Midterm (419) Flashcards
“Atypical production of speech sounds, interruption in the flow of speaking, or abnormal production and/or absence of voice quality” is the definition of a
Speech Disorder
“Impairment in comprehension and/or use of spoken, written, and/or other symbol systems” is the definition of a
Language Disorder
“A result of impaired sensitivity of the auditory system” is the definition of a
Auditory Disorder
The professionals who measure hearing and identify, assess, manage, and prevent disorders of hearing and balance are
Audiologists
The professionals who identify, assess, treat, and prevent expressive and receptive communication disorders, as well as provide services for swallowing disorders and dialect modification are
Speech-Language Pathologist
The professionals who extend knowledge of human communication processes and disorders and usually hold doctorate degrees are
Speech, Language, and Hearing Scientists
The degree required for speech-language pathologists to earn the A S H A C C C is currently
Master’s Degree
The entry-level degree for an audiologist is currently
Doctoral Degree
Almost half of all S L Ps are employed
In School Systems
Grammar refers to
the rules of a language
Form consists of
phonology, morphology, and syntax
is how words are arranged in a sentence and the ways in which one word may affect another.
Syntax
Use consists of
pragmatics
Content consists of
Semantics
______ is how and why we use language; it varies with culture.
Pragmatics
About two-third of human meaning exchange is
Nonverbal
_____ disorders are present at birth, whereas _____ disorders are the result of illness, accident, or environmental circumstances later in life.
Congenital, acquired
_____ is the actual production of speech sounds
Articulation
A prognosis is
an informed prediction of an outcome
_____ tests yield scores that are used to compare a client with a sample of similar individuals.
Norm-referenced
Three physiological subsystems for speech are
respiratory, laryngeal, and upper airway system.
The _____ is the driving force for speech production
respiratory system
____ is an air valve composed of cartilages, muscles, and other tissues; the principal sound generator for voice and speech production
Larynx
The primary biological function of the larynx is
to prevent foreign substances from entering the trachea and lungs.
The vocal folds ____ during respiration and ____ during phonation.
abduct, adduct
The upper airway system consists of
the oral cavity, nasal cavity, and pharyngeal cavity.
The _____ is a resonant acoustic tube that shapes the sound energy produced by the respiratory and laryngeal systems into speech sounds.
vocal tract
What is phonation:
Phonation is the process by which the larynx, or voice box, produces sounds.
What are three questions, as shared by Professor Lundeen-Smith, that you can ask SLPs or Audiologists to initiate collaboration efforts to support your clients’ communication goals?
- What goals/objectives would you be interested in working on together?
- How do you feel music-based support could help your client most?
- Which treatment targets are you ready to send out of your treatment room for further support or generalization?
Music is processed in:
many parts of the brain.
At what age do rituals and game playing emerge?
3–4 months
At about 8 to 9 months, infants develop
intentionality
The first meaningful word occurs around
12 months
Speech perception at 6 months is related to later
word/phrase understanding and production
By ____ , children produce about 50 single words and begin to combine words predictably.
18 months
By age 2, children have an expressive vocabulary of about
150–300 words.
Each child has a personal dictionary, or ____ that reflects his/her environment.
lexicon
Preschool-aged children can recount the past and remember short stories because of
increased memory and language skills.
How long can preschool-aged children maintain a conversation?
2–3 turns
In preschool HeadStart programs, what percentage of children use a language other than English?
30%
About 90% of adult syntax is acquired by age
5
_____ are sayings that do not always mean what they seem to mean, as in idioms.
Figurative Language
By high school, children understand approximately
60,000 words.
Multiple word meanings are acquired
During Adolescence
Risk factors for include being a boy, low S E S, not being an only child, older maternal age at birth, moderately low birth weight, low quality parenting, receipt of no day care or for less than 10 hr/week, and hearing or attention problems.
being a late talker
Children who are identified as late talkers at 24–31 months
still have a weakness in language-related skills in late adolescence
- Severity of intellectual disability is usually based on
I Q and daily living skills.
are manifested in the imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, and do mathematical calculations.
Learning disabilities
Approximately _____ of all school-age children have L D.
5-15%
is an underlying neurological impairment in executive function that regulates behavior, causing impulsiveness
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
is an active process that allows limited information to be held in a temporary accessible state while cognitive processing occurs.
Working memory
Children with A S D are identified by the time they are
2-3 months old
The incidence of A S D among children is
1 in 44.
Approximately 25% of children with A S D exhibit
I D D.
Between ___ and _____ of individuals with severe A S D remain nonspeaking throughout their lives.
25%, 60%
Some individuals with A S D may have immediate or delayed
echolalia
Psychological maladjustment or acting-out behaviors called _____ may occur after T B I.
social disinhibition
Deficits in ____ are most likely to remain long after the injury in
T B I.
Pragmatics
In , children do not speak in specific situations although they speak in others.
selective mutism
Screening tests are used to
determine the presence or absence of a language problem.
Adults with severe will most likely require continued intervention for language and communication deficits and a range of educational and vocational needs
ASD/ADHD
What are language disorders?
A heterogeneous group of developmental and/or acquired disorders and/or delays that affect the use of spoken or written language for comprehension and/or production and may involve the form, content, and/or function of language. Language differences are not disorders and so do not require clinical intervention; however, elective intervention is possible at a client’s request.
By ____ , infants are able to imitate tone and pitch and begin babbling.
4–6 months
At 6–7 months, babbling changes into
reduplicated babbling
- Young children use _____ to simplify a difficult word.
phonological patterns
Most of the phonological patterns that toddlers use disappear by age
4
Children who experience phonological difficulties
continue the use of immature phonological patterns.
is/are long strings of syllables with adult-like intonation.
a. Jargon
Jargon
are disorders of how speech sounds are used in the language.
Phonological impairments
Seventy-five percent of children normalize their speech sound errors by age _____ with or without treatment.
8
Speech ____ over time for those who lose their hearing after learning to talk.
deteriorates
About 90% of children with have some form of motor speech impairment.
cerebral palsy
plan and/or program the movement sequences necessary for accurate speech production.
Childhood apraxia of speech
What types of speech errors do toddlers commonly make?
Omission of final consonants, syllables or consonants in multisyllabic words might be repeated, consonant blends might be shortened to single consonants, sound substitutions.
Name three risk factors for speech sound delay in early childhood.
Answers will vary but should include some of the following points (see pages 152–153, section titled “Male Sex”):
Male sex, family history of speech/language delay, low maternal education.
_____ refers to how easy it is to understand the individual
Speech intelligibility
is the use of visual modes of communication, specifically reading
literacy
Decoding is
b. segmenting a word and blending the sounds together to form a word.
Sound-letter (letter-sound) correspondence is called
phonics.
Phonological awareness is
knowledge of sounds/syllables and the sound structure of words.
Phonemic awareness is
the ability to manipulate sounds
Risk of reading problems is greatest for children with a history of problems in
articulation and expressive/receptive language.
When should phonological awareness intervention begin?
In preschool or kindergarten
What percentage of children with language disorders have difficulty in the area of literacy?
as many as 60%
Why are many children with language impairments at risk for reading impairments?
In general, they begin with less language and have difficulty catching up. Have poor comprehension skills because they lack language knowledge that would enable them to integrate what they read. Have poor metalinguistic skills. Possess linguistic processing difficulties.
