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Evidence Based Practice > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Body functions and structures, activities, and participation are all aspects apart of:

  1. Diagnosis
  2. Examination
  3. Intervention
  4. Outcomes
A

Outcomes

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2
Q

What are the contextual factors of the ICF model?

A

Personal & Environmental Factors

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3
Q

Which of the following studies documents exact phenomena over time, can be useful for counting and classification, and can be useful for generating new research questions and hypotheses?

  1. Descriptive Study
  2. Analysis of relationships
  3. Analysis of differences
  4. Diagnosis research
A

Descriptive Study

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4
Q

Limitation in activity and participation is relative to

  1. Disability
  2. Impairment
A

Disability

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5
Q

Which test can be used for research on the validity and reliability of tests & measures?

  1. Descriptive Study
  2. Analysis of relationships
  3. Analysis of differences
  4. Diagnosis research
A

Analysis of relationships

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6
Q

Analysis of differences is:

  1. Experimental
  2. Observational
A

Experimental

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7
Q

Data is collected after the research is initiated

  1. Retrospective
  2. Prospective
A

Prospective

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8
Q

Research in PT is heavily focused on all of the following except:

  1. Intervention
  2. Diagnosis
  3. Prognosis
  4. Outcome
A

Outcome

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9
Q

How well a treatment works in the practice of medicine

  1. Efficacy
  2. Effectiveness
A

Effectiveness

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10
Q

Assesses demographic, behavioral and clinical characteristics that predict disease, or other outcomes of interest

  1. Outcomes measures
  2. Prognosis research
  3. Diagnosis research
  4. Descriptive Study
A

Prognosis research

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11
Q

Which of the following studies includes filtered information?

  1. Critically Appraised Articles
  2. Case Controlled Studied
  3. Background Information
  4. Randomized Controlled Studies
A

Critically Appraised Articles

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12
Q

Which study includes the highest quality of evidence:

  1. Critically Appraised Articles
  2. Case Controlled Studied
  3. Systematic Reviews
  4. Randomized Controlled Studies
A

Systematic Review

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13
Q

The most rigorous experimental research design

A

Randomized Controlled Trials. Cohort is the most vigorous observational study

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14
Q

Cohort studies are solely prospective

  1. False
  2. True
A

False- they can be prospective or retrospective

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15
Q

Used when outcome (disease) is rare or unusual

  1. Cross Sectional Study
  2. Case Controlled Studied
  3. Systematic Reviews
  4. Randomized Controlled Studies
A

Case Controlled Study

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16
Q

Exposure and outcome are measured concurrently (at the same time)

  1. Cross Sectional Study
  2. Case Controlled Studied
  3. Systematic Reviews
  4. Randomized Controlled Studies
A

Cross Sectional Study (Neither Prospective or Retrospective)

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17
Q

Studies that examine multiple primary studies addressing a specific clinical issue (question):

  1. Cross Sectional Study
  2. Case Controlled Studied
  3. Systematic Reviews
  4. Randomized Controlled Studies
A

Systematic Reviews

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18
Q

3 Pillars of EBP

A
  1. Available evidence 2. Clinical Expertise 3. Patient value
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19
Q

This term is used to describe how patient willingness

to participate in in clinical decisions is not universal

A

A caveat

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20
Q

What is the third step to EBP

  1. Evaluate Performance
  2. Apply the evidence
  3. Search for and find the the appropriate question
  4. Interpret and Appraise the Evidence
A

Interpret and appraise the evidence

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21
Q

Questions can come from all of the following except:

  1. Diagnosis Problems
  2. Prognosis problems
  3. Economic Problems
  4. Social Problems
  5. Intervention
A

Social Problem

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22
Q

What are the three broad analytic questions?

A
  1. Is the research valid? 2. What are the findings? 3. Does it apply to my patients?
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23
Q

Synonymous with “exposure” in epidemiology

A

Independent Variable

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24
Q

A factor other than the variable that actually influences the outcome

  1. Confounder
  2. Predictor
  3. Attribute Variable
  4. Explanatory Variable
A

Confounder

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25
Q

Demographics are an example of:

  1. Confounder
  2. Predictor
  3. Attribute Variable
  4. Explanatory Variable
A

Attribute Variable (used to describe the sample)

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26
Q

Explanatory Variables and Predictors are relative to:

  1. Experimental Studies
  2. Observational Studies
A

Observational

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27
Q

Extent to which the study lacks bias

  1. Internal Validity
  2. External Validity
A

Internal Validity

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28
Q

A systematic error in the way a study is carried out that can lead to false conclusions

A

Bias

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29
Q

All of the following pose as threats to internal validity except:

  1. Treatment crossover
  2. Compensatory Issues
  3. Maturation
  4. Setting in which research is conducted
A

Setting in which research is conducted

30
Q

An outcome or event will occur as a result of a previous event

  1. Causation
  2. Association
A

Causation

31
Q

When reviewing criteria for causation, all of the following are questions to ask if there is an association except:

  1. Is the association biologically credible
  2. Is there a dose-response relationship between the exposure and outcome?
  3. Does the outcome precede the exposure?
  4. How strong is the association
A

Does the outcome precede the exposure? (does exposure precede outcome)

32
Q

Represent behaviors or events that are not directly observable or measurable and are inferred by measuring associated variables of behaviors

A

Construct

33
Q

All of the following are examples of constructs except:

  1. Motivation
  2. Gait Speed
  3. Socio-economic status
  4. Health-related quality of life
A

Gait Speed

34
Q

Differentiation can be accomplished with all of the following with what 3 factors?

