique to control anxiety
systematic desensitization
what is humor that makes gentle fun of one’s own failings and limitations
self deprecation
what is a question asked by speaker not intended to be said outloud
rhetorical question
what is composed of the words you choose to express your thoughts and the ways you use language to bring your thought to life for an audience
style
what is an implied compariso of two seemingly dissimilar things
metaphor
what is the use of two or more vastly different metaphors in a single expression
mixed metaphor
what is an explicit comparison of two seemingly dissimilar things using the word like or as
simile
the use of opposites to create an impact
antithesis
audience feels according to speakers tone
emotional contagion
the insertion of um ah like you know know what i mean
vocal fillers
what is delivered without preparation
impromptu speech
what is delivered from a prepared outline or notes
extemp speech
