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Evidence Based Practice > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Body functions and structures, activities, and participation are all aspects apart of:

  1. Diagnosis
  2. Examination
  3. Intervention
  4. Outcomes
A

Outcomes

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2
Q

What are the contextual factors of the ICF model?

A

Personal & Environmental Factors

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3
Q

Which of the following studies documents exact phenomena over time, can be useful for counting and classification, and can be useful for generating new research questions and hypotheses?

  1. Descriptive Study
  2. Analysis of relationships
  3. Analysis of differences
  4. Diagnosis research
A

Descriptive Study

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4
Q

Limitation in activity and participation is relative to

  1. Disability
  2. Impairment
A

Disability

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5
Q

Which test can be used for research on the validity and reliability of tests & measures?

  1. Descriptive Study
  2. Analysis of relationships
  3. Analysis of differences
  4. Diagnosis research
A

Analysis of relationships

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6
Q

Analysis of differences is:

  1. Experimental
  2. Observational
A

Experimental

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7
Q

Data is collected after the research is initiated

  1. Retrospective
  2. Prospective
A

Prospective

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8
Q

Research in PT is heavily focused on all of the following except:

  1. Intervention
  2. Diagnosis
  3. Prognosis
  4. Outcome
A

Outcome

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9
Q

How well a treatment works in the practice of medicine

  1. Efficacy
  2. Effectiveness
A

Effectiveness

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10
Q

Assesses demographic, behavioral and clinical characteristics that predict disease, or other outcomes of interest

  1. Outcomes measures
  2. Prognosis research
  3. Diagnosis research
  4. Descriptive Study
A

Prognosis research

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11
Q

Which of the following studies includes filtered information?

  1. Critically Appraised Articles
  2. Case Controlled Studied
  3. Background Information
  4. Randomized Controlled Studies
A

Critically Appraised Articles

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12
Q

Which study includes the highest quality of evidence:

  1. Critically Appraised Articles
  2. Case Controlled Studied
  3. Systematic Reviews
  4. Randomized Controlled Studies
A

Systematic Review

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13
Q

The most rigorous experimental research design

A

Randomized Controlled Trials. Cohort is the most vigorous observational study

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14
Q

Cohort studies are solely prospective

  1. False
  2. True
A

False- they can be prospective or retrospective

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15
Q

Used when outcome (disease) is rare or unusual

  1. Cross Sectional Study
  2. Case Controlled Studied
  3. Systematic Reviews
  4. Randomized Controlled Studies
A

Case Controlled Study

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16
Q

Exposure and outcome are measured concurrently (at the same time)

  1. Cross Sectional Study
  2. Case Controlled Studied
  3. Systematic Reviews
  4. Randomized Controlled Studies
A

Cross Sectional Study (Neither Prospective or Retrospective)

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17
Q

Studies that examine multiple primary studies addressing a specific clinical issue (question):

  1. Cross Sectional Study
  2. Case Controlled Studied
  3. Systematic Reviews
  4. Randomized Controlled Studies
A

Systematic Reviews

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18
Q

3 Pillars of EBP

A
  1. Available evidence 2. Clinical Expertise 3. Patient value
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19
Q

This term is used to describe how patient willingness

to participate in in clinical decisions is not universal

A

A caveat

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20
Q

What is the third step to EBP

  1. Evaluate Performance
  2. Apply the evidence
  3. Search for and find the the appropriate question
  4. Interpret and Appraise the Evidence
A

Interpret and appraise the evidence

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21
Q

Questions can come from all of the following except:

  1. Diagnosis Problems
  2. Prognosis problems
  3. Economic Problems
  4. Social Problems
  5. Intervention
A

Social Problem

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22
Q

What are the three broad analytic questions?

A
  1. Is the research valid? 2. What are the findings? 3. Does it apply to my patients?
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23
Q