A

Name, numeral, numbers

35
Q

Nominal and Ordinal

  1. Categorical
  2. Numeric
A

Categorical

36
Q

All numbers are numerically meaningful

  1. True
  2. False
A

False

37
Q

Results from an identifiable source

  1. Random Error
  2. Systematic Error
A

Systematic Error (one-sided, bias)

38
Q

Analytic (statistical) procedures are used to quantify uncertainty due to

  1. Random Error
  2. Systematic Error
A

Random

39
Q

Statistically variance is related to Std Dev

  1. True
  2. False
A

True

40
Q

Reliability and Validity of most instruments must be established through scientific investigation

  1. True
  2. False
A

True

41
Q

Which measures inter-rater agreement for qualitative (categorical) items?

  1. Spearman Rho
  2. Pearson correlation
  3. Interclass correlation coefficient (ICC)
  4. Kappa coefficient
A

Kappa Coefficient (nominal)

42
Q

Describes how strongly units in the same group resemble each other:

  1. Spearman Rho
  2. Pearson correlation
  3. Interclass correlation coefficient (ICC)
  4. Kappa coefficient
A

Interclass Correlation Coefficient

43
Q

The degree to which a test seems to measure what it reports to measure

  1. Construct Validity
  2. Face Validity
  3. Concurrent Validity
  4. Predictable Validity
A

Face Validity

44
Q

The extent to which a measure represents every single element of a given construct

  1. Content Validity
  2. Face Validity
  3. Concurrent Validity
  4. Predictable Validity
A

Content Validity

45
Q

The extent to which the results of a test or measurement corresponds to those of previously established measurements:

  1. Construct Validity
  2. Face Validity
  3. Concurrent Validity
  4. Predictable Validity
A

Concurrent Validity

46
Q

This effect occurs when date-gathering information has a lower limit to the data values it can reliably specify

  1. Ceiling-effect
  2. Floor-effect
A

Floor Effect

47
Q

If the SRM value is 0.17, the change experienced is

  1. Large
  2. Small
  3. Trivial
  4. Moderate
A

Trivial. SRM = (mean of pre test to post test treatment change)/(SD of change)

48
Q

Permits comparison of instruments that measure change on different scales:

  1. Standard Deviation
  2. Comparison of mean
  3. Standardized response mean
  4. Spearman Rho
A

Standardized Response Mean

49
Q

All of the following are examples of non-probability sampling methods except:

  1. Convenience sampling
  2. Cluster Sampling
  3. Quota Sampling
  4. Snowball Sampling
A

Cluster Sampling

50
Q

Distance from mean in standard deviation units

A

Z score

51
Q

Making generalizations about a population based on data from samples

A

Inference

52
Q

Type 2 error occurs when:

  1. The null hypothesis was rejected when it was actually true
  2. The null hypothesis was accepted when it was actually false
A

The null hypothesis was accepted when it was actually false

53
Q

Estimates the variability of the true measure:

  1. Confidence Interval
  2. Standard Error
A

Standard Error

54
Q

The ability to measure an association is known as

A

Power

55
Q

Post Hoc Power Analysis enables researchers to estimate the probability of what type of error?

  1. Type 1
  2. Type 2
A

Type 2

56
Q

Gaussian Distribution is seen with

  1. Parametric Data
  2. Non-parametric Data
A

Parametric Data

57
Q

All of the following are examples of parametric tests which compare the means of 2 groups except:

  1. One way ANOVA
  2. One sample t-test
  3. Paired sample t-test
  4. Independent t-test
A

One way ANOVA

58
Q

Compares group means w/ a reference value

  1. One way ANOVA
  2. One sample t-test
  3. Paired sample t-test
  4. Independent t-test
A

One Sample T-test

59
Q

All of the following are true regarding parametric assumptions except:

  1. Data are categorical
  2. Random sample is drawn from a population where the variables of interest have a Gaussian distribution
  3. There is Homogeneity (equality) of variances in the groups studied
A

Data are categorical

60
Q

In which parametric test are the means of 2 groups being compared?

  1. One way ANOVA
  2. One sample t-test
  3. Paired sample t-test
  4. Independent t-test
A

Independent t-test

61
Q

In which parametric test are the means of more than 2 groups being compared?

A

One way ANOVA

62
Q

Difference in means according to 2 or more factors (between subjects)

  1. One way ANOVA
  2. 2 way ANOVA
  3. Repeated measures ANOVA
A

2 way ANOVA. Also, difference in means among 2 or more groups when measures are repeated (within subjects)

63
Q

Independent, non-parametric test

  1. Mann-Whitney U test
  2. Wilcoxon signed rank
A

Mann-Whitney U test

64
Q

Division of 2 frequencies

  1. Ratio
  2. Proportion
A

Ratio

65
Q

What kinds of tests are used to compare proportions?

A

Chi Square tests

66
Q

Tests observed proportion(s) (based on frequencies) against a known proportion

  1. Goodness of Fit Test
  2. Test of Independence
A

Goodness of Fit Test

67
Q

Tests for an association between two categorical variables, i.e. compares proportions in 2 (or more) groups

  1. Goodness of Fit Test
  2. Test of Independence
A

Test of Independence

68
Q

Chi Square Analysis is

  1. Categorical
  2. numerical
A

categorical

69
Q

If the confidence interval of a contingency table analysis includes 1, there is

  1. An association
  2. No association
A

No association

70
Q

Dependence of one variable, the dependent variable, on several independent variables:

  1. Linear Regression
  2. Multiple Regression
A

Multiple Regression

71
Q

Multivariate analysis adjusts for other variables (e.g. confounders) mathematically

  1. True
  2. False
A

True

Evidence Based Practice (2 decks)

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