Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
Thirty Years’ War dates
A
1914-1945
2
Q
conservatism
A
- centrality of monarchy & hierarchy
- conservative, non-democratic aristocratic elite should lead the nation
- conservatives in charge of foreign policy & military affairs
- close alliance between monarchy & an established Church
- emphasis on Tradition as a societal guide
3
Q
liberalism
A
- centrality of individual rights, private property, & equality before the law
- centrality of free enterprise/capitalism
- constitutional & representative government
- emphasis on Reason, Science, & Progress as societal guides
4
Q
marxist socialism
A
- centrality of class identity/working class unity & solidarity
- class struggle against Liberal capitalists & aristocratic Conservatives
- after 1889, emphasis on achieving socialism via elections
- emphasis on Reason, Science, & Progress as societal guides
5
Q
marxist-leninist communism
A
- marxist, but with a willingness to achieve & uphold socialism via the state, via violence, & through the exclusive power of the Communist Party
6
Q
fascism/national socialism
A
- an eclectic mix of traditional & revolutionary models for modern society (hierarchy & equality)
- centrality of hyper-nationalism & “race” as organizing principles for Europe
- centrality of violence as means to achieve & uphold political power
7
Q
the Great Powers
A
France, Russia, Great Britain, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
8
Q
Triple Entente
A
France, Russia, Great Britain
9
Q
Triple Alliance
A
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
10
Q
war plans
A
- all the Great Powers had these
- tight in schedule (6 weeks)
- no plan B
11
Q
“short war illusion”
A
all war plans were designed to win in 6 weeks
12
Q
Schlieffen Plan
A
German war plan, most important, 1904, it would be a 2 front war
13
Q
1914-1916
A
- called Protogenic Phase
- opening military campaigns/social unity & patriotism
- failure of the military plans & schedules
- stalemate: Western & Eastern fronts/”trench warfare”
- unsuccessful attempts to break the stalemate: strategic campaigns, technology, new allies
- 1916: the iconic trench battles on the Western Front: Verdun & the Somme
- Home Fronts:
- “Total War”: governments initiate full control of economy, society
- “Hate” Campaigns/ censorship
- suffering/brutalization
14
Q
1917-1918
A
- after 3 years of bloody stalemate, war weariness & the beginnings of a revolutionary transformation of the war
- a rejuvenated–but split–Socialist movement
- mutiny in the French Army (April-May 1917)
- the Russian Revolutions (March & October 1917)
- the US enters the war (April 1917)
- note: Lenin’s April theses vs. Wilson’s 14 Points
15
Q
1918-1919
A
- Endphase
- governments in central & eastern Europe begin to break down
- German suffering under the Allied naval blockade
16
Q
final military campaigns
A
- Russia leaves the war, Treaty of Breast-Litovsk, March 1918
- Germans plan for one last, desperate offensive on the Western Front
- Summer of 1918: Germans attempt to take Paris
- August 8, 1918: the “black day” of the German Army
- “Im Westen nichts Neues” = all quiet in the Western Front
17
Q
collapse & revolution in central & eastern Europe: Germany & Austria-Hungary
A
- October 1918: Austria-Hungary begins to disintegrate
- November 1: Kiel naval mutiny in Germany
- November 7-9: German Revolution
- November 11, 1918: Armistice
18
Q
The Great Flu Pandemic, 1918-1919
A
World War 1 & the pandemic
