Midterm Flashcards
Activities or tasks that require voluntary control over movements of the joints and body segments to achieve a goal
Motor skills
Specific patterns of motion among joints and body segments to accomplish action goals
Movement
A motor skill with arbitrary movement beginning and end points
Continuous motor skill
A motor skill that requires the use of large musculature
Gross motor skill
A motor skill with clearly defined movement beginning and end points
Discrete motor skill
A motor skill that requires control of small muscles
Fine motor skill
A motor skill performed in a moving environment
Open motor skill
A motor skill involving a series of discrete skills
Serial motor skill
A motor skill performed in a stationary environment
Closed motor skill
The supporting surface, objects, and/or people involved in the skill
Environmental context
The acquisition of motor skills and performance environment
Motor learning
How our neuromuscular system functions to activate and coordinate the muscles and limbs
Neuromotor control
Human development from infancy to old age
Motor development
An activity or task that has a specific purpose or goal to achieve or an indicator of quality of performance
Skill
Another term for motor skills
Action
A classification system organized according to relationships among the component characteristics
Taxonomy
Features of the environmental context to which movements must conform if they are to achieve
Regulatory conditions
An environmental characteristic in Gentile’s taxonomy of motor skills
Intertrial variability
Features of the environmental context that have no influence or only an indirect influence on movement characteristics
Nonregulatory conditions
What are the three components of a motor skill performance?
- Environment
- Action
- Person
The term ability refers to…
…an individual capacity that underlies performance
The general motor ability hypothesis proposes that individuals have…
…many specific motor abilities that are highly related to each other
Research suggests that static and dynamic balance abilities are…
…independent motor abilities
Research suggests that the ability to precisely time movements is…
…task specific
Research suggests that reaction time (RT) and movement time (MT) are…
…independent motor abilities
The ability to make skillful hand movements to manipulate objects is known as…
…manual dexterity
Compared to static balance, dynamic balance…
…involves the maintenance of balance while in motion, while static balance does not
The hypothesis that proposes the many motor abilities that characterize people are highly related to each other
General motor ability hypothesis
The ability to coordinate the movement of a number of limbs simultaneously
Multilimb coordination
The ability to visually follow a moving opject
Visual tracking
The ability to make skillful, well-directed arm-hand movements that involve manipulating objects rather quickly
Manual dexterity
Rather than different in terms of having or not having certain abilities, people differ in the _____ of each of the various identifiable abilities
Degrees/levels
T/F The terms ability and skill should be considered synonymous
False
T/F Research showing the low correlation between reaction time (RT) and movement time (MT) supports the general motor ability hypothesis
False
T/F Timing as an ability is typically specific to the requirements of the skill being performed
True
T/F Visual acuity is one of the perceptual-motor abilities that Fleishman did not include in his taxonomy
True
T/F A task analysis is an essential part of identifying the motor abilities that underlie the performance of any motor skill
True
A category of motor skill performance measure that indicate the outcome or result of performing a motor skill
Performance outcome measures
A category of motor skill performance measures that indicates the performance of specific aspects of the motor control system during the performance of a motor skill
Performance production measures
The interval of time between the onset of a signal (stimulus) and the initiation of a response
Reaction time (RT)
The interval of time between initiation of movement and the completion of the movement
Movement time (MT)
The time interval involving both the reaction time and movement time; that is the time from the stimulus to the completion of a response
Response time
The reaction time when the situation involves only one signal that requires only one response
Simple RT
The reaction time when the situation involves more than one signal and each signal requires its own specified response
Choice RT
The reaction time when the situation involves more than one signal but only one response, which is to only one of the signals; the other signals require no response
Discrimination RT
A kinematic measure describing changes in the spatial positions of a limb or joint during the time course of the movement
Displacement
A hypothesis that maintains that the many motor abilities in an individual are relatively independent
Specificity of motor abilities hypothesis
Ability to make rapid and precise movement adjustments of control devices involving single arm-hand or leg movements; adjustments are made to visual stimuli
Control precision
Ability to make a rapid selection of controls to be moved or the direction to move in
Response orientation
Ability to respond rapidly to a signal when it appears
Reaction time
Ability to rapidly make a gross, discrete arm movement where accuracy is minimized
Speed of arm movement
Ability to time continuous anticipatory movement adjustments in response to speed and/or direction changes of a continuously moving target or object
Rate control
Ability to make skillful, controlled manipulations of tiny objects involving primarily the fingers
Finger dexterity
Ability to make precise arm-hand positioning movements where strength and speed are minimized; includes maintaining during arm movement or in a static arm position
Arm-hand steadiness
Ability to make rapid and repetitive movements with the hand and fingers, and/or rotary wrist movements when accuracy is not critical
Wrist, finger speed
Ability to rapidly and accurately move the hand to a small target
Aiming
A taxonomy with the goal “to define the fewest independent ability categories which might be most useful and meaningful in describing performance in the widest variety of tasks”
Fleishman’s taxonomy of human perceptual motor abilites
Abilities more generally related to gross motor skill performance or physical fitness abilities
Physical proficiency abilities
The maximum force that a person can exert against external objects
Static strength
The muscular endurance used in exerting force repeatedly
Dynamic strength
The ability to mobilize energy effectively for bursts of muscular effort
Explosive strength
The strength of the trunk muscles
Trunk strength
The ability to flex or stretch the trunk and back muscles
Extent flexibility
The ability to make repeated, rapid trunk-flexing movements
Dynamic flexibility
The ability to coordinate the action of several parts of the body while the body is in motion
Gross body coordination
The ability to maintain balance without visual cues
Gross body equilibrium
The capacity to sustain maximum effort requiring cardiovascular effort
Stamina
The ability to maintain postural stability on a stable surface or when not engaging in locomotor activities
Static balance
The ability to maintain postural stability on a moving surface when engaging in locomotor activites
Dynamic balance
The ability to see clearly and precisely
Visual acquity
The ability to visually follow a moving object
Visual tracking
The ability to perform skills requiring vision and the precise use of the hands or feet
Eye-hand or Eye-foot coordination