Synonymous with “exposure” in epidemiology

A

Independent Variable

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24
Q

A factor other than the variable that actually influences the outcome

  1. Confounder
  2. Predictor
  3. Attribute Variable
  4. Explanatory Variable
A

Confounder

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25
Demographics are an example of: 1. Confounder 2. Predictor 3. Attribute Variable 4. Explanatory Variable
Attribute Variable (used to describe the sample)
26
Explanatory Variables and Predictors are relative to: 1. Experimental Studies 2. Observational Studies
Observational
27
Extent to which the study lacks bias 1. Internal Validity 2. External Validity
Internal Validity
28
A systematic error in the way a study is carried out that can lead to false conclusions
Bias
29
All of the following pose as threats to internal validity except: 1. Treatment crossover 2. Compensatory Issues 3. Maturation 4. Setting in which research is conducted
Setting in which research is conducted
30
An outcome or event will occur as a result of a previous event 1. Causation 2. Association
Causation
31
When reviewing criteria for causation, all of the following are questions to ask if there is an association except: 1. Is the association biologically credible 2. Is there a dose-response relationship between the exposure and outcome? 3. Does the outcome precede the exposure? 4. How strong is the association
Does the outcome precede the exposure? (does exposure precede outcome)
32
Represent behaviors or events that are not directly observable or measurable and are inferred by measuring associated variables of behaviors
Construct
33
All of the following are examples of constructs except: 1. Motivation 2. Gait Speed 3. Socio-economic status 4. Health-related quality of life
Gait Speed
34
Differentiation can be accomplished with all of the following with what 3 factors?
Name, numeral, numbers
35
Nominal and Ordinal 1. Categorical 2. Numeric
Categorical
36
All numbers are numerically meaningful 1. True 2. False
False
37
Results from an identifiable source 1. Random Error 2. Systematic Error
Systematic Error (one-sided, bias)
38
Analytic (statistical) procedures are used to quantify uncertainty due to 1. Random Error 2. Systematic Error
Random
39
Statistically variance is related to Std Dev 1. True 2. False
True
40
Reliability and Validity of most instruments must be established through scientific investigation 1. True 2. False
True
41
Which measures inter-rater agreement for qualitative (categorical) items? 1. Spearman Rho 2. Pearson correlation 3. Interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) 4. Kappa coefficient
Kappa Coefficient (nominal)
42
Describes how strongly units in the same group resemble each other: 1. Spearman Rho 2. Pearson correlation 3. Interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) 4. Kappa coefficient
Interclass Correlation Coefficient
43
The degree to which a test seems to measure what it reports to measure 1. Construct Validity 2. Face Validity 3. Concurrent Validity 4. Predictable Validity
Face Validity
44
The extent to which a measure represents every single element of a given construct 1. Content Validity 2. Face Validity 3. Concurrent Validity 4. Predictable Validity
Content Validity
45
The extent to which the results of a test or measurement corresponds to those of previously established measurements: 1. Construct Validity 2. Face Validity 3. Concurrent Validity 4. Predictable Validity
Concurrent Validity
46
This effect occurs when date-gathering information has a lower limit to the data values it can reliably specify 1. Ceiling-effect 2. Floor-effect
Floor Effect
47
If the SRM value is 0.17, the change experienced is 1. Large 2. Small 3. Trivial 4. Moderate
Trivial. SRM = (mean of pre test to post test treatment change)/(SD of change)
48
Permits comparison of instruments that measure change on different scales: 1. Standard Deviation 2. Comparison of mean 3. Standardized response mean 4. Spearman Rho
Standardized Response Mean
49
All of the following are examples of non-probability sampling methods except: 1. Convenience sampling 2. Cluster Sampling 3. Quota Sampling 4. Snowball Sampling
Cluster Sampling
50
Distance from mean in standard deviation units
Z score
51
Making generalizations about a population based on data from samples
Inference
52
Type 2 error occurs when: 1. The null hypothesis was rejected when it was actually true 2. The null hypothesis was accepted when it was actually false
The null hypothesis was accepted when it was actually false
53
Estimates the variability of the true measure: 1. Confidence Interval 2. Standard Error
Standard Error
54
The ability to measure an association is known as
Power
55
Post Hoc Power Analysis enables researchers to estimate the probability of what type of error? 1. Type 1 2. Type 2
Type 2
56
Gaussian Distribution is seen with 1. Parametric Data 2. Non-parametric Data
Parametric Data
57
All of the following are examples of parametric tests which compare the means of 2 groups except: 1. One way ANOVA 2. One sample t-test 3. Paired sample t-test 4. Independent t-test
One way ANOVA
58
Compares group means w/ a reference value 1. One way ANOVA 2. One sample t-test 3. Paired sample t-test 4. Independent t-test
One Sample T-test
59
All of the following are true regarding parametric assumptions except: 1. Data are categorical 2. Random sample is drawn from a population where the variables of interest have a Gaussian distribution 3. There is Homogeneity (equality) of variances in the groups studied
Data are categorical
60
In which parametric test are the means of 2 groups being compared? 1. One way ANOVA 2. One sample t-test 3. Paired sample t-test 4. Independent t-test
Independent t-test
61
In which parametric test are the means of more than 2 groups being compared?
One way ANOVA
62
Difference in means according to 2 or more factors (between subjects) 1. One way ANOVA 2. 2 way ANOVA 3. Repeated measures ANOVA
2 way ANOVA. Also, difference in means among 2 or more groups when measures are repeated (within subjects)
63
Independent, non-parametric test 1. Mann-Whitney U test 2. Wilcoxon signed rank
Mann-Whitney U test
64
Division of 2 frequencies 1. Ratio 2. Proportion
Ratio
65
What kinds of tests are used to compare proportions?
Chi Square tests
66
Tests observed proportion(s) (based on frequencies) against a known proportion 1. Goodness of Fit Test 2. Test of Independence
Goodness of Fit Test
67
Tests for an association between two categorical variables, i.e. compares proportions in 2 (or more) groups 1. Goodness of Fit Test 2. Test of Independence
Test of Independence
68
Chi Square Analysis is 1. Categorical 2. numerical
categorical
69
If the confidence interval of a contingency table analysis includes 1, there is 1. An association 2. No association
No association
70
Dependence of one variable, the dependent variable, on several independent variables: 1. Linear Regression 2. Multiple Regression
Multiple Regression
71
Multivariate analysis adjusts for other variables (e.g. confounders) mathematically 1. True 2. False
True

Evidence Based Practice (2 decks)

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